This document discusses anchorage, which refers to resistance to unwanted tooth movement during orthodontic treatment. It defines anchorage and classifies it according to source, jaws involved, site, number of units, and amount of contribution to space closure. Intraoral sources include teeth and alveolar bone. Extraoral sources are the cranium, facial bones, and neck. Anchorage can be simple, stationary, or reciprocal. Methods to maximize anchorage and minimize loss are also described, such as headgear, implants, and anchorage planning.

1. CATHERINE JACOB
FINAL YEAR PART 1

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• DEFINITION
• SOURCES OF ANCHORAGE
• CLASSIFICATION OF ANCHORAGE
• ANCHORAGE SAVERS
• SKELETAL ANCHORAGE
• ANCHORAGE PLANNING
• ANCHORAGE LOSS
• REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION
Teeth can be moved orthodontically by subjecting them to force. However all teeth exhibit
certain amount of resistance to tooth movement
Certain teeth can be used as anchor units in order to move other teeth into a more desirable
position
Apart from teeth , other structures such as palate ,lingual alveolar supporting bone in the
mandible , the occiput and back of the neck can also be used as anchorage units .

4. DEFINITION
 Louis Ottofy (1923) defined it as “the base against which the orthodontic force or reaction of
orthodontic force is applied”
Graber defined it as “the nature and degree of resistance to displacement offered by an
anatomic unit for the purpose of effecting tooth movement”
White and Gardiner defined it as “ Anchorage is the site of delivery from which a force is
exerted”
Proffit defined it as “ resistance to unwanted tooth movement “

5. SOURCES OF ANCHORAGE
Intraoral Sources
• Teeth
• Alveolar bone
• Basal jaw bone
• Cortical bone
Extraoral Sources
• Cranium
• Facial bones
• Back of the neck ( Cervical bone )
Muscular Sources

6. Factors affecting anchorage potential of the teeth
 ROOT FORM – Round , Flat , Triangular
SIZE OF THE ROOTS
NUMBER OF THE ROOTS
ANATOMIC POSITION OF THE TEETH - Mandibular second premolar
AXIAL INCLINATION OF THE TEETH
PROXIMAL CONTACTS AND INTERCUSPATION OF THE TEETH
ANKYLOSED TEETH

7. Anchorage value
The anchorage value of any tooth is roughly equivalent to its root surface
area.(Modified from Freeman DC.Root surface area related to anchorage in
the Begg technique.Memphis :University of Tennessee Department of
Orthodontics ,M.S Thesis ,1965)

8. INTRAORAL SOURCES OF ANCHORAGE MUSCULAR SOURCES OF ANCHORAGE
Nance palatal arch Lip bumper

9. EXTRAORAL SOURCES
CRANIUM
( OCCIPITAL AND PARIETAL)
CERVICAL REGION FACIAL BONES

10. CLASSIFICATION OF ANCHORAGE
1.According to the manner of force application
1.Simple anchorage
2.Stationary anchorage
3.Reciprocal anchorage
2.According to the jaws involved
1.Intramaxillary anchorage
2.Intermaxillary anchorage
3.According to the site of anchorage
1.Intraoral anchorage
2.Extraoral anchorage
3.Muscular anchorage

11. 4. According to the number of anchorage units
1.Single or primary anchorage
2.Compound anchorage
3.Multiple or reinforced anchorage
5.Depending on how much of the anchorage unit contributes to space closure (Acc.to
Marcotte and Burstone )
a. Category C / Minimum anchorage –Anteriors retract 25% and posteriors protract 75%
b. Category B / Moderate anchorage – Anteriors retract 50% and posteriors protract 50%
c. Category A / Maximum anchorage – Anteriors retract 75% and posteriors protract 25%

12. 1.SIMPLE ANCHORAGE 2.STATIONARY ANCHORAGE
ACCORDING TO THE MANNER OF FORCE APPLICATION

13. 3.RECIPROCAL ANCHORAGE

14. Intermaxillary anchorage (Bakers anchorage.) Intramaxillary anchorage
ACCORDING TO THE JAWS INVOLVED

15. ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF ANCHOR UNITS
1. SINGLE ANCHORAGE 2. COMPOUND ANCHORAGE 3. REINFORCED /MULTIPLE

16. 5.DEPENDING ON HOW MUCH OF THE ANCHORAGE UNIT CONTRIBUTES TO SPACE
CLOSURE (Marcotte and Burstone)

17. ANCHORAGE SAVERS
•Appliances or methods that reduce burden on anchor teeth.
•Examples are ;
 Headgear
Sved bite plane
Transpalatal arch
Lower lingual arch
Nance palatal arch etc….

18. SKELETAL ANCHORAGE (IMPLANTS)
•Orthodontic implants can be used as a source of skeletal anchorage
•Described as “absolute anchorage”.
•Titanium screws that penetrate through the gingiva into the alveolar bone
•Temporary anchoring devices (TAD)
•TADs can be located transosteally,subperiosteally
Or endosteally .
• Fixed to bone either mechanically or biochemically

19. ANCHORAGE PLANNING
•Anchorage planning is very essential for the success of orthodontic treatment
•Anchorage requirement depends on factors like :
 Number of teeth being moved
 Type of teeth being moved
 Type of tooth movement
 Duration of tooth movement
ANCHORAGE LOSS
• Movement of the anchor unit instead of teeth to be moved.
• Gianelly and Goldman suggested terms maximum,moderate and minimum to
indicate the extent to which active and reactive unit should move when a force is
applied.
• Sometimes anchorage loss can be used for forward movement of molars .

20. REFERENCE
 Contemporary Orthodontics By William R Proffit (5th Edition)
Textbook of Orthodontics ,S Gowri Shankar ( 1 st Edition)
Grabers Textbook of Orthodontics ( 4th Edition)
British Dental Journal ,Volume 196 No.5 March 2004
(Anchorage Control and Distal Movement by D.Roberts Harry and J. Sandy )