anemia is a hematological disorder , un which the red blood cells of the body are destroyed which further leads to the decrease in the hemoglobin in the blood present in the body . it is further classified as follows : .....

1. PRESENTATION
TOPIC : ANEMIA
SUBMITTED BY : SHIVANI MEHTA
CLASS : BSc.(N)2ND YEAR

2. Anemia is a hematological disorder i.e. the disorder
of blood in which the hemoglobin level decrease
than the normal levels in the body .
DEFINITION :
Anemia is defined as the reduction in the red blood
cells (erythrocytes) which leads to decrease in the
hemoglobin level in the blood.

3. Causes of anemia :
Loss of RBC’s ( red blood cells ) :
It usually occurs with bleeding , potentially from
major sources such as gastro-intestinal tract ,
uterus , nose or any wound .
Decreased production of red blood cells :
a) This can occur due to deficiency in co-factors
including folic acid , vit.B12 & iron require for
erythropoiesis .
b) Another reason for this can be the bone marrow
suppression due to any tumor , medication or
any toxin

4. Increased destruction of red blood cells
This can happen because of RES(
reticuloendothelial system ) .
In this what happens is that when the bone marrow
produces he abnormal RBC’s these are destroyed
by the RES .
#note : when such thing happens it is also called
as sickle cell anemia .

5. Clinical manifestation :
A decrease in the hemoglobin level
Pain including in bones, joints , chest and belly
Yellow or pale skin
Fatigue or weakness
Dyspnea or hypoxia
Dizziness
Tachycardia
Lightheadedness
Headache
Growth problem in children

6. CLASSIFICATION :
Anemia is classified on the following basis :
MORPHOLOGY :
• Normatocytic
• Macrocytic
• Microcytic
ETIOLOGY :
• Hypo-proliferative anemia
• Hemolytic anemia

7.  MORPHOLOGY
a) Normatocytic : In this the red blood cells are of normal size &
colour .
b) Macrocytic : in this red blood cells have large size but normal
color .
c) Microcytic : in this the red blood cells have smaller size and
paler color
 ETIOLOGY
 Hypo-proliferative anemia : This type of anemia occurs due
to decreased production of red blood cells . It is divided into
following further sub types

8.  Iron deficiency anemia : the iron deficiency anemia
typically results when there is less intake of dietary
iron which is necessary for the production of
hemoglobin .
Etiology :
• Inadequate iron in the diet
• Malabsorption of iron due do any celiac disease
• Pre-menopause
• Chronic alcoholism
 Cobalmine (vit.B12) anemia : it is also called as
pernicious anemia. It is usually caused by decreased
absorption of vit.B12

9. Etiology
• Inadequate intake of dietary vit.B12
• Absence of intrinsic factors
• Ileac resection or gastrectomy leading to faulty
absorption of vit.B12
 Folic acid deficiency anemia : this type of anemia occurs
when there is deficiency of folic acid in the body
Etiology
• Alcohol intake
• Pregnancy
• Bowel disease leading to malabsorption
• Rarely eating uncooked vegetables .

10.  Aplastic anemia : this is the condition in which the
patient has peripheral blood pancytopenia i.e. the
condition in which all the blood cells are affected ,
which further results in bone marrow aplasia (i.e.
reduced hematopoiesis )
Etiology
• Due to chromosomal alterations
• Ionizing radiations
• Medication e.g. anti-epileptics
• Any viral or bacterial infection
 Hemolytic anemia : this is the condition in which
destruction of RBC’s takes place at a rate which
exceeds the production rate .

11. Pathophysiology :
due to etiological factor
No. of RBC’s decrease in the circulation
Hypoxia due to decrease in the oxygen
Increased stimulation of release of erythropoietin from the
kidney
Release of premature rbc’s ( reticulocytes) from the bone
marrow

12. Destruction of premature rbc’s
Breakdown of hemoglobin
Heme converts into bilirubin
Bilirubin conjugate in the liver & further excreted in the
bile .
Bone marrow fails to compensate the loss of rbc’s
Anemia

13. Diagnostic examination
• History collection
• Physical examination
• Complete bold count ( CBC )
• Hemoglobin test
• Mean corpuscular test ( to check the size of the cells
)
• Bone marrow culture
• Coombs test ( to check the presence of stuck
antibodies on the surface of cells )
• Endoscopy
• Ultrasound

14. Treatment
Pharmacological management
a) Antianemic drugs : e.g. iron dextran , cobalmine
b) analgesics : To relieve the pain e.g. Diclofenace
c) Antibiotics : To cure the infection e.g. ciprofloxacin
d) Vitamin supplements
e) Inhalation
Non-pharmacological management :
a) Advice the patient to take diet rich in iron e.g. green
leafy table .
b) Advice the pt. to take meat & poultry products .

15. THANK
YOU