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Prof.ssa Marinella Astuto
Director of School of Anesthesia and intensive care, School of Medicine, Catania,
Italy
Catania University Hospital,
Preoperative preparation of the anemic child
anaemia
Normal Hemoglobin levels
The World Health Organisation defines anaemia as an
insuffi cient circulating red cell mass, with a haemoglobin
(Hb) concentration of :
Infants vs adults
Infant: 60-90% HbF
3 m.: HbA > HbF
A 6 m.: HbA 99%
Perioperative trasfusion of anemic
infants and children:
recommendations of the
Italian Society of Pediatric and
Neonatal Anesthesia
and Intensive Care (SARNePI)
Etiology of anemia
➡preoperative
➡intraoperative
➡postoperative
preoperative
✓ Haemoglobinopathies
✓ surgery
✓ coagulation disorders
➡talassemia maior
Gibson, B. E., A. Todd, I. Roberts, D. Pamphilon, C. Rodeck, P. Bolton-Maggs, G. Burbin, J. Duguid, F. Boulton, H. Cohen, N. Smith, D. B. McClelland, M. Rowley and G. Turner.
"Transfusion Guidelines for Neonates and Older Children." Br J Haematol 124, no. 4 (2004): 433-53.
Haemoglobinopathies
➡Sickle cell disease
Haemoglobinopathies
Preoperative and intraoperative
blood loss
The goals should be to maintain hemodynamic stability and
oxygen carrying capacity , and to prevent and treat
hyperfibrinolysis and dilutional coagulopathy,
considering clinical status of patient
SURGERY
Carson, J. L., B. J. Grossman, S. Kleinman, A. T. Tinmouth, M. B. Marques, M. K. Fung, J. B. Holcomb, O. Illoh, L. J. Kaplan, L. M. Katz, S. V. Rao, J. D. Roback, A. Shander, A. A. Tobian, R. Weinstein, L. G. Swi
Kozek-Langenecker, S. A., A. Afshari, P. Albaladejo, C. A. Santullano, E. De Robertis, D. C. Filipescu, D. Fries, K. Gorlinger, T. Haas, G. Imberger, M. Jacob, M. Lance, J. Llau, S. Mallett, J. Meier, N.
Rahe-Meyer, C. M. Samama, A. Smith, C. Solomon, P. Van der Linden, A. J. Wikkelso, P. Wouters and P. Wyffels. "Management of Severe Perioperative Bleeding: Guidelines from the
European Society of Anaesthesiology." Eur J Anaesthesiol 30, no. 6 (2013): 270-382.
Gibson, B. E., A. Todd, I. Roberts, D. Pamphilon, C. Rodeck, P. Bolton-Maggs, G. Burbin, J. Duguid, F. Boulton, H. Cohen, N. Smith, D. B. McClelland, M. Rowley and G. Turner.
"Transfusion Guidelines for Neonates and Older Children." Br J Haematol 124, no. 4 (2004): 433-53.
Trasfusion of blood
Estimated maximum
allowable blood loss
BV=Weight x factor
Weight : [Kg]
Hct (Hematocrit): [%]
EABL (Est. Allow. Blood Loss) : [L]
BV ( Blood Volume): [L]
Factor: ranges between 0.095 (preterm) and 0.065
(Adult women)
trasfusion of platelet
Kozek-Langenecker, S. A., A. Afshari, P. Albaladejo, C. A. Santullano, E. De Robertis, D. C. Filipescu, D. Fries, K. Gorlinger, T. Haas, G. Imberger, M. Jacob, M. Lance, J. Llau, S. Mallett, J. Meier, N.
Rahe-Meyer, C. M. Samama, A. Smith, C. Solomon, P. Van der Linden, A. J. Wikkelso, P. Wouters and P. Wyffels. "Management of Severe Perioperative Bleeding: Guidelines from the
European Society of Anaesthesiology." Eur J Anaesthesiol 30, no. 6 (2013): 270-382.
Antifibrinolytics
Recommendation
We suggest that perioperative antifibrinolytic therapy
should be used to reduce blood loss and transfusion
requirements in cardiac and non-cardiac paediatric surgery .2A
There is strong evidence that the implementation
of a patient blood management strategy involving intraoperative
prophylactic administration of TXA
Kozek-Langenecker, S. A., A. Afshari, P. Albaladejo, C. A. Santullano, E. De Robertis, D. C. Filipescu, D. Fries, K. Gorlinger, T. Haas, G. Imberger, M. Jacob, M. Lance, J. Llau, S. Mallett, J. Meier, N.
Rahe-Meyer, C. M. Samama, A. Smith, C. Solomon, P. Van der Linden, A. J. Wikkelso, P. Wouters and P. Wyffels. "Management of Severe Perioperative Bleeding: Guidelines from the
European Society of Anaesthesiology." Eur J Anaesthesiol 30, no. 6 (2013): 270-382.
Transfusion of fresh frozen plasma
FFP
Kozek-Langenecker, S. A., A. Afshari, P. Albaladejo, C. A. Santullano, E. De Robertis, D. C. Filipescu, D. Fries, K. Gorlinger, T. Haas, G. Imberger, M. Jacob, M. Lance, J. Llau, S. Mallett, J. Meier, N.
Rahe-Meyer, C. M. Samama, A. Smith, C. Solomon, P. Van der Linden, A. J. Wikkelso, P. Wouters and P. Wyffels. "Management of Severe Perioperative Bleeding: Guidelines from the
European Society of Anaesthesiology." Eur J Anaesthesiol 30, no. 6 (2013): 270-382.
URGERY/COAGULATION DISORDER
Acquired fibrinogen deficiency
coagulation disorders
Kozek-Langenecker, S. A., A. Afshari, P. Albaladejo, C. A. Santullano, E. De Robertis, D. C. Filipescu, D. Fries, K. Gorlinger, T. Haas, G. Imberger, M. Jacob, M. Lance, J. Llau, S. Mallett, J. Meier, N.
Rahe-Meyer, C. M. Samama, A. Smith, C. Solomon, P. Van der Linden, A. J. Wikkelso, P. Wouters and P. Wyffels. "Management of Severe Perioperative Bleeding: Guidelines from the
European Society of Anaesthesiology." Eur J Anaesthesiol 30, no. 6 (2013): 270-382.
Andreasen, J. B., A. M. Hvas, K. Christiansen and H. B. Ravn. "Can Rotem(R)
Analysis Be Applied for Haemostatic Monitoring in Paediatric
Congenital Heart Surgery?" Cardiol Young 21, no. 6 (2011): 684-91.
coagulation disorders
routine plasmatic coagulation tests may be of limited help for timely
management of perioperative bleeding due to long turnaround times,
insufficient differential diagnosis of complex acquired intraoperative
coagulopathy, and insensitivity to the function of fibrinogen,
hyperfibrinolysis, and platelet dysfunction .
To overcome these limitations, the use of the rotation
thromboelastometry (ROTEM o TEG ) is increasingly favored for
intraoperative coagulation management in children
CONCLUSION
➡preoperative management of hemoglobinopathie
➡blood trasfusions : ranges, triggers and volume
➡trasfusion of component :triggers and volume
➡Clotting factors and antifibrinolytics
➡monitoring of coagulations

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Preoperative Management of Anemia in Children Undergoing Surgery

  • 1. Prof.ssa Marinella Astuto Director of School of Anesthesia and intensive care, School of Medicine, Catania, Italy Catania University Hospital, Preoperative preparation of the anemic child
  • 4. The World Health Organisation defines anaemia as an insuffi cient circulating red cell mass, with a haemoglobin (Hb) concentration of :
  • 5. Infants vs adults Infant: 60-90% HbF 3 m.: HbA > HbF A 6 m.: HbA 99%
  • 6. Perioperative trasfusion of anemic infants and children: recommendations of the Italian Society of Pediatric and Neonatal Anesthesia and Intensive Care (SARNePI)
  • 7.
  • 10. ➡talassemia maior Gibson, B. E., A. Todd, I. Roberts, D. Pamphilon, C. Rodeck, P. Bolton-Maggs, G. Burbin, J. Duguid, F. Boulton, H. Cohen, N. Smith, D. B. McClelland, M. Rowley and G. Turner. "Transfusion Guidelines for Neonates and Older Children." Br J Haematol 124, no. 4 (2004): 433-53. Haemoglobinopathies
  • 12. Preoperative and intraoperative blood loss The goals should be to maintain hemodynamic stability and oxygen carrying capacity , and to prevent and treat hyperfibrinolysis and dilutional coagulopathy, considering clinical status of patient SURGERY Carson, J. L., B. J. Grossman, S. Kleinman, A. T. Tinmouth, M. B. Marques, M. K. Fung, J. B. Holcomb, O. Illoh, L. J. Kaplan, L. M. Katz, S. V. Rao, J. D. Roback, A. Shander, A. A. Tobian, R. Weinstein, L. G. Swi
  • 13. Kozek-Langenecker, S. A., A. Afshari, P. Albaladejo, C. A. Santullano, E. De Robertis, D. C. Filipescu, D. Fries, K. Gorlinger, T. Haas, G. Imberger, M. Jacob, M. Lance, J. Llau, S. Mallett, J. Meier, N. Rahe-Meyer, C. M. Samama, A. Smith, C. Solomon, P. Van der Linden, A. J. Wikkelso, P. Wouters and P. Wyffels. "Management of Severe Perioperative Bleeding: Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology." Eur J Anaesthesiol 30, no. 6 (2013): 270-382. Gibson, B. E., A. Todd, I. Roberts, D. Pamphilon, C. Rodeck, P. Bolton-Maggs, G. Burbin, J. Duguid, F. Boulton, H. Cohen, N. Smith, D. B. McClelland, M. Rowley and G. Turner. "Transfusion Guidelines for Neonates and Older Children." Br J Haematol 124, no. 4 (2004): 433-53. Trasfusion of blood
  • 14. Estimated maximum allowable blood loss BV=Weight x factor Weight : [Kg] Hct (Hematocrit): [%] EABL (Est. Allow. Blood Loss) : [L] BV ( Blood Volume): [L] Factor: ranges between 0.095 (preterm) and 0.065 (Adult women)
  • 15. trasfusion of platelet Kozek-Langenecker, S. A., A. Afshari, P. Albaladejo, C. A. Santullano, E. De Robertis, D. C. Filipescu, D. Fries, K. Gorlinger, T. Haas, G. Imberger, M. Jacob, M. Lance, J. Llau, S. Mallett, J. Meier, N. Rahe-Meyer, C. M. Samama, A. Smith, C. Solomon, P. Van der Linden, A. J. Wikkelso, P. Wouters and P. Wyffels. "Management of Severe Perioperative Bleeding: Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology." Eur J Anaesthesiol 30, no. 6 (2013): 270-382.
  • 16. Antifibrinolytics Recommendation We suggest that perioperative antifibrinolytic therapy should be used to reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements in cardiac and non-cardiac paediatric surgery .2A There is strong evidence that the implementation of a patient blood management strategy involving intraoperative prophylactic administration of TXA Kozek-Langenecker, S. A., A. Afshari, P. Albaladejo, C. A. Santullano, E. De Robertis, D. C. Filipescu, D. Fries, K. Gorlinger, T. Haas, G. Imberger, M. Jacob, M. Lance, J. Llau, S. Mallett, J. Meier, N. Rahe-Meyer, C. M. Samama, A. Smith, C. Solomon, P. Van der Linden, A. J. Wikkelso, P. Wouters and P. Wyffels. "Management of Severe Perioperative Bleeding: Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology." Eur J Anaesthesiol 30, no. 6 (2013): 270-382.
  • 17. Transfusion of fresh frozen plasma FFP Kozek-Langenecker, S. A., A. Afshari, P. Albaladejo, C. A. Santullano, E. De Robertis, D. C. Filipescu, D. Fries, K. Gorlinger, T. Haas, G. Imberger, M. Jacob, M. Lance, J. Llau, S. Mallett, J. Meier, N. Rahe-Meyer, C. M. Samama, A. Smith, C. Solomon, P. Van der Linden, A. J. Wikkelso, P. Wouters and P. Wyffels. "Management of Severe Perioperative Bleeding: Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology." Eur J Anaesthesiol 30, no. 6 (2013): 270-382.
  • 19. coagulation disorders Kozek-Langenecker, S. A., A. Afshari, P. Albaladejo, C. A. Santullano, E. De Robertis, D. C. Filipescu, D. Fries, K. Gorlinger, T. Haas, G. Imberger, M. Jacob, M. Lance, J. Llau, S. Mallett, J. Meier, N. Rahe-Meyer, C. M. Samama, A. Smith, C. Solomon, P. Van der Linden, A. J. Wikkelso, P. Wouters and P. Wyffels. "Management of Severe Perioperative Bleeding: Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology." Eur J Anaesthesiol 30, no. 6 (2013): 270-382. Andreasen, J. B., A. M. Hvas, K. Christiansen and H. B. Ravn. "Can Rotem(R) Analysis Be Applied for Haemostatic Monitoring in Paediatric Congenital Heart Surgery?" Cardiol Young 21, no. 6 (2011): 684-91.
  • 20. coagulation disorders routine plasmatic coagulation tests may be of limited help for timely management of perioperative bleeding due to long turnaround times, insufficient differential diagnosis of complex acquired intraoperative coagulopathy, and insensitivity to the function of fibrinogen, hyperfibrinolysis, and platelet dysfunction . To overcome these limitations, the use of the rotation thromboelastometry (ROTEM o TEG ) is increasingly favored for intraoperative coagulation management in children
  • 21. CONCLUSION ➡preoperative management of hemoglobinopathie ➡blood trasfusions : ranges, triggers and volume ➡trasfusion of component :triggers and volume ➡Clotting factors and antifibrinolytics ➡monitoring of coagulations

Editor's Notes

  1. ovviamente prima di parlare della gestione del paziente anemico è doveroso metterci d’accordo tutti cosa intendiamo x anemia e quindi conoscere i livelli considerati normali di Hb
  2. secondo l’OMS questi sono i livelli di Hb in base all’età e al sesso
  3. questa è invece sempre secondo l’OMS i livelli di Hb al di sotto dei quali si definisce l’anemia sempre secondo età , sesso e condizioni particolari quali la gravidanza
  4. e qui una spiegazione per la differenza tra aneonati e adulti e una corrispondenza per chi è abituato a gestire adulti rispetto ai bambini
  5. io qui rappresento anche in qualità di presidente il SARNePI e la nostra società che attraverso un gruppo di studio si è impegnata di redigere delle raccomandazioni sulla gestione del paz. anemico in questo momento siamo in fase di elaborazione per cui io vi faro una breve e spero esaustiva carrellata sul trattamento preparatorio del paziente pediatrico anemico attraverso alcune linee guida e la mia pratica clinica
  6. queste alcune delle linee guida consultate e quel segnate sono quelle di riferimento per la mia relazione
  7. dunque i nostri pazienti possono arrivare già anemici per la patologia di cui sono affetti (emorragie, emoglobinopatie) o l’intervento programmato è ad alto rischio emorragico (cranio surgery ) o per disordini della coagulazione o conseguenze di una cattiva gestione della gestione intraoperatoria
  8. io mi occuperò delle cause preparatorie comprendendo ovviamente anche la previsione di un intervento ad alto rischio emorragico ed le coagulopatie congenite ed acquisite
  9. le hbpatie più conosciute e soprattutto più diffuse nelle nostre zone e in special modo nelle mia zona sono la talassemia e la drepanocitosi quindi in caso tm il trigger per la trasfusione sarà un hb <di 6g/dl mantenendo una media di 12 e trasfondendo tra 9-10 queste linee guida sono state aggiornate nel 2013
  10. in caso di drepanocitosi la trasfusione non dovrebbe essere fatta routinariamente ma per specifiche indicazioni, come si vede nella tabella di fianco. per raggiungere un livello di Hb tra 8-10 ed è efficace quanto l’ET e più sicura x procedure minori (tonsillectomia e colicistectomia) senza trasfusione nella maggior parte dei pazienti negli interventi di ch. maggiore la trasfusione dovrebbe essere eseguita preoperatoriamente. importante è mantenere la %di HbS <25% e l’Hb tra 10 e14,5 e nei bambini > 3 anni può essere sufficiente mantenere l’Hbs <50% per prevenire lo stroke.
  11. ed ora vediamo il nostro lavoro durante la chirurgia E’ importante preventivare e quantificare le perdite ematiche e durante l’intervento avere per obiettivo la stabilità emodinamica il trasporto dell’O2 e prevenire e trattare la coagulopatia da diluizione e iperfibrinolisi non perdendo mai di vista lo stato clinico del paziente.
  12. ll trigger per la trasfusione nel paziente pediatrico è 8 in un paziente clinicamente stabile e 7 nel paziente critico la quantità da trasfondere può derivare dalle seguenti formule (due differenti l.g.) ricordando che le rapide trasfusione possono portare a >K per cui le emazie dovrebbero essere fresche 1 w o lavate se il piccolo ha meno di 1 anno o pesa <di 10 kg
  13. questa è la formula per riconoscere la max quantità di sangue che possiamo permetterci di perdere
  14. la trasfusione di piastrine comporta il più alto rischio di effetti collaterali di tutti gli emoderivati allegorici e perciò dovrebbe essere usata con cautela. datirecenti ci dicono di mantenere il nr di piastrine < di 50.000 1 unità di concentrato piastrini x10 kg o 5ml/kg di aferesi potrebbe far aumentare il numero da 20.000-50.000
  15. la terapia antifibrinolitica potrebbe essere usata per ridurre le perdite ematiche el il ricorso alla trasfusione la dose del acido tranexamico è di10mg/kg ed un infusione di 5ml/kg/h come dose carico l’ acido epsilon amino caproico (EACA) invece con una dose carico di 100 mg e quindi un infusione continua di 40 ml/kg/h fortemente raccomandato x esempio nella chirurgia cranio facciale anche se questi dosaggi sono molto variabili
  16. non ci sono grandi evidenze anche se è raccomandata ad un dosaggio uguale a quello utilizzato per gli adulti 10-15 ml_//kg che può essere insufficiente per ottenere l’emostasi e il grosso volume può precludere un ulteriore aumento della dose effetti collaterali importanti possono includere la TRALI ed aumentare la mortalità.
  17. un ulteriore indicazione alla FFP è la deficienza acquisita di fibrogeno che sembra essere il principale determinante nello sviluppo di perioperative dilutional coagulopatia ed ed i valori trigger sono < 150-200 mg o 8mm con il rotem attenzione alla somministrazione di colloidi che potrebbe alterare i risultati degli esami ma comunque i dosaggi consigliati 10-15 mg/kg possono essere inadeguati per ottenere un miglioramento clinicamente significativo nella deficienza di fibrinogeno
  18. non ci sono dati certi per la terapia nei disordini congeniti Prothrombin complex concentrate Recommendation Data for PCC in children are limited and no dose recommendation can be made. C Coagulation factor XIII Recommendation No recommendation on the use of FXIII concentrate in bleeding children can be made. Recombinant activated factor VII Recommendation We recommend against the use of rFVIIa in children. 1C
  19. test di routine della coagulazione plasmatica può essere di aiuto limitato per la gestione tempestiva di perioperative sanguinamento a causa dei lunghi tempi di consegna, insufficiente diagnosi differenziale di coagulopathy intraoperatoria acquisite complesse e insensibilità alla funzione della disfunzione piastrinica, hyperfibrinolysis e fibrinogeno. Per superare questi limiti, l'uso del thromboelastometry di rotazione (o ROTEM TEG) è sempre più favorita per la gestione di coagulazione intraoperatoria nei bambini
  20. Una completa comprensione della patofisiologia di alterazioni ematologiche e una strategia multimodale di gestione del sangue è fondamentale per gestire in modo sicuro l’anemia e coagulopatia associata ad una massiccia perdita di sangue intraoperatoria durante la chirurgia pediatrica