4. Many men ruled China before dynasties came. They basically set the
entire standard for all of organized civilization. During this period, the
Chinese created the building blocks of dynasties to come, including
families, agriculture, boats, silk, carts, and calendars. The last of these
rulers was named Yu. When he died, everyone chose his son to rule, thus
setting the standard for hereditary rule. This is recognized as the first
dynasty, the Hsia.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 4
9. “
The“Yellow Emperor.”
Legend hasit that heruled for
over 100 years.
Associated with the invention of
wheeled vehicles, ships, armor,
pottery, and silk-making.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 9
19. Pendant of a Dancer - jade
3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 19
20. 1. The leader must lead by ability and virtue.
2. The dynasty's leadership must be justified bysucceeding
generations.
3. The mandate could be revoked bynegligence and abuse; the will of
the people was important.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 20
21. The “Yellow
Emperor.”
Legend has it that
he ruled for over
100 years.
Associated with the
invention of
wheeled vehicles,
ships, armor,
pottery, and
silk-making.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 21
22. The
Dynastic
Cycle
A new
dynasty
comes to
power.
Lives of common
people improved;
taxes reduced;
farming
encouraged.
Problems begin
(extensive
wars,
invasions, etc.)
Taxes increase;
men forced to
work for army.
Farming
neglected.
Govt.
increases
spending;
corruption.
Droughts,
floods,
famines
occur.
Poor lose
respect for
govt.
They join rebels
& attack
landlords.
Rebel bands find
strong leader who
unites them.
Attack the
emperor.
Emperor
is
defeated
!!
The emperor
reforms the
govt.
& makes it
more
efficient.
Start here
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 22
23. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCES
• The republic ofchina,comprising23 provinces
• Covers anarealargerthanwholeEurope&equaltonearly one-thirteenthof totallandareaof the
world
• Bulk oftransportinsouthchina is stillcarriedoninlandwaterwaysasit has been forcenturies
• Wheeled transportsupersedes watertransportnorthofthe Tsinling Mountains,andhas doneso ever
since development ofsilk roadfromchangan2415k.m.toBalkh in Afghanistan.
• The countryis mountainous,with extensive fertile valley inthe middle andsouth-east,andgreat
plains innorth.
• The manyexcellent harbourspromotedmaritimecontactwith southeast Asia inearlytimes.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 23
24. Coal is widely distributed, but ironand petroleum is deficient
In south copper, tin, zinc, tungsten, manganese, and mercuryare Abaundant
Themulberry tree,which has nodirect influence on architecture as a structural timber,
createdthe ancient and prosperous silk industry
Timber is the principle material in chinese architecture
Bricks from the clay of river plains were also used; as well as limestone and sandstone;
but brick and stone were neverconsidered as important timber
Roof were coveredwith clays tiles, coloured and glazedwith symbolic colours, black,
red, azure,white and yellow
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 24
25. • Themountain rangesleave the north unprotected from the cold strong winter
winds from Mongolia, which produce severewinters
• Further south it is warmer
• It expeririencesrange of climatte varying from extreme coldto almost tropical
• Thenorth-east and south-westerly monsoons sweep across the country in summer
and winter, yeilding heaviestrainfall in summer
• These climatic conditions are partly responsible for the Characteristic Chinese roof
with its accentuated curved eaves
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 25
26. In ancientChinesesociety,theFengjian social structureofcirca 1046-256BCEgaverisetoConfucianor
Legalistscholars’classificationof theChinesepeople into four broad categories.
They are below inthe order fromhighest tolowest.
Shi– GentryScholars
• Theearlyshi camefromtheancientwarriorcaste,
• Scholars– even thosewhoownedland– wereneververy rich, buttheywererespected becauseof
their knowledge.
Nong –PeasantFarmers
• Farmerswere landholderslike gentryscholars,andagriculturelong playedakeyrole in the riseof
Chinesecivilization.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 26
27. Gong –Artisans and Craftsmen
• The gong were those who had skillsto makeusefulobjects.
• This was the class identified by the Chinese character that stands for “labor.”
• Artisans could be governmentemployedor selfemployed
• , the artisans alsoformed their own guilds.
Shang–Merchantsand Traders
• Though traders, merchants, and peddlers were viewed as essential members of society,
they were lowest on the four rungsof the ladder of ancient Chinese social hierarchy, due
to popular perception of these people as greedy and immoral.
• Though the so-called “four occupations” did entail different levels of legal privilege in
ancient Chinese society, they were more a rhetorical construct, and did not have muchof
an effect on government policy.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 27
28. • Themost important deityof ancient China was Ti.
• Thereligious beliefwas that Tihadpower to punish wrong doers andreward gooddeeds.
• Religion in ancient China gave Priests the role of intermediaries. They took upon the role of a medium for the purpose of building a
link between the divine god and the human being on earth..Their other jobs included: conducting sacrifices, funerals, reading prayers
etc.
• Taoism andYin and Yang
• Religion in ancient China underwent achange around 600 BCin the formofestablishment ofthe Eastern Chou Dynasty.
• Amythical figurewith the name ofLaoTzucreated the religious philosophy of Taoism.
• People in China in ancient times believed that everything in nature had two forces that were in contrast to each other: the yin and the
yang.
• The Yin was–female force andthe Yang was the male force.
• The objects in nature containing yin forces were passive, cold anddark.
• Objects in nature thatcontained yang orthe male force were aggressive, hotandfull of light.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 28
29. • ConfucianismandBuddhism
• Confucius,aphilosopherandapoliticianwasbornin 551BC.
• Duringhis growing up yearshe sawthedecline ofthe ruling Choudynasty.
• He attributedthis decline to themoving awayfromthetraditionalwaysofthinkinglike politeness,honor
andmorality.
• His religious philosophyreestablishedthevaluesandurged his followerstodo thesame.
• Buddhismwhich hasthelargest followingin Chinatodayis alsosometimes consideredas ancientChina
religion.
• It enteredChina alongthe SilkRoute.
• The doctrineofBuddhismencouragestheir followerstowardoffself-interestandlead asimple life
withoutsufferingthroughmediationandrightliving.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 29
30. • Of the fine arts as understood inthe west, only paintings were recognised by chinese; sculpture; architecture
and the crafts were regarded as artisans work.
• Chineseroofs-ridges areladen with elaborate ornamentalcresting and the up-titledangles are adorned with
fantastic dragons grotesque ornament.
• Theuse of bright colours, applied inthe form of glazed tiles and porcelain, is characteristic of Chinese
buildings
• Pai lous or gateways made of stone and wood, derived from INDIAN‘torans’.
• Walls of buildings are often constructed hollow, thus saving material and effecting a moreequable
temperature inthe house.
• Doorways were square headed
• Instead of putting roof on the columns,they put thecolumns underthe roof.
• Chineseexcel in the minorarts, in carvings of wood and ivory, and in porcelain ware.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 30
32. • Buddhist temples resemblesthose of India, consisting of
successive open courts and porticos with kitchens,refectories
and sleeping cells for preists.
• The normaltype consist of thethree lofty pavilions of one
storey, with parallelopen timberroofs, approached by broad
flightsof steps, gateways, and bridges.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 32
33. • Tripleroofed,circular,withroofscovered withdeep
cobalt-blueglazedtiles, dominatesthe altarofprayer
forgrain.
• Temple faces south,30m highwithupperroof
supportedbyfourgigantic columns,andthe lower
roofby twelvecolumns.
• Itahasbeen rebuilt correctlyin every detailin recent
years.
• In all thesecircularbuildings thereisthe
characteristicbracketfriezeunderthewidely
projecting eaves.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 33
34. • It isa typicalbuddhisttemple , enclosed by by a wall
withgateway, porch, antle-chapel,successive hallsand
santuary withthe Buddha andseats for the monks, a
‘dagoba’,Officesand kitchens beyond.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 34
35. • It is built of bricks in twostoreys, is usual in
having circular headed windows in a clear-
storey as well as in the ground storey.
• The columns are faced with glazed bricks,
and between them are niches with the
statue of Buddha.
• The roof has an elaboratecrestting with
finials and flamboyant.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 35
37. • Traced to India
• Buddhist literature -originallybuilt for the purpose of preserving the
remains of Sakyamuni, the founder of Buddhism
• Sanskritpagoda (or stupa) meant tomb
• Noequivalent for the Hindu word for pagoda in the Chinese language
• New character was ta
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 37
41. • Top
– resembled the original image of the stupa from India
• Body
– used to enshrine a statue of Buddha
– various styles of traditional Chinese architecture
• Base
– for burying Buddhist relics
– took the form of an underground chamber
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 41
42. • Symbolof Xian
• Famous Buddhist monk
• 600 or so Buddhist texts
• 17 years for a round trip
• Wrote a book entitled"Journey
to the West"
– customs of different places he
visited and his experiences
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 42
43. • Originally
– brickstructureoffivestories
• BetweenAD 701and AD 704
• fivemorestories wereadded
• Damageby thewarreducedittosevenstories
• Now
– 64meters high
– Base 25metersby25meters
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 43
44. • Archwaysare usuallyfound at the borders of Chinatowns and
markthe border between thehost society and the Chinese
communityseparating the two social and cultural spaces. On the
other hand, the inscriptions on the archways linkthe host society
with the Chinesecommunityand that is whyarchwaysare often
call “Friendship Arches” or “Goodwill Arches”
• Archwaysare usually built by thelocal Chinesecommunity,
Chinatown association, and governments or by the local tourism
authorities. Thearchwaysserve to makethe Chinatown look more
“Chinatown”, celebrateculturaldiversity, demonstrate good
relationship between theircountryand Chinaor Taiwan, to mark
an auspicious date or the official designation of anarea as
Chinatown.
ChineseArchwaysor Paifang are closely associated with Chinatowns. Theyusually havetwo or more pillars
supporting a roof likestructure. More elaborate paifangs can even look likea city gate.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 44
47. Eachone of the stones have to be in an exactshape or the
enemies cantake control and break in.
Can you imaginecarrying aheavy humongous stone half
the size of Shaqand the weightof 100 to 300 pounds!?
Well,the Great Wallis made out of millionsof these stones
and other types of materials.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 47
48. • TheGreat Wallis mademostlyout ofgranite andbricks.
• Brickswere used mostoftenbecauseits light weight
madetheconstructionmuchquicker.
• Inthe GobiDesert, theworkers would create pounded
earth tocontinuebuilding the wall.However, these parts
were destroyed mucheasier thanother parts ofthewall.
• TheGreat Wallwasconstructedwithnaturalmaterials
suchas stoneandcompactedsoil.
• Before the useof bricks,workers would usestone,
compactedsoil, andrarely woodbecauseit will catchon
fire very easily.
• TheGreat Walltookup3million cubicmeters of earth.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 48
49. • Thebelief ofthe Great Wall is
that it is told that the Chinese
made the Great Walltwist and
turnnot onlyto protect China
but to make it representthe
long back ofthemighty dragon!
• By making the Great Wall like
the dragon’s back, it would be a
good omen and will lead the
Chineseto victory!
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 49
50. • Themainreason whythe Chinesebuilt theGreat
Wallwasto prevent troops fromthe north invading
Chinese territory.
• Anothergreat reason is to defend Chinafrom
attackingMongols.
• Itwas also built asadefense againstferocious
nomadictribes.
• TheGreat Wallalso embodies agreat dealof
protection during abattle.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 50
51. Purpose of theGreat Wall
• TheGreat Wall evenhelps safeguardthe
Silk Road so nothing would gowrong.
• An important purposeofthe Great Wall
was to housetroops.
• Housing troops was important because,
ifthe Great Wall was underattack,
soldiers could just come out and defend
China.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 51
52. • A part of the wall is the watch
tower.
• Watch towers were at regular
intervals of 180 meters on the
wall.
• Watch towers hold weapons,
house troops, and can alsocreate
fire signals to warn China of an
attack being held.
• Most signal towers were builton
hilly areas for visibility.PREPARED BY: RATNESH 52
53. • Beacontowers were spaced at intervals
of15 to 30 miles along the wall.
• Beacontowers could send messages
fasterthan horseriding.
• Signal towers contained approximately
3 people tocreate a fire.
• Some parts ofthe wall were connected
and made tougherfor furtherattacks.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 53
54. • As you can see,the Great Wall is a great part of chinese history.
• We hopeyou learned a lot about the Great Wall, because weknow we
did.
PREPARED BY: RATNESH 54
