2. ANEMIA
• Deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood or the count of red blood cells
decreases
• CHARECTERIZED BY REDUCTION IN
RBC count
Hb content
Packed cell volume (PCV)or hematocrit
3.
4. ERYTHROCYTES(RBC)
To carry oxygen from lungs to tissues
• Biconcave shape
• Diameter: 7.8 micrometer
• Thickness: 2.5 micrometer
• Life Span: 120 days
• Normal ranges: 4.5-5.5 Million/cu mm
• Male :4-5million/cu mm
• In females :2-4 million /cu mm
• Folic acid & vitB12 are required for the maturation of cells
9. HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA
• In acute hemorrhage ,this condition is corrected within 4-6weeks.
• In chronic conditions like peptic ulcer, hemophilia etc
• Due to continuous loss of blood &iron causing iron deficiency
• Cells are microcytic and hypochromic
10. APLASTIC ANEMIA
• Disfunctioning of bone marrow
• This is due to:
• Repeated exposure to x-rays or gamma rays
• Presence of bacterial toxins,radium,tuberculosis,etc.
• This can also be genetic defect
• Mutation in seen in PIGA, BCOR or BCORL1, DNMT3A, and ASXL1
genes.
• Also seen in viral hepatitis ,HIV, cytomegalovirus
• Cells are normocytic and normochromic
11. MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
• Is a condition in which the bone marrow produces unusually large,
structurally abnormal, immature RBC (MEGALOBLASTS)
12. HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
• Hemolysis –destruction of RBC
• Anemia occurs due to excessive hemolysis
• Hemolysis due to antibodies or drugs &chemicals called as
AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
• Hemolysis due to defective RBCs such as sickle cell anemia
• If there is abnormality in the shape of RBC ,hemolysis occur
• Eg: asterocytes,
13.
14. PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
• Caused by deficiency of iron ,folic acid and B12
• Folic Acid is necessary for the maturation of RBC
• If B12 deficiency is the reason for anemia the it is called as pernicious
anemia or Addison's anemia
• Atrophy of gastric mucosa because of autoimmune destruction of
parietal cells,this atrophy results in decreased intrinsic factor which
results poor absorption of vit B12.
18. SYMPTOMS OF ANEMIA
• Paleness in skin and mucous membranes
• Koilonychia (spoon shaped nails)
• Tachycardia
• Dyspnea (difficulty in breathing)
• Oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea in females
• Abdominal discomfort, nausea and vomiting's are common
19.
20. REFERENCES
• Human physiology by Guyton and Hall –12 th edition
• Human physiology by Lauralee Sheerwood
• Human physiology by k.sembuligam