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Mucosal protective agents
This document discusses mucosal protective agents used to treat gastric ulcers, including sucralfate, prostaglandin analogs, and bismuth compounds. Sucralfate forms a protective barrier over ulcers that stimulates prostaglandin and bicarbonate secretion. Misoprostol, a prostaglandin analog, stimulates mucus and bicarbonate secretion to protect the mucosa. Bismuth compounds coat ulcers with a protective layer and have antimicrobial effects against H. pylori. These agents help promote healing of ulcers and protect the gastric mucosa from further damage.
Analgesics and anti inflammatory drugs
This document provides information on analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. It begins by defining analgesics as drugs that relieve pain without altering consciousness, and anaesthesia as loss of sensation. It then classifies analgesics into two main groups - opioid analgesics like morphine and non-opioid analgesics like NSAIDs. The document goes on to describe various opioid and non-opioid analgesics in detail, their mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects. It focuses on the role of prostaglandins in pain and inflammation, and how different NSAIDs work by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.
Local Anaesthetics
- Local anesthetics are drugs that cause reversible loss of sensation, especially pain, in a localized area of the body when applied topically or injected locally. They block the generation and conduction of nerve impulses at the site of contact without damaging neurons.
- Common uses include dentistry, excision procedures, dermatology, and spinal or regional anesthesia. Local anesthetics work by inhibiting sodium influx through voltage-gated sodium channels in neurons, interrupting action potential generation and signal conduction.
- Examples of side effects include central nervous system stimulation or depression in high doses, cardiovascular effects like arrhythmias and hypotension, and hypersensitivity reactions.
Local Anaesthesia
The document discusses local anesthetics, including their definition, requirements, mechanisms of action, classifications, and biotransformation. It notes that local anesthetics work by inhibiting sodium influx through voltage-gated sodium channels in neuronal cells, blocking nerve conduction. Local anesthetics are classified based on duration of action, chemical nature, and origin. Common examples are discussed and appropriate uses along with potential complications and contraindications are outlined.
Local anaesthetics
Local anesthetics work by reversibly blocking nerve conduction without damaging neurons. They are commonly used in ophthalmic procedures to block sensation in the treated area. The two main types are esters and amides. Local anesthetics work by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing the generation of action potentials. Commonly used ophthalmic local anesthetics include lidocaine, bupivacaine, and proparacaine. Side effects can include cardiovascular and central nervous system issues. Local anesthetics are applied topically, via infiltration, nerve blocks, or other regional methods.
Pharmacology of vasoconstriction drug
This document discusses vasoconstrictor drugs used in dentistry including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and levonordefrin. It explains that vasoconstrictors decrease blood flow to the injection site, lower anesthetic blood levels, reduce risk of toxicity, increase duration of local anesthetics, and decrease bleeding. It provides details on the mechanisms and effects of different adrenergic receptors and considers the selectivity, potency, benefits and interactions of various vasoconstrictor drugs. The document also lists conditions where vasoconstrictor use should be avoided or minimized such as certain heart diseases.
"LOCAL-ANAESTHESIA"
This document provides an overview of local anaesthesia including:
- A definition and historical background of local anaesthetics such as cocaine and procaine.
- Desirable properties and classifications of local anaesthetics.
- Details on common local anaesthetics like lidocaine including mechanism of action, dosage, and comparisons to other agents.
- Factors to consider in selecting a local anaesthetic for a patient and important information to obtain from the patient.
- Techniques for administering local anaesthesia and managing complications.
local anesthetics
The document discusses local anesthetics, including their definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical applications, and adverse effects. Specifically, it notes that local anesthetics reversibly block sodium channels to produce localized numbness, and are classified based on their chemical structure as esters or amides. Common examples like lidocaine, bupivacaine, and benzocaine are also mentioned.
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Mucosal protective agents
This document discusses mucosal protective agents used to treat gastric ulcers, including sucralfate, prostaglandin analogs, and bismuth compounds. Sucralfate forms a protective barrier over ulcers that stimulates prostaglandin and bicarbonate secretion. Misoprostol, a prostaglandin analog, stimulates mucus and bicarbonate secretion to protect the mucosa. Bismuth compounds coat ulcers with a protective layer and have antimicrobial effects against H. pylori. These agents help promote healing of ulcers and protect the gastric mucosa from further damage.
Analgesics and anti inflammatory drugs
This document provides information on analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. It begins by defining analgesics as drugs that relieve pain without altering consciousness, and anaesthesia as loss of sensation. It then classifies analgesics into two main groups - opioid analgesics like morphine and non-opioid analgesics like NSAIDs. The document goes on to describe various opioid and non-opioid analgesics in detail, their mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects. It focuses on the role of prostaglandins in pain and inflammation, and how different NSAIDs work by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.
Local Anaesthetics
- Local anesthetics are drugs that cause reversible loss of sensation, especially pain, in a localized area of the body when applied topically or injected locally. They block the generation and conduction of nerve impulses at the site of contact without damaging neurons.
- Common uses include dentistry, excision procedures, dermatology, and spinal or regional anesthesia. Local anesthetics work by inhibiting sodium influx through voltage-gated sodium channels in neurons, interrupting action potential generation and signal conduction.
- Examples of side effects include central nervous system stimulation or depression in high doses, cardiovascular effects like arrhythmias and hypotension, and hypersensitivity reactions.
Local Anaesthesia
The document discusses local anesthetics, including their definition, requirements, mechanisms of action, classifications, and biotransformation. It notes that local anesthetics work by inhibiting sodium influx through voltage-gated sodium channels in neuronal cells, blocking nerve conduction. Local anesthetics are classified based on duration of action, chemical nature, and origin. Common examples are discussed and appropriate uses along with potential complications and contraindications are outlined.
Local anaesthetics
Local anesthetics work by reversibly blocking nerve conduction without damaging neurons. They are commonly used in ophthalmic procedures to block sensation in the treated area. The two main types are esters and amides. Local anesthetics work by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing the generation of action potentials. Commonly used ophthalmic local anesthetics include lidocaine, bupivacaine, and proparacaine. Side effects can include cardiovascular and central nervous system issues. Local anesthetics are applied topically, via infiltration, nerve blocks, or other regional methods.
Pharmacology of vasoconstriction drug
This document discusses vasoconstrictor drugs used in dentistry including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and levonordefrin. It explains that vasoconstrictors decrease blood flow to the injection site, lower anesthetic blood levels, reduce risk of toxicity, increase duration of local anesthetics, and decrease bleeding. It provides details on the mechanisms and effects of different adrenergic receptors and considers the selectivity, potency, benefits and interactions of various vasoconstrictor drugs. The document also lists conditions where vasoconstrictor use should be avoided or minimized such as certain heart diseases.
"LOCAL-ANAESTHESIA"
This document provides an overview of local anaesthesia including:
- A definition and historical background of local anaesthetics such as cocaine and procaine.
- Desirable properties and classifications of local anaesthetics.
- Details on common local anaesthetics like lidocaine including mechanism of action, dosage, and comparisons to other agents.
- Factors to consider in selecting a local anaesthetic for a patient and important information to obtain from the patient.
- Techniques for administering local anaesthesia and managing complications.
local anesthetics
The document discusses local anesthetics, including their definition, classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical applications, and adverse effects. Specifically, it notes that local anesthetics reversibly block sodium channels to produce localized numbness, and are classified based on their chemical structure as esters or amides. Common examples like lidocaine, bupivacaine, and benzocaine are also mentioned.
Urinary Tract Infections
Introduction - Epidemiology - Classification- Aetiology-risky factors- Diagnosis - treatment of urinary tract infections
Ascites ppts
Ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The most common cause is portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis. Clinical signs include abdominal swelling and distension. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings like shifting dullness and diagnostic imaging. Treatment involves restricting sodium intake, diuretics, and paracentesis to remove excess fluid. The nursing management focuses on pain management, fluid and electrolyte balance, preventing complications, and restoring normal gastrointestinal function.
anagesics in dentistry /prosthodontic courses
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Urinary tract infection
This document provides an overview of urinary tract infections (UTIs). It defines UTIs and lists the parts of the urinary tract. The pathophysiology and most common causes are described. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management approaches are outlined for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs in different populations like children, adults, pregnant women. Imaging tests and their appropriate uses are also summarized. Treatment options for UTIs in various groups are provided.
Iron deficiency anemia.
pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment and description of condition.
thanks to mygroups members for making this ppt.
Local & systemic Complications of Local Anesthesia
This document discusses local anesthesia (LA), including its mechanism of action, factors influencing injection discomfort and techniques to reduce discomfort, testing the success of LA, causes and management of failed LA, complications of LA including local and systemic complications, and management of specific complications like needle breakage, pain/burning on injection, persistent anesthesia, and trismus. It provides anatomical and technical details related to achieving successful LA and avoiding complications.
General anesthesia
General anesthesia
HISTORY OF ANESTHESIA, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA, INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA, PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION, PREANAESTHETIC MEDICATION, STAGES OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA, VITAL SIGNS, CLASSIFICATION OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA, ASA CLASSIFICATION, Isoflurane, Sevoflurane, Desflurane, Fentanyl , KETAMINE
Pre anaesthetic medication
This document discusses pre-anesthetic medication, which refers to drugs administered before general anesthesia to make anesthesia safer. The objectives are sedation to relieve anxiety, pain relief before and after surgery, inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system to decrease secretions and prevent laryngospasm, acting as an anti-emetic, decreasing gastric acid secretion, and having synergistic effects with general anesthetics. Common pre-anesthetic medications mentioned include benzodiazepines, opioids, anticholinergic drugs, anti-emetics, and drugs to decrease gastric acid production and prevent reflux.
Local Anesthetics - A Dental Pharmacology Lecture
Local anesthetics is the most commonly used drug in dentistry. It's concept and details often overlooked. This lecture explain to undergraduate level how their composition and clinical application in denal practice
Treatments for PEPTIC ULCER
Both duodenal and gastric ulcer diseases are closely associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. An infected individual has an estimated lifetime risk of 10 -20% for the development of peptic ulcer disease, which is at least 3-4 fold higher than in non-infected subjects. Many drugs are being used as inhibitors of acid secretion and antacids are also effectively used. New potential drugs are also developed and introduced for acid related disease. Combination therapy like triple and quadruple therapy more effective for removal of Helicobacter pylori. Homeopathy and Ayurvedic therapy are also consider as treatment of ulcer. Role of surgery can be option for the bleeding ulcer or ant severe case.
Digoxin
Digoxin is used to treat heart failure and atrial fibrillation. It works by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump in cardiac cells, increasing intracellular calcium levels and strengthening heart muscle contractions. The optimal serum concentration is 0.5-0.9 ng/mL. Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, arrhythmias, and can be caused by electrolyte imbalances or drug interactions. Digoxin is primarily excreted unchanged in urine and its half-life is increased in renal impairment. It is indicated to treat heart failure with reduced ejection fraction or atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response.
Diabetes Mellitus
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM), including the three main types (Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes), signs and symptoms, complications, pathophysiology, oral manifestations, dental management considerations, emergency management, diagnosis, and treatment. DM is caused by either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or cells not responding properly to insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels. The document compares and contrasts the characteristics of Type 1 and Type 2 DM.
Anaphylaxis
This document discusses anaphylaxis, a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. It defines anaphylaxis and explains that it is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction caused by the immune system overreacting to harmless substances. Symptoms can affect multiple body systems like the skin, respiratory and digestive systems. Prompt treatment with epinephrine and other emergency measures is needed. Prevention involves avoiding triggers and carrying epinephrine auto-injectors if at risk.
Nephrotoxic drugs
This document discusses nephrotoxic drugs and their impact on kidney function. It begins by explaining how renal damage from drugs can cause significant health issues like acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, as well as increasing medical costs. It then identifies several common classes of drugs that can cause nephrotoxicity, such as antibiotics, chemotherapy agents, antihypertensives, and NSAIDs. The document discusses mechanisms of nephrotoxicity for different drug classes and regions of the kidney. It also examines renal biomarkers that can help identify kidney injury earlier than serum creatinine. Finally, it provides examples of renal protective strategies like dose adjustments, monitoring, and hydration that can reduce the nephrotoxic risks of certain
Local anesthesia ppt
This document provides information on various techniques for local anesthesia in dentistry. It discusses the mechanism of action, classifications, and maximum recommended doses of local anesthetics. It also describes in detail techniques for maxillary injections including inferior alveolar nerve block, Gow Gates, and Vazirani Akinosi techniques for mandibular anesthesia. Complications and contraindications of local anesthesia are mentioned.
sepsis
The document discusses sepsis, septicemia, and related conditions. It defines sepsis as a clinical syndrome caused by infection plus a systemic inflammatory response. Septicemia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia), which if untreated can progress to sepsis. Common causative organisms are E. coli, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus. Risk factors include young, elderly, immunosuppressed individuals, and those with injuries or medical devices. Symptoms may include fever, low blood pressure, and signs of infection in various organs. Blood cultures and clinical assessments are used to diagnose septicemia. Immediate treatment involves antibiotics and IV fluids.
Infective endocarditis
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It is characterized by the formation of vegetations composed of platelets, fibrin, microorganisms, and inflammatory cells. It occurs more commonly in males and the elderly. Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common causes. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and applying the Duke criteria. Complications include embolisms, heart failure, and metastatic infections. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy targeted to the infecting organism. Surgery may be needed for complications or uncontrolled infection. Antibiotic prophylaxis is now restricted to highest risk patients undergoing highest risk procedures.
Hemorrhage
This document provides an overview of hemorrhage (excessive bleeding) including its definition, causes, signs and symptoms, effects on the body, and first aid treatment. Hemorrhage is defined as the loss of blood from the vascular system and can be caused by wounds, fractures, surgery, accidents, or anatomical defects. Signs include pallor, faintness, and thirst. Effects depend on the amount of blood lost and can include decreased blood pressure and organ dysfunction. First aid involves applying direct pressure to the wound, elevating the limb, use of a tourniquet if needed, and seeking immediate medical help. Special types of hemorrhage from different body sites are also discussed.
CASE PRESENTATION ON INGUINAL HERNIA
A 35-year-old male presented with a left inguinal hernia. Examination and imaging confirmed a left inguinal hernia with omental fat as the content. The patient underwent a left hernioplasty surgery under spinal anesthesia. Post-operatively, the patient was treated with antibiotics and analgesics. By post-operative day 3, the patient had no complaints and was discharged on medications including antibiotics and supplements.
Case history sinusitis
A 22-year-old female presented with 5 months of nasal blockage and headache. Examination found proptosis of the eyes, swelling of the right cheek, and polyps obstructing the nasal cavity. Imaging showed haziness of the sinuses and obliteration of the nasal cavity. She underwent surgery including polypectomy and Caldwell Luc procedure on the right side to address suspected fungal sinusitis with polyps.
Homeopathic principle in present time
Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann is considered the founder of homeopathy. He developed the principle of "similars" - that a substance can cure symptoms in a healthy individual that are similar to those of an illness. Hahnemann experimented by administering potential remedies to healthy subjects to record their symptoms, known as "homeopathic provings". He also proposed three chronic diseases or "miasms" - psora, syphilis, and sycosis. Later, other proposed miasms included tuberculosis and cancer. Some homeopaths experimented with combining remedies for different symptoms, but Hahnemann was skeptical it could lead to polypharmacy. While homeopathy has changed over 200
Mental health alcohol & drug nurse practitioner collaborative
Presented at the VAADA15 conference by ReGen's Rose McCrohan, Victoria's first AOD Nurse Practitioner.
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Urinary Tract Infections
Introduction - Epidemiology - Classification- Aetiology-risky factors- Diagnosis - treatment of urinary tract infections
Ascites ppts
Ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The most common cause is portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis. Clinical signs include abdominal swelling and distension. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings like shifting dullness and diagnostic imaging. Treatment involves restricting sodium intake, diuretics, and paracentesis to remove excess fluid. The nursing management focuses on pain management, fluid and electrolyte balance, preventing complications, and restoring normal gastrointestinal function.
anagesics in dentistry /prosthodontic courses
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Urinary tract infection
This document provides an overview of urinary tract infections (UTIs). It defines UTIs and lists the parts of the urinary tract. The pathophysiology and most common causes are described. Risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management approaches are outlined for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs in different populations like children, adults, pregnant women. Imaging tests and their appropriate uses are also summarized. Treatment options for UTIs in various groups are provided.
Iron deficiency anemia.
pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment and description of condition.
thanks to mygroups members for making this ppt.
Local & systemic Complications of Local Anesthesia
This document discusses local anesthesia (LA), including its mechanism of action, factors influencing injection discomfort and techniques to reduce discomfort, testing the success of LA, causes and management of failed LA, complications of LA including local and systemic complications, and management of specific complications like needle breakage, pain/burning on injection, persistent anesthesia, and trismus. It provides anatomical and technical details related to achieving successful LA and avoiding complications.
General anesthesia
General anesthesia
HISTORY OF ANESTHESIA, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA, INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA, PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION, PREANAESTHETIC MEDICATION, STAGES OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA, VITAL SIGNS, CLASSIFICATION OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA, ASA CLASSIFICATION, Isoflurane, Sevoflurane, Desflurane, Fentanyl , KETAMINE
Pre anaesthetic medication
This document discusses pre-anesthetic medication, which refers to drugs administered before general anesthesia to make anesthesia safer. The objectives are sedation to relieve anxiety, pain relief before and after surgery, inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system to decrease secretions and prevent laryngospasm, acting as an anti-emetic, decreasing gastric acid secretion, and having synergistic effects with general anesthetics. Common pre-anesthetic medications mentioned include benzodiazepines, opioids, anticholinergic drugs, anti-emetics, and drugs to decrease gastric acid production and prevent reflux.
Local Anesthetics - A Dental Pharmacology Lecture
Local anesthetics is the most commonly used drug in dentistry. It's concept and details often overlooked. This lecture explain to undergraduate level how their composition and clinical application in denal practice
Treatments for PEPTIC ULCER
Both duodenal and gastric ulcer diseases are closely associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. An infected individual has an estimated lifetime risk of 10 -20% for the development of peptic ulcer disease, which is at least 3-4 fold higher than in non-infected subjects. Many drugs are being used as inhibitors of acid secretion and antacids are also effectively used. New potential drugs are also developed and introduced for acid related disease. Combination therapy like triple and quadruple therapy more effective for removal of Helicobacter pylori. Homeopathy and Ayurvedic therapy are also consider as treatment of ulcer. Role of surgery can be option for the bleeding ulcer or ant severe case.
Digoxin
Digoxin is used to treat heart failure and atrial fibrillation. It works by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump in cardiac cells, increasing intracellular calcium levels and strengthening heart muscle contractions. The optimal serum concentration is 0.5-0.9 ng/mL. Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, arrhythmias, and can be caused by electrolyte imbalances or drug interactions. Digoxin is primarily excreted unchanged in urine and its half-life is increased in renal impairment. It is indicated to treat heart failure with reduced ejection fraction or atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response.
Diabetes Mellitus
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM), including the three main types (Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes), signs and symptoms, complications, pathophysiology, oral manifestations, dental management considerations, emergency management, diagnosis, and treatment. DM is caused by either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or cells not responding properly to insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels. The document compares and contrasts the characteristics of Type 1 and Type 2 DM.
Anaphylaxis
This document discusses anaphylaxis, a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. It defines anaphylaxis and explains that it is a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction caused by the immune system overreacting to harmless substances. Symptoms can affect multiple body systems like the skin, respiratory and digestive systems. Prompt treatment with epinephrine and other emergency measures is needed. Prevention involves avoiding triggers and carrying epinephrine auto-injectors if at risk.
Nephrotoxic drugs
This document discusses nephrotoxic drugs and their impact on kidney function. It begins by explaining how renal damage from drugs can cause significant health issues like acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, as well as increasing medical costs. It then identifies several common classes of drugs that can cause nephrotoxicity, such as antibiotics, chemotherapy agents, antihypertensives, and NSAIDs. The document discusses mechanisms of nephrotoxicity for different drug classes and regions of the kidney. It also examines renal biomarkers that can help identify kidney injury earlier than serum creatinine. Finally, it provides examples of renal protective strategies like dose adjustments, monitoring, and hydration that can reduce the nephrotoxic risks of certain
Local anesthesia ppt
This document provides information on various techniques for local anesthesia in dentistry. It discusses the mechanism of action, classifications, and maximum recommended doses of local anesthetics. It also describes in detail techniques for maxillary injections including inferior alveolar nerve block, Gow Gates, and Vazirani Akinosi techniques for mandibular anesthesia. Complications and contraindications of local anesthesia are mentioned.
sepsis
The document discusses sepsis, septicemia, and related conditions. It defines sepsis as a clinical syndrome caused by infection plus a systemic inflammatory response. Septicemia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream (bacteremia), which if untreated can progress to sepsis. Common causative organisms are E. coli, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus. Risk factors include young, elderly, immunosuppressed individuals, and those with injuries or medical devices. Symptoms may include fever, low blood pressure, and signs of infection in various organs. Blood cultures and clinical assessments are used to diagnose septicemia. Immediate treatment involves antibiotics and IV fluids.
Infective endocarditis
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium. It is characterized by the formation of vegetations composed of platelets, fibrin, microorganisms, and inflammatory cells. It occurs more commonly in males and the elderly. Streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common causes. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and applying the Duke criteria. Complications include embolisms, heart failure, and metastatic infections. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy targeted to the infecting organism. Surgery may be needed for complications or uncontrolled infection. Antibiotic prophylaxis is now restricted to highest risk patients undergoing highest risk procedures.
Hemorrhage
This document provides an overview of hemorrhage (excessive bleeding) including its definition, causes, signs and symptoms, effects on the body, and first aid treatment. Hemorrhage is defined as the loss of blood from the vascular system and can be caused by wounds, fractures, surgery, accidents, or anatomical defects. Signs include pallor, faintness, and thirst. Effects depend on the amount of blood lost and can include decreased blood pressure and organ dysfunction. First aid involves applying direct pressure to the wound, elevating the limb, use of a tourniquet if needed, and seeking immediate medical help. Special types of hemorrhage from different body sites are also discussed.
CASE PRESENTATION ON INGUINAL HERNIA
A 35-year-old male presented with a left inguinal hernia. Examination and imaging confirmed a left inguinal hernia with omental fat as the content. The patient underwent a left hernioplasty surgery under spinal anesthesia. Post-operatively, the patient was treated with antibiotics and analgesics. By post-operative day 3, the patient had no complaints and was discharged on medications including antibiotics and supplements.
Case history sinusitis
A 22-year-old female presented with 5 months of nasal blockage and headache. Examination found proptosis of the eyes, swelling of the right cheek, and polyps obstructing the nasal cavity. Imaging showed haziness of the sinuses and obliteration of the nasal cavity. She underwent surgery including polypectomy and Caldwell Luc procedure on the right side to address suspected fungal sinusitis with polyps.
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Unit 5 therapeutic communication and interpersonal relationship
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