Guda is very much important and last part of Gastrointestinal system. Many anorectal disorders occurs in this guda region that is why it is very much important to know all anatomical aspects in detail into a surgeons point of view. Guda is defined as the opening where the gastrointestinal tract ends and exits the body which excretes faeces and flatus through it. It is the mool of pureeshvaha strotasa. Acharya Charak mentioned it among fifteen koshthangas, it is one of bahirmukh strotas of the body. It is sadyopranahar marma. Anatomy i.e Shareer Rachana according to different samhitas and acharyas is elaborated here in descriptive mode. Dr. Tushar H. Shelar | Dr. Miteshkumar D. Gujrathi | Dr. Mukund Kisanrao Chandile "Anatomical Aspects of Guda (Anal Canal)€¦€¦A Literary Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59737.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/59737/anatomical-aspects-of-guda-anal-canal%E2%82%AC%C2%A6%E2%82%AC%C2%A6a-literary-review/dr-tushar-h-shelar
Introduction to Pranavaha Srotas with Relation to the Function of Prana Vata ...ijtsrd
In Ayurveda, srotas is very unique concept and plays a major role to understand either the physiological or pathological. Acharyas explained purusha as assumed to be made from innumerable srotas. The equilibrium state of dosha, dhatu and mala is said to be maintain the normal health of human being. To maintain the normal healthy life cycle, body elements have to be continuously regulated, nourished, and replenished. Srotas are the channels or inner transport system of the body which is the site for the activities of other bodily elements like dosha, dhatu, mala, agni etc. Among the total 13 types of srotas pranavaha is first mentioned in all the classic because it maintain the prana support of life, carry prana all over the body and hence given the prime importance. Here an attempt is made to understand srotas regarding pranavaha srotas how prana vaha srotas related to respiratory system, cardiovascular system and alimentary canal. Dr. Fareeda Begum Sheikh | Dr. Puja Yadav "Introduction to Pranavaha Srotas with Relation to the Function of Prana Vata- Review Article" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59638.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/59638/introduction-to-pranavaha-srotas-with-relation-to-the-function-of-prana-vata-review-article/dr-fareeda-begum-sheikh
Author: Dr. Sangeeta Gehlot, Professor
Dr. Vandana Verma
Assistant Professor
Department of Kriya Sharir, Faculty of Ayurveda,
IMS, BHU, Varanasi, India
A Review on Srotus with Its Anatomical Structures with Special References to ...IJARIIT
The channels which are widely spread in all the spaces of the body, where circulation of the fluids and it is not only
arteries and veins.Srotus are the system that carry or circulate the doshas and dhatus or their elements to the various
organs.Raktvahasrotus refers to channels involved in the blood circulation. Description of thedifferent elements or organ
involved in the raktvahasrotus. In this article an attempt has been made to understand raktavahasrotus as described in
Ayurveda with its anatomical structures.
The basic physiology of the menstrual cycle is a complex mechanism. This involves sequence of phases in coordination with the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, ovary and endometrium. Normalcy and rhythmic menstruation are prime factors for normal reproduction. The menstrual cycle with all its complexities can be easily perturbed and lead to Oligomenorrhoea and Hypomenorrhea, the most common conditions seen in the present era. Its prevalence from different studies is 13.5 and 12.95 respectively. In classics, based on the pathophysiology of Lakshana by considering Dosha, Dushya, Agni, Srotas etc. this condition can be considered as Artava Kshaya. It is Agnimandhyajanya Vikara having Bahudoshavastha with Kapha Vata Dushti where Kapha produces Avarana to Vata Dosha and obstructs Artava Vaha Srotas. So, Deepana Pachana, Shodhana followed with Shamana Chikitsa corrects the pathophysiology Artava Kshaya. Dr. Padmavati Venkatesh | Dr. Priyanka Bhadargade | Dr. Anita Halgatti "Critical Review on Artava Kshaya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60080.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/60080/critical-review-on-artava-kshaya/dr-padmavati-venkatesh
This document presents a critical study of the anatomical structure of Pittadhara Kala in relation to Grahani Roga (irritable bowel disease) according to Ayurveda. It discusses Pittadhara Kala as the sixth layer that lines the small intestine and plays a role in digestion and nutrient absorption. The study aims to better understand the anatomy of Pittadhara Kala and its relationship to Grahani Roga by reviewing Ayurvedic literature and conducting a cadaver study. The methodology includes a literature review of the concepts of Kala, Grahani, and Grahani Roga from ancient Ayurvedic texts and modern sources, as well as a planned cadaver study
Concept of srotas from ayurvedic perspective with special reference to neurologypharmaindexing
The document discusses concepts of srotas (channels) in Ayurveda and their relation to the nervous system from both Ayurvedic and modern perspectives. According to Ayurveda, srotas are innumerable channels that allow vayu to circulate and enable all physiological functions. Srotas have macro and micro structures and adopt the color of surrounding tissues. Modern science recognizes that the nervous system, with its neurons, pathways, and electrical signaling, functions similar to how srotas were described to control all body functions and allow the mind to travel throughout the body. Both perspectives emphasize the crucial role of channels or pathways for normal physiological and functional activities.
Concept of srotas from ayurvedic perspective with special reference to neurologypharmaindexing
Ayurveda is a life science. The researchers of ayurveda could rule out the presence of srotas (channels) spreading throughout the human body. These srotas (channels) are governed by vayu which is using all the srotas (channels) of the body to carry out the functional and physiological activities of the human body without which the human society will not exist. Several synonymous words have been described by the ayurvedicacharyas for srotas. Some are micro and some are macro in structures and they adopt the same colour of the particular dhatus of the body to which it belongs. The aim of the study is to justify that srotas are nothing but innurmerable channels or pathways of the nervous system governed by electric current without which no functional and physiological activities of the human body will develope.
Scientific Interpretation of Mritsanrakshan Paddhati as Per Sushruta Samhitaijtsrd
For whole knowledge of body we have to study anatomy subject theoretically also practically. By the dissection of human cadaver. There are several methods of dead body preservation in modern science. In Ayurveda, a special method for dead body preservation is given by Acharya Sushruta. This method is called "Jalnimajjan Paddhati"of Mritsanrakshan". According to Ayurvedic texts Acharya Sushruta is best in Sharir Sthan. He is described many anatomical structures of human body and useful information of every segment of body. He also told about 7 skin layers and their thickness and 7 types of Kalas with their order. This was possible because of complete dissection. Dr. Jyoti Gangwal | Dr. Sanjay Kholiya | Dr. Vikash Bhatnagar | Dr. Sandeep M. Lahange "Scientific Interpretation of Mritsanrakshan Paddhati as Per Sushruta Samhita" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29207.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/programming-language/29207/scientific-interpretation-of-mritsanrakshan-paddhati-as-per-sushruta-samhita/dr-jyoti-gangwal
Introduction to Pranavaha Srotas with Relation to the Function of Prana Vata ...ijtsrd
In Ayurveda, srotas is very unique concept and plays a major role to understand either the physiological or pathological. Acharyas explained purusha as assumed to be made from innumerable srotas. The equilibrium state of dosha, dhatu and mala is said to be maintain the normal health of human being. To maintain the normal healthy life cycle, body elements have to be continuously regulated, nourished, and replenished. Srotas are the channels or inner transport system of the body which is the site for the activities of other bodily elements like dosha, dhatu, mala, agni etc. Among the total 13 types of srotas pranavaha is first mentioned in all the classic because it maintain the prana support of life, carry prana all over the body and hence given the prime importance. Here an attempt is made to understand srotas regarding pranavaha srotas how prana vaha srotas related to respiratory system, cardiovascular system and alimentary canal. Dr. Fareeda Begum Sheikh | Dr. Puja Yadav "Introduction to Pranavaha Srotas with Relation to the Function of Prana Vata- Review Article" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59638.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/59638/introduction-to-pranavaha-srotas-with-relation-to-the-function-of-prana-vata-review-article/dr-fareeda-begum-sheikh
Author: Dr. Sangeeta Gehlot, Professor
Dr. Vandana Verma
Assistant Professor
Department of Kriya Sharir, Faculty of Ayurveda,
IMS, BHU, Varanasi, India
A Review on Srotus with Its Anatomical Structures with Special References to ...IJARIIT
The channels which are widely spread in all the spaces of the body, where circulation of the fluids and it is not only
arteries and veins.Srotus are the system that carry or circulate the doshas and dhatus or their elements to the various
organs.Raktvahasrotus refers to channels involved in the blood circulation. Description of thedifferent elements or organ
involved in the raktvahasrotus. In this article an attempt has been made to understand raktavahasrotus as described in
Ayurveda with its anatomical structures.
The basic physiology of the menstrual cycle is a complex mechanism. This involves sequence of phases in coordination with the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, ovary and endometrium. Normalcy and rhythmic menstruation are prime factors for normal reproduction. The menstrual cycle with all its complexities can be easily perturbed and lead to Oligomenorrhoea and Hypomenorrhea, the most common conditions seen in the present era. Its prevalence from different studies is 13.5 and 12.95 respectively. In classics, based on the pathophysiology of Lakshana by considering Dosha, Dushya, Agni, Srotas etc. this condition can be considered as Artava Kshaya. It is Agnimandhyajanya Vikara having Bahudoshavastha with Kapha Vata Dushti where Kapha produces Avarana to Vata Dosha and obstructs Artava Vaha Srotas. So, Deepana Pachana, Shodhana followed with Shamana Chikitsa corrects the pathophysiology Artava Kshaya. Dr. Padmavati Venkatesh | Dr. Priyanka Bhadargade | Dr. Anita Halgatti "Critical Review on Artava Kshaya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-6 , December 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60080.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/60080/critical-review-on-artava-kshaya/dr-padmavati-venkatesh
This document presents a critical study of the anatomical structure of Pittadhara Kala in relation to Grahani Roga (irritable bowel disease) according to Ayurveda. It discusses Pittadhara Kala as the sixth layer that lines the small intestine and plays a role in digestion and nutrient absorption. The study aims to better understand the anatomy of Pittadhara Kala and its relationship to Grahani Roga by reviewing Ayurvedic literature and conducting a cadaver study. The methodology includes a literature review of the concepts of Kala, Grahani, and Grahani Roga from ancient Ayurvedic texts and modern sources, as well as a planned cadaver study
Concept of srotas from ayurvedic perspective with special reference to neurologypharmaindexing
The document discusses concepts of srotas (channels) in Ayurveda and their relation to the nervous system from both Ayurvedic and modern perspectives. According to Ayurveda, srotas are innumerable channels that allow vayu to circulate and enable all physiological functions. Srotas have macro and micro structures and adopt the color of surrounding tissues. Modern science recognizes that the nervous system, with its neurons, pathways, and electrical signaling, functions similar to how srotas were described to control all body functions and allow the mind to travel throughout the body. Both perspectives emphasize the crucial role of channels or pathways for normal physiological and functional activities.
Concept of srotas from ayurvedic perspective with special reference to neurologypharmaindexing
Ayurveda is a life science. The researchers of ayurveda could rule out the presence of srotas (channels) spreading throughout the human body. These srotas (channels) are governed by vayu which is using all the srotas (channels) of the body to carry out the functional and physiological activities of the human body without which the human society will not exist. Several synonymous words have been described by the ayurvedicacharyas for srotas. Some are micro and some are macro in structures and they adopt the same colour of the particular dhatus of the body to which it belongs. The aim of the study is to justify that srotas are nothing but innurmerable channels or pathways of the nervous system governed by electric current without which no functional and physiological activities of the human body will develope.
Scientific Interpretation of Mritsanrakshan Paddhati as Per Sushruta Samhitaijtsrd
For whole knowledge of body we have to study anatomy subject theoretically also practically. By the dissection of human cadaver. There are several methods of dead body preservation in modern science. In Ayurveda, a special method for dead body preservation is given by Acharya Sushruta. This method is called "Jalnimajjan Paddhati"of Mritsanrakshan". According to Ayurvedic texts Acharya Sushruta is best in Sharir Sthan. He is described many anatomical structures of human body and useful information of every segment of body. He also told about 7 skin layers and their thickness and 7 types of Kalas with their order. This was possible because of complete dissection. Dr. Jyoti Gangwal | Dr. Sanjay Kholiya | Dr. Vikash Bhatnagar | Dr. Sandeep M. Lahange "Scientific Interpretation of Mritsanrakshan Paddhati as Per Sushruta Samhita" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29207.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/programming-language/29207/scientific-interpretation-of-mritsanrakshan-paddhati-as-per-sushruta-samhita/dr-jyoti-gangwal
Significance of Sushrutokta Chedana Karma in Bhagandaraijtsrd
Bhagandara Fistula in ano is one among the most common gudagata vikara. Bhagandara is considered as Ashtamahagada by Acharya Sushruta. It starts as a deep rooted pidaka around the guda within 2 angulas and later forms a tract with an external opening in the skin of perianal region connecting an internal opening in the skin or mucosa of anal canal or rectum lined by unhealthy granulation tissue and fibrous tissue. The main clinical features include pain, swelling around anus and pus discharge. In modern world, the medical science is so advanced in all aspects of treatments and surgical procedures but still the treatment for the Fistula in ano is not yielding satisfactory results because of its repeated recurrence rate. Acharya Sushruta has mentioned Chedana karma as main line of treatment in the management of Bhagandhara. It is the important surgical procedure explained among Ashtavidha Shastrakarma. Acharya Sushrutha mentioned different types of incisions for Chedanakarma like Langalaka, Ardhalangalaka, Sarvathobhadraka, Gothirthaka incase of Vataja Bhagandhara and Kharjura patraka, Chandrardha, Chandrachakra, Suchimukha and Avangamukha for the Kaphaja Bhagandhara. All these chedana procedures are explained for the proper excision of the fistulous track. The incisions are planned in the manner that it explores the maximum cavity of fistula including secondary track also. So, these incisions are fully valid in the modern day surgery. Dr. Mallikarjun Kokatanur | Dr. Geetanjali Hiremath | Dr. Anisha S Ashraf "Significance of Sushrutokta Chedana Karma in Bhagandara" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52644.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/52644/significance-of-sushrutokta-chedana-karma-in-bhagandara/dr-mallikarjun-kokatanur
Effectiveness of Chedana Karma and Teekshna Apamarga Pratisaraniya Kshara Kar...ijtsrd
Kshara Karma, Kshara Sutra are mentioned by Sushruta in the management of Nadivrana pilonidal sinus . Aim and Objective To see the effectiveness of Chedana Karma followed by Teekshna Apamarga Pratisaraniya Kshara application in Nadivrana pilonidal sinus and to avoid recurrence. Material and Method firstly under local anesthesia 2 lignocaine and adrenaline Chedana Karma excision of pilonidal sinus f b Teekshna Apamarga Pratisaraniya Kshara applied over the excision site of pilonidal sinus for about 100 seconds followed by cleaning with Nimboo Swarasa and dressing done with Jatyadi Taila. Results Kshara Karma is highly effective management of Nadivrana pilonidal sinus with very less chances of recurrence, less recovery period because healing of the wound is from the base, wound was completely healed in 45 days with daily dressing with Jatyadi Taila. Conclusion Teekshna Apamarga Pratisaraniya Kshara Karma is very effective in management of the pilonidal sinus with minimal recurrence rate as compared the primary closure of the pilonidal sinus where chanced of recurrence are significantly high. Chaturbhuj | Sahanasheela K R | Gopikrishna B J | Prasanna N Rao "Effectiveness of Chedana Karma and Teekshna Apamarga Pratisaraniya Kshara Karma Application in the Management of Nadivrana (Pilonidal Sinus): A Case Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57504.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/surgery/57504/effectiveness-of-chedana-karma-and-teekshna-apamarga-pratisaraniya-kshara-karma-application-in-the-management-of-nadivrana-pilonidal-sinus-a-case-study/chaturbhuj
Comprehensive Review of Jalaukavacharan Leech Therapy in Purview of Ayurvedaijtsrd
The fundamental approach of Ayurveda therapy is founded on two principles, namely Shodhan chikitsa Therapy of Elimination and Shaman chikitsa Internal Medicine . The therapeutic approach of Shodhan Chikitsa involves the implementation of a set of five purificatory procedures, commonly referred to as Panchakarma. The inclusion of Raktamokshana in Panchakarma by Acharya Susruta has been described as the most effective procedure due to its ability to eliminate all three vitiated Doshas, namely Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Jalaukavacharana is a form of Raktamokshana, a therapeutic practice involving the removal of blood from the body, which employs the use of leeches. The utilization of leeches for Raktamokshana is widely regarded as the most efficacious and distinctive approach, as it entails the elimination of vitiated Doshas from the body without the use of any incisive instruments. Consequently, Raktamokshana via leeches is classified as an Ashastra modality. This paper discusses the fundamental principles of Leech therapy and the technique employed for Raktamokshana through the use of leeches. Priti Engineer | Dhaval Makwana | Amisha Dabhi | Hardik Chudasama "Comprehensive Review of Jalaukavacharan-Leech Therapy in Purview of Ayurveda" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57447.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/ayurvedic/57447/comprehensive-review-of-jalaukavacharanleech-therapy-in-purview-of-ayurveda/priti-engineer
This document provides an overview of the male reproductive system and male infertility (Klaibya). It discusses the anatomy and function of structures involved in spermatogenesis and sperm transportation, including the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate. It covers the hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis and defines normal semen parameters. Key points are that infertility is defined as inability to conceive after 1 year, and the male reproductive system is essential for reproduction and its health can indicate overall individual health.
1. The document describes the phylum Platyhelminthes and focuses on Fasciola hepatica, the sheep liver fluke parasite.
2. It details the morphology, life cycle, and reproductive and excretory systems of F. hepatica.
3. F. hepatica is an endoparasite that infects the livers of sheep and other grazing animals, causing disease. It has complex life cycles involving multiple hosts.
A Review on Garbhotpadaka Samagri with Special Reference to AmbuIJARIIT
Since always the life has existed on earth the main and foremost aim of human beings was to lead a healthy and
disease free life. Ayurveda being a ‘science of life’ provides not only curative but also preventive principles for healthy and
long life. It has paid much attention on preventive principles not only after birth but since very beginning i.e. before the
formation of gametes. Since the decision of a child is taken to procure a disease free and healthy (mentally and physically)
baby, garbhotpadaka samagri gets into role to provide optimal health to mother and baby. Ayurveda explains regime and
rituals before pregnancy to take care of fetus from the very beginning of formation of gametes to promote well being and
efficacy of body (dosha,dhatu,mala) , metabolism(agni), perception elements(indriyas) , psyche(manas) , intelligence(buddhi)
and inner spirit(atma).
For a healthy pregnancy the pre-requisites explained by ayurveda are-Ritu (fertile period) kshetra (uterus) ambu (nutritive
ahar rasa) beeja (shukra and artava-sperm and ovam) are as the primitives. Along with some others like marga(genital
passage) hridi(pure controlled consciousness).
Thus, the care for above pre conception factors is must in interest of future of society and to improve health in developing
countries.
A Review on Critical Analysis of Asthi Shareeraijtsrd
Asthi are the important structure present in the body. It gives the structural framework of the body. knowledge of Asthi can be traced back from Vedas passing chronologically down to Samhitas. Asthi plays the role of kernel of body on which whole system depends. The Profound description is illustrated in classical texts about nomenclature, enumeration, types, Bhagna and its treatment. Especially types and nomenclature are to be discussed in light of modern and classics. the main aims are analytical discussion about Sankhya and nomenclature of Asthi, Asthi Prakara and complete the ayurvedic understanding of asthi. As the knowledge about Asthi dates from Pre Vedic period concepts, believes, methods, usefulness etc have changed from time being. The nomenclature of Asthi and Bhagna and Prakara is also same as in the contemporary knowledge and profoundly described. Dr. Monika Singh J G | Dr. Simi C P | Dr. Shobha G "A Review on Critical Analysis of Asthi Shareera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63463.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/63463/a-review-on-critical-analysis-of-asthi-shareera/dr-monika-singh-j-g
1) The document discusses the physiology of ārtava (menstruation) according to Ayurveda, including its meaning, age of onset and cessation, characteristics, function, and origin from rasa dhatu.
2) It describes the modern understanding of the hormonal menstrual cycle, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and the three phases of the uterine cycle.
3) Menstrual blood is summarized as consisting mainly of arterial blood and endometrial tissue, with an unpleasant odor due to decomposing elements, and microscopically containing various cells, mucus, hormones, and other components.
easy and scientific explanation of toughest topics of Ayurvedic Anatomy. aim to explore more hidden knowledge in Ayurveda sutras or sloka. comparatively study both Ayurveda and modern medical science. the topic are explore in such a way to help in understanding both heath care professions peoples and general public.
Male infertility Done By Unnikrishnan SUnni Krishnan
This document provides an overview of the male reproductive system and infertility (Klaibya) from an Ayurvedic perspective. It discusses the Sukra and Sukravaha srotas, defining characteristics and qualities of semen. It describes semen production, transportation of semen through the vas deferens and epididymis, and the role of hormones in spermatogenesis. It then discusses signs and causes of low semen count and infertility. Finally, it provides definitions of key terms like conception from a classical Ayurvedic viewpoint.
Analogical Insights Unveiling the Role of Upamana Pramana in Ayurveda A Reviewijtsrd
The Ancient Science of Ayurveda explores the significance of Upamana Pramana, a method of knowledge acquisition through comparison or analogy, in clinical practice. Upamana Pramana is referred to as aupamya in the Charak Samhita within the framework of logical reasoning terms vaadamarga . It describes how two objects are similar to each other. Drawing upon the rich heritage of Ayurveda and classical Indian philosophy, this paper delves into the pivotal role that Upamana Pramana plays in enhancing diagnostic accuracy, improving treatment outcomes, and broadening the understanding of clinical conditions. Through a comprehensive review of the historical roots and the theoretical underpinnings of Upamana Pramana, the paper highlights the unique approach it offers in clinical reasoning. Case studies and real world examples demonstrate how clinicians can leverage Upamana Pramana to establish connections between unfamiliar clinical scenarios and well documented reference cases, enabling them to make informed decisions with greater confidence. Dr. Sandeep S. Khandalikar | Dr. Harshali R. Murade | Dr. Ganesh Mundada "Analogical Insights: Unveiling the Role of Upamana Pramana in Ayurveda: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60013.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/60013/analogical-insights-unveiling-the-role-of-upamana-pramana-in-ayurveda-a-review/dr-sandeep-s-khandalikar
This document provides a review of Netra Sharira (anatomy of the eye) according to Ayurvedic texts such as Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. It discusses the embryological development of the eye, describing how different Acharyas view when and how the eye develops in the fetus. It also explains the panchabhautic composition of the eye and lists various synonyms for Netra from Ayurvedic classics. Finally, it summarizes Sushruta's description of the shape, dimensions, and anatomical structure of the eye according to Ayurveda.
BY
Prof. Dr. N. Satya Prasad, M.D., PGDHM
GOLD MEDALIST
Sr. Reader / Civil Surgeon
Post Graduate department of Kayachikitsa
Dr. B.R.K.R. Government Ayurvedic college
Hyderabad, A.P., India
Email: satyapnamburu@gmail.com
Sthaulya chikitsa other than oral administrationRaghu Ramudu
This document discusses non-oral management options for obesity according to Ayurveda. It describes treatments like enemas using herbs that are hot, unctuous and sharp to reduce fat. Other options mentioned include oil massages with medicated oils, intake of herbs like guduchi and haritaki, and administration of herbal formulations like Takrarista. Specific procedures discussed in more detail include ruksha udvartana or dry massage, lekhana basti or reducing enema, and nasya or nasal administration of oils. The document also briefly references bloodletting as another potential treatment for obesity.
This document outlines the agenda for a seminar presentation on a comparative study of the pathogenesis (samprapti) of Grahani disorder according to the three classical Ayurvedic texts - Charaka Samhita, Susruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya. The presentation covers definitions of Grahani, its location and function, etiological factors for Grahani disorder, premonitory symptoms, classifications, pathogenesis, and treatments described in each text. It provides background on the digestive process and role of Agni according to Charaka Samhita to facilitate understanding of Grahani and Grahani disorder.
This document summarizes a study on the concept of shatakriyakala and its importance in the manifestation of diseases according to Ayurveda. Shatakriyakala refers to the six stages of the pathological process of a disease: (1) sanchaya (accumulation), (2) prakopa (aggravation), (3) prasara (spreading), (4) sthanasamshraya (localization), (5) vyaktavastha (manifestation of symptoms), and (6) bhedavastha (fully formed disease stage). Understanding these stages helps physicians detect early changes, prevent progression to later stages through appropriate treatment, and assess a
Srotas.pptx Everything about srotas in short.Pakhi Sharma
Detailed description on srotas definition, classification, Paryaya, atructure, pramukhyata, sroto dushti, sroto dushti prakara, viddha lakshana. Short and appropriate jest of some examination-related important topics in Roga Nidana. Important for quick revision for 1st year (Kriya and Rachana sharira)and also 2nd year (Roga nidana) professional B.A.M.S. Undergraduate degree.
The ppt involves brief srotas description along with flow charts and important shlokas.
Understanding the samprapti of gulma in Charak Nidan Sthana Priyanka Buragohain
This document provides information about the Ayurvedic disease Gulma. It defines Gulma as a unique disease that occurs in the Koṣtha (mahasrotasa) and can have external or internal causes. It notes Gulma is one of 48 common diseases, one of 11 types of swelling, and manifests in 5 specific areas of the body. The key symptoms are pain and a palpable lump. Gulma is characterized but not defined by its pathogenesis. It involves tissues but no specific dosha initially, but untreated can involve blood like a wound. Gulma is named based on its shape. The document discusses Gulma in several Ayurvedic texts and provides details on the causative factors, pathogenesis,
The respiratory system of insects involves a network of tubular structures called trachea that distribute oxygen throughout the body. Trachea branch into very fine tracheoles that penetrate tissues and supply oxygen. Trachea are composed of a spiral thickening called taenidia that provides support. They open to the outside through spiracles located on the thorax and abdomen. Spiracles allow gas exchange and can close to prevent water loss. Trachea branch and connect to form a dorsal, ventral and two lateral trunks that supply different body regions. Respiration is classified based on the number and location of functional spiracles. Some insects respire through other structures like gills or cuticular surfaces in the absence of
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Significance of Sushrutokta Chedana Karma in Bhagandaraijtsrd
Bhagandara Fistula in ano is one among the most common gudagata vikara. Bhagandara is considered as Ashtamahagada by Acharya Sushruta. It starts as a deep rooted pidaka around the guda within 2 angulas and later forms a tract with an external opening in the skin of perianal region connecting an internal opening in the skin or mucosa of anal canal or rectum lined by unhealthy granulation tissue and fibrous tissue. The main clinical features include pain, swelling around anus and pus discharge. In modern world, the medical science is so advanced in all aspects of treatments and surgical procedures but still the treatment for the Fistula in ano is not yielding satisfactory results because of its repeated recurrence rate. Acharya Sushruta has mentioned Chedana karma as main line of treatment in the management of Bhagandhara. It is the important surgical procedure explained among Ashtavidha Shastrakarma. Acharya Sushrutha mentioned different types of incisions for Chedanakarma like Langalaka, Ardhalangalaka, Sarvathobhadraka, Gothirthaka incase of Vataja Bhagandhara and Kharjura patraka, Chandrardha, Chandrachakra, Suchimukha and Avangamukha for the Kaphaja Bhagandhara. All these chedana procedures are explained for the proper excision of the fistulous track. The incisions are planned in the manner that it explores the maximum cavity of fistula including secondary track also. So, these incisions are fully valid in the modern day surgery. Dr. Mallikarjun Kokatanur | Dr. Geetanjali Hiremath | Dr. Anisha S Ashraf "Significance of Sushrutokta Chedana Karma in Bhagandara" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52644.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/52644/significance-of-sushrutokta-chedana-karma-in-bhagandara/dr-mallikarjun-kokatanur
Effectiveness of Chedana Karma and Teekshna Apamarga Pratisaraniya Kshara Kar...ijtsrd
Kshara Karma, Kshara Sutra are mentioned by Sushruta in the management of Nadivrana pilonidal sinus . Aim and Objective To see the effectiveness of Chedana Karma followed by Teekshna Apamarga Pratisaraniya Kshara application in Nadivrana pilonidal sinus and to avoid recurrence. Material and Method firstly under local anesthesia 2 lignocaine and adrenaline Chedana Karma excision of pilonidal sinus f b Teekshna Apamarga Pratisaraniya Kshara applied over the excision site of pilonidal sinus for about 100 seconds followed by cleaning with Nimboo Swarasa and dressing done with Jatyadi Taila. Results Kshara Karma is highly effective management of Nadivrana pilonidal sinus with very less chances of recurrence, less recovery period because healing of the wound is from the base, wound was completely healed in 45 days with daily dressing with Jatyadi Taila. Conclusion Teekshna Apamarga Pratisaraniya Kshara Karma is very effective in management of the pilonidal sinus with minimal recurrence rate as compared the primary closure of the pilonidal sinus where chanced of recurrence are significantly high. Chaturbhuj | Sahanasheela K R | Gopikrishna B J | Prasanna N Rao "Effectiveness of Chedana Karma and Teekshna Apamarga Pratisaraniya Kshara Karma Application in the Management of Nadivrana (Pilonidal Sinus): A Case Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57504.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/surgery/57504/effectiveness-of-chedana-karma-and-teekshna-apamarga-pratisaraniya-kshara-karma-application-in-the-management-of-nadivrana-pilonidal-sinus-a-case-study/chaturbhuj
Comprehensive Review of Jalaukavacharan Leech Therapy in Purview of Ayurvedaijtsrd
The fundamental approach of Ayurveda therapy is founded on two principles, namely Shodhan chikitsa Therapy of Elimination and Shaman chikitsa Internal Medicine . The therapeutic approach of Shodhan Chikitsa involves the implementation of a set of five purificatory procedures, commonly referred to as Panchakarma. The inclusion of Raktamokshana in Panchakarma by Acharya Susruta has been described as the most effective procedure due to its ability to eliminate all three vitiated Doshas, namely Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Jalaukavacharana is a form of Raktamokshana, a therapeutic practice involving the removal of blood from the body, which employs the use of leeches. The utilization of leeches for Raktamokshana is widely regarded as the most efficacious and distinctive approach, as it entails the elimination of vitiated Doshas from the body without the use of any incisive instruments. Consequently, Raktamokshana via leeches is classified as an Ashastra modality. This paper discusses the fundamental principles of Leech therapy and the technique employed for Raktamokshana through the use of leeches. Priti Engineer | Dhaval Makwana | Amisha Dabhi | Hardik Chudasama "Comprehensive Review of Jalaukavacharan-Leech Therapy in Purview of Ayurveda" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57447.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/ayurvedic/57447/comprehensive-review-of-jalaukavacharanleech-therapy-in-purview-of-ayurveda/priti-engineer
This document provides an overview of the male reproductive system and male infertility (Klaibya). It discusses the anatomy and function of structures involved in spermatogenesis and sperm transportation, including the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate. It covers the hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis and defines normal semen parameters. Key points are that infertility is defined as inability to conceive after 1 year, and the male reproductive system is essential for reproduction and its health can indicate overall individual health.
1. The document describes the phylum Platyhelminthes and focuses on Fasciola hepatica, the sheep liver fluke parasite.
2. It details the morphology, life cycle, and reproductive and excretory systems of F. hepatica.
3. F. hepatica is an endoparasite that infects the livers of sheep and other grazing animals, causing disease. It has complex life cycles involving multiple hosts.
A Review on Garbhotpadaka Samagri with Special Reference to AmbuIJARIIT
Since always the life has existed on earth the main and foremost aim of human beings was to lead a healthy and
disease free life. Ayurveda being a ‘science of life’ provides not only curative but also preventive principles for healthy and
long life. It has paid much attention on preventive principles not only after birth but since very beginning i.e. before the
formation of gametes. Since the decision of a child is taken to procure a disease free and healthy (mentally and physically)
baby, garbhotpadaka samagri gets into role to provide optimal health to mother and baby. Ayurveda explains regime and
rituals before pregnancy to take care of fetus from the very beginning of formation of gametes to promote well being and
efficacy of body (dosha,dhatu,mala) , metabolism(agni), perception elements(indriyas) , psyche(manas) , intelligence(buddhi)
and inner spirit(atma).
For a healthy pregnancy the pre-requisites explained by ayurveda are-Ritu (fertile period) kshetra (uterus) ambu (nutritive
ahar rasa) beeja (shukra and artava-sperm and ovam) are as the primitives. Along with some others like marga(genital
passage) hridi(pure controlled consciousness).
Thus, the care for above pre conception factors is must in interest of future of society and to improve health in developing
countries.
A Review on Critical Analysis of Asthi Shareeraijtsrd
Asthi are the important structure present in the body. It gives the structural framework of the body. knowledge of Asthi can be traced back from Vedas passing chronologically down to Samhitas. Asthi plays the role of kernel of body on which whole system depends. The Profound description is illustrated in classical texts about nomenclature, enumeration, types, Bhagna and its treatment. Especially types and nomenclature are to be discussed in light of modern and classics. the main aims are analytical discussion about Sankhya and nomenclature of Asthi, Asthi Prakara and complete the ayurvedic understanding of asthi. As the knowledge about Asthi dates from Pre Vedic period concepts, believes, methods, usefulness etc have changed from time being. The nomenclature of Asthi and Bhagna and Prakara is also same as in the contemporary knowledge and profoundly described. Dr. Monika Singh J G | Dr. Simi C P | Dr. Shobha G "A Review on Critical Analysis of Asthi Shareera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63463.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/63463/a-review-on-critical-analysis-of-asthi-shareera/dr-monika-singh-j-g
1) The document discusses the physiology of ārtava (menstruation) according to Ayurveda, including its meaning, age of onset and cessation, characteristics, function, and origin from rasa dhatu.
2) It describes the modern understanding of the hormonal menstrual cycle, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and the three phases of the uterine cycle.
3) Menstrual blood is summarized as consisting mainly of arterial blood and endometrial tissue, with an unpleasant odor due to decomposing elements, and microscopically containing various cells, mucus, hormones, and other components.
easy and scientific explanation of toughest topics of Ayurvedic Anatomy. aim to explore more hidden knowledge in Ayurveda sutras or sloka. comparatively study both Ayurveda and modern medical science. the topic are explore in such a way to help in understanding both heath care professions peoples and general public.
Male infertility Done By Unnikrishnan SUnni Krishnan
This document provides an overview of the male reproductive system and infertility (Klaibya) from an Ayurvedic perspective. It discusses the Sukra and Sukravaha srotas, defining characteristics and qualities of semen. It describes semen production, transportation of semen through the vas deferens and epididymis, and the role of hormones in spermatogenesis. It then discusses signs and causes of low semen count and infertility. Finally, it provides definitions of key terms like conception from a classical Ayurvedic viewpoint.
Analogical Insights Unveiling the Role of Upamana Pramana in Ayurveda A Reviewijtsrd
The Ancient Science of Ayurveda explores the significance of Upamana Pramana, a method of knowledge acquisition through comparison or analogy, in clinical practice. Upamana Pramana is referred to as aupamya in the Charak Samhita within the framework of logical reasoning terms vaadamarga . It describes how two objects are similar to each other. Drawing upon the rich heritage of Ayurveda and classical Indian philosophy, this paper delves into the pivotal role that Upamana Pramana plays in enhancing diagnostic accuracy, improving treatment outcomes, and broadening the understanding of clinical conditions. Through a comprehensive review of the historical roots and the theoretical underpinnings of Upamana Pramana, the paper highlights the unique approach it offers in clinical reasoning. Case studies and real world examples demonstrate how clinicians can leverage Upamana Pramana to establish connections between unfamiliar clinical scenarios and well documented reference cases, enabling them to make informed decisions with greater confidence. Dr. Sandeep S. Khandalikar | Dr. Harshali R. Murade | Dr. Ganesh Mundada "Analogical Insights: Unveiling the Role of Upamana Pramana in Ayurveda: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60013.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/60013/analogical-insights-unveiling-the-role-of-upamana-pramana-in-ayurveda-a-review/dr-sandeep-s-khandalikar
This document provides a review of Netra Sharira (anatomy of the eye) according to Ayurvedic texts such as Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. It discusses the embryological development of the eye, describing how different Acharyas view when and how the eye develops in the fetus. It also explains the panchabhautic composition of the eye and lists various synonyms for Netra from Ayurvedic classics. Finally, it summarizes Sushruta's description of the shape, dimensions, and anatomical structure of the eye according to Ayurveda.
BY
Prof. Dr. N. Satya Prasad, M.D., PGDHM
GOLD MEDALIST
Sr. Reader / Civil Surgeon
Post Graduate department of Kayachikitsa
Dr. B.R.K.R. Government Ayurvedic college
Hyderabad, A.P., India
Email: satyapnamburu@gmail.com
Sthaulya chikitsa other than oral administrationRaghu Ramudu
This document discusses non-oral management options for obesity according to Ayurveda. It describes treatments like enemas using herbs that are hot, unctuous and sharp to reduce fat. Other options mentioned include oil massages with medicated oils, intake of herbs like guduchi and haritaki, and administration of herbal formulations like Takrarista. Specific procedures discussed in more detail include ruksha udvartana or dry massage, lekhana basti or reducing enema, and nasya or nasal administration of oils. The document also briefly references bloodletting as another potential treatment for obesity.
This document outlines the agenda for a seminar presentation on a comparative study of the pathogenesis (samprapti) of Grahani disorder according to the three classical Ayurvedic texts - Charaka Samhita, Susruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya. The presentation covers definitions of Grahani, its location and function, etiological factors for Grahani disorder, premonitory symptoms, classifications, pathogenesis, and treatments described in each text. It provides background on the digestive process and role of Agni according to Charaka Samhita to facilitate understanding of Grahani and Grahani disorder.
This document summarizes a study on the concept of shatakriyakala and its importance in the manifestation of diseases according to Ayurveda. Shatakriyakala refers to the six stages of the pathological process of a disease: (1) sanchaya (accumulation), (2) prakopa (aggravation), (3) prasara (spreading), (4) sthanasamshraya (localization), (5) vyaktavastha (manifestation of symptoms), and (6) bhedavastha (fully formed disease stage). Understanding these stages helps physicians detect early changes, prevent progression to later stages through appropriate treatment, and assess a
Srotas.pptx Everything about srotas in short.Pakhi Sharma
Detailed description on srotas definition, classification, Paryaya, atructure, pramukhyata, sroto dushti, sroto dushti prakara, viddha lakshana. Short and appropriate jest of some examination-related important topics in Roga Nidana. Important for quick revision for 1st year (Kriya and Rachana sharira)and also 2nd year (Roga nidana) professional B.A.M.S. Undergraduate degree.
The ppt involves brief srotas description along with flow charts and important shlokas.
Understanding the samprapti of gulma in Charak Nidan Sthana Priyanka Buragohain
This document provides information about the Ayurvedic disease Gulma. It defines Gulma as a unique disease that occurs in the Koṣtha (mahasrotasa) and can have external or internal causes. It notes Gulma is one of 48 common diseases, one of 11 types of swelling, and manifests in 5 specific areas of the body. The key symptoms are pain and a palpable lump. Gulma is characterized but not defined by its pathogenesis. It involves tissues but no specific dosha initially, but untreated can involve blood like a wound. Gulma is named based on its shape. The document discusses Gulma in several Ayurvedic texts and provides details on the causative factors, pathogenesis,
The respiratory system of insects involves a network of tubular structures called trachea that distribute oxygen throughout the body. Trachea branch into very fine tracheoles that penetrate tissues and supply oxygen. Trachea are composed of a spiral thickening called taenidia that provides support. They open to the outside through spiracles located on the thorax and abdomen. Spiracles allow gas exchange and can close to prevent water loss. Trachea branch and connect to form a dorsal, ventral and two lateral trunks that supply different body regions. Respiration is classified based on the number and location of functional spiracles. Some insects respire through other structures like gills or cuticular surfaces in the absence of
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‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD59737 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 4 | Jul-Aug 2023 Page 540
Guda is Chaturangula ayata (four angulas in
diameter), and has three valis, all of which are tiryak,
ekangula, ucchrita (lie horizontally, one above the
other, in one angula distance). They are like Sankha
avartas (the spiral grooves of a Conch), and are
Gajatalunibha (like the palate of an Elephant in
colour). When seen externally, taking the romas (hair)
located at guda pradesha as criteria, from the ending
line of romas, one yava, inside is located the
`Gudaoushtha'. From this Gudaoushtha one angula
inside is the first Vali, i.e Samvarani.(Su.Ni.2/6-8)
Ashtanga Hridaya says Valis are three in number; the
first is Pravahani, in between is the Visarjini and
externally lays the Samvarani, from where
Gudaoushtha is one angula externally.
(As.Hru.Ni.7/4-5)
Susruta and Vagbhata mentioned the length of the
guda as four and half anguli. The anguli has been
standardised in BHU and it is fixed at about 2 cms.
approximately.
Thus the length of the guda includes the whole of the
anal canal and lowers 6 cm of the rectum, which
extends upto the inferior Houston's valve roughly.
The total length of the anorectal canal from the anal
margin to the recto sigmoid junction is known to be
about 16.5 cm. Out of which 3 cm. is the anal canal
itself. Thus guda includes anal canal and a part of
rectum. Susruta's opinion about these three valis is
anatomical as well as physiological. Middle
Houston's valve, internal and external sphincters also
take important part in the complete act of defaecation.
Pravahani:
This is the first vali and is situated in the proximal
part of gudanalika and is 1 & 1⁄2 inch above the
Visarjinivali. Since it initiates the vega of pureesha
pravartana (sensation of expulsion) and pushes
(pravahana) the pureesha downwards, it is called
Pravahani. 'Pravahanyastu pravahanam' - (Dalhana on
Su.Ni2/5)
This is the middle one third of the rectum or the upper
half of the ampullary part of the rectum. The
beginning or the proximal end is indicated by the
presence of the second Houston's valve. The distance
from the second to the third houston's valves is about
3 to 4cm. which is similar to the Ayurvedic
decription. The mucous membrane of this part of the
rectum is pale pink in colour, which is semi-
transparent and branching radicles of the superior
rectal vessels are seen through it. The mucosa
normally presents a smooth velvetty appearance due
to the myriads of tiny opening in to the crypts of
Leiberkuhn. In empty condition of the rectum the
mucous membrane presents a number of longitudinal
folds, which are obliterated when the rectum is
distended and are the reason for the maximum
diameter of the ampullary part of the rectum, than any
other part of the colon. The blood supply is derived
primarily from the superior rectal artery, which is the
continuation of the inferior mesenteric artery. Some
supply is also received from the middle rectal and
median sacral arteries. The venous drainage is
through the superior rectal (Haemorrhoidal) veins,
which drain into the portal system via the inferior
mesenteric vein. The superior, middle and inferior
rectal veins converge to form the internal rectal
venous plexus or haemorrhoidal plexus in the
submucosa of the columns of Morgagni and dilatation
of this plexus gives rise to internal haemorrhoids.
The middle Houston's valve which lies at the upper
end of the rectal ampulla and is the largest and the
most constant one. Hence Ayurvedic Acharyas had
given it great importance and considered as a
landmark.
The faecal matter is stored in the Sigmoid colon and
at the time of evacuation by mass peristaltic
movements it enters the ampulla of the rectum and
the person feels the urge for defaecation and
'Prvahanam' or the effort to defaecate occurs. Hence
the name 'Pravahan,
Visarjini:
This is the second vali situated between pravahini and
samvarani and is about 1 & 1/2 inch and is in the
middle portion of guda. It helps in moving the fecal
matter forward by its expansion and adds in its
expulsion.
̳'Tasam antaramadhya Visarjini" (Vagbhata
As.Hru.Ni.7) Nisrujateeti Visarjini" (Dalhana on
Su.Ni.2/5)
This is the last one third of the rectum or the lower
half of the ampulla of the rectum. Its beginning or
proximal end is indicated by the third Houston's valve
and the distal end by the ano-rectal ring, and its
length is about 3 to 4cm. and lies anterior to the tip of
the coccyx bone and above the pelvic diaphragm.
This part is in continuation with Pravahani above and
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Samvarani below. The mucous membrane of this part
is pink in colour and the tributaries of the superior
and middle rectal vessels are seen through it. The
mucous membrane of this part contains longitudinal
folds similar to Pavahani. The blood supply and
venous drainage are same as the Pravahani.
This is related - the base of the urinary bladder,
terminal parts of the ureters, seminal vesicles, vasa
deferentia and prostate and in females with vagina.
This description co-relates well with the Charaka's
and Susruta's description of Guda and its relations.
Samvarani:
This is the third vali situated below visarjini and 1
inch above the gudaousshtha and is the last vali. Its
function is to open when faecal matter comes from
above and to close the guda after its expulsion.
"Samvaranateeti samvarani" (Dalhana Su.Ni.2/5)
This part is the anal canal with internal and external
anal sphincters. It is in continuation with the rectum
above and is marked by the Ano-rectal ring. Anal
canal is the terminal portion of the large intestine. It
begins at the ano-rectal ring and terminates at the anal
verge. The length of the anal canal is approximately
3cm and the diameter is also 3cm laterally it is
surrounded by ischio-rectal fossa around the
sphincters and over its whole length it is surrounded
by sphincter ani muscles. The upper half of anal canal
is lined by mucous membrane and is in 'Plum' colour
owing to the blood in the subjacent internal venous
plexus. The blood supply is from superior and inferior
rectal arteries of which the superior rectal arteries
supply the anal canal and the inferior rectal arteries
supply the sphincter muscles and the ischio-retcal
fossae. The venous drainage is into Internal and
External rectal venous plexuses which communicate
with each other and inturn drain into superior and
inferior rectal veins. Veins in the three anal columns,
situated at 3, 7 and 11 o'clock positions as seen in the
lithotomy position, are large and constitute the
potential sites for primary internal piles. Anal veins
are arranged radially around the anal margin. They
communicate with the internal rectal plexus and the
inferior rectal veins. Excessive straining during
defaecation may rupture on of these veins, forming
the subcutaneous perianal haematoma known as
'External piles'.
The internal anal sphincter is involuntary and the
external anal sphincter is under voluntary control.
Both of these open fordefaecation and close after
passing out of the faecal matter, hence the name
'Samvarani.
Guda as a marma and strotas-
Sushruta has described Guda as the mamsamarma
which is attached to sthoolantra through which vata
and purisha are excreted. It is considered as
sadyapranahara marma ie any injury occurring to this
organ results in immediate death. There are 10 snayus
in groins and sixty in the pelvics,three Peshis and
three Sandhis (Samudga sandhi ) in this region(su)
Guda is included in annavahasrotas having opening to
exterior that is one among the bahirmukhasorotas.
Vascular aspect of Guda-
Among the thirty four siras found in Kosta, eight siras
supply to Guda, medra and sroni.
Two dhamanis which are taking downward course
can apanavayu, mutra, purush, sukra and arthava to
respective organs
Relations-
Basti, Pourushagrandhy, vrushanam and Guda are
interrelated and situated in gudasthi vivara.
Physiology of Guda-
Dosha-Apanavayu
Dathu-mainlyMamsa
Mala-Pureesh
Guda is known as karmendriya because it does the
functions of defecation.
MODERN ASPECT
Anatomy of rectum and anal canal
The embryonic proctoderm provides the lining of the
anal canal. This lining being ectodermal in origin is
described to form anal skin. The rectum is derived
from the hindgut. Hence the mucosal lining of the
rectum is endodermal in origin.
Rectum:
The rectum constitutes the terminal segment of the
colon. It's length varies from 12 to 15 cm and
possesses a larger lumen than any other portion of the
colon. It begins at the level of the third sacral vertebra
and ending at the anal canal i.e. from the recto-
sigmoid junction above to the dentate line below. The
rectum is having total three convex curves; two of the
curves to the right side and one convex curve at the
left. The rectum from its origin comes down
following the concavity of the sacrum and coccyx
forming an antero- posterior curve which is called as
sacral flexure of the rectum. First it passes
downwards and backwards then downwards and
lastly forwards to become in continuation with anal
canal by passing through the pelvic diaphragm.
Above it's junction with the anal canal it pass.
through the pelvic floor, which is formed by levator
ani muscle. In addition to the antero posterior curve
the rectum deviates from the midline at three lateral
curves. The upper one is convex to right, the middle
one is more convex to left and the lower one is again
convex to right. The diameter of the upper part of the
rectum in empty state is 4 cm. as at the sigmoid colon
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but its lower part is distended to the widest portion
known as ampulla of rectum. Peritoneum is related
with rectum only to the upper two thirds of it. The
upper one third is covered is by peritoneum anteriorly
and laterally, the middle one third is covered
anteriorly only. In males the peritoneum reflects on
the bladder and forms recto-vesical pouch where as in
females it reflects upon vagina and uterus which is
recto-uterine pouch or the "pouch of Douglas.
The lower portion of the rectum is devoid of
peritoneum and is covered by fibrous sheath, which is
derived from the true pelvic fascia In empty condition
of the rectum the mucous membrane of its lower part
presents a number of longitudinal folds which affect
the distension of the rectum.
Houston's valves: These are nothing but three spiral
foldings of the mucosal and submucosal layers which
are found within the rectum. The lowest valve is seen
in the left, the middle one in the right and the upper
most one on the left. Each valve arises gradually at
one end for the rectal valve extending into lumen of
the gut. It then recedes at its other end into the rectal
valve. The Houston valves can be seen through the
sigmoidoscopy.
The rectal mucosa normally presents a smooth
velvetty appearance due to the myriads of tiny
opening in to the crypts of Leiberkuhn. The mucous
membrane of the lower part of the rectum is pale pink
in colour, which is semi-transparent and branching
radicles of the superior rectal vessels are seen through
it.
Ano-rectal junction:
The junction of anal canal and rectum is about two to
three cm. in front of and slightly below the tip of the
coccyx. In males at this level opposite to this there is
the apex of the prostrate gland. At the anorectal
junction the folding back of the gut is known as the
perineal flexure.
Anal canal:
Anal canal is the terminal portion of the large
intestine. It begins at the ano-rectal ring and
terminates at the anal verge. The length of the anal
canal is approimately 4 cm. and the diameter is 3 cm.
The junction is indicated by the pectinate line (anal
valves). It provides voluntary and involuntary
sphincters at the outlet of the rectum. The external
opening of the anus is situated in the midline,
posterior to the perineal body. The empty lumen is
puckered into longitudinal folds, the columns of
Morgagni and they are 5-10 or 8-12 in number.
Posteriorly it contacts with a mass of fibrous and
muscular tissue known as ano-coccygeal ligament,
which separates the anal canal from the tip of the
coccyx. Anteriorly, it is separated from the perineal
body, by the membranous part of the urethra and the
bulb of penis in the male and lower end of the vagina
in the female. Laterally it is surrounded by ischio-
rectal fossa around the sphincters over its whole
length it is surrounded by sphincter muscle.
The upper half of anal canal is lined by mucous
membrane and its colour is plum owing to the blood
in the subjacent internal venous plexus. 'The
epithelium in the region is variable in character. The
mucous membrane in this p. has 6-10 vertical folds,
the anal columns. Each column contains a terminal
radicle in these three sites constitute primary internal
haemorrhoids. The line along with the anal valves are
situated is termed as pectinate line. Sometimes small
epithelial projections (anal papilli) are present on the
edges of the anal valves. The succeeding part of the
anal canal extends for about 15 mm below the anal
valves and is known as "transitional zone of pecten".
This zone ends narrow and wavy kown as White line
or Hilton's line. Below the Hilton's line the lower 8
mm or so of the anal canal are lined by true skin
which contains sweat gland and sebaceous glands.
Musculature of anal canal:
External anal sphincter:
It is under voluntary nerve control, made up of
striated muscle and supplied by inferior rectal and
perineal branch of fourth sacral nerves. It surrounds
the whole length of the anal canal and has three parts
- subcutaneous, superficial and deep. 'The
subcutaneous part lies below the level of internal
sphincter and surrounds the lower part of anal canal
as a flat band about 15mm broad. It has no bony
attachment. The superficial part is elliptical in shape
and arises from posterior surface of the terminal
segment of coccyx as the ano- coccygeal ligament.
Internal anal sphincter:
It is involuntary in nature, formed by the thickened,
circular muscle coat of the gut and surrounds the
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upper 3/4 (3cm) of the anal canal, lies above the
subcutaneous part and deep to the superficial and
deep parts of the external sphincter, and ends below at
the Hilton's white line.
Conjoint longitudinal coat:
It is formed by the fusion of puborectalis with the
longitudinal muscle coat of rectum at the ano-rectal
junction, between the external and internal sphincters.
Soon it becomes fibro elastic and at the level of the
white line it breaks up into a number of fibro elastic
septa which spread out fan wise, pierce the
subcutaneous part of external sphincter and are
attached to the skin around the anus. The most lateral
septum forms the perianal fascia and the most medial
are the anal inter muscular septum that is attached to
the white line. In addition, some strands pierce
obliquely the internal sphincter and end in the sub
mucosa below the anal valves.
Ano-rectal ring:
It is a muscular ring of the ano-rectal junction, formed
by the finion of the pubo-rectals, deep external
sphincter and the internal sphincter. It is easily felt by
a finger in the anal canal. Surgical division of this
ring results in rectal incontinence. The ring is less
marked anteriorly where the fibers of puborectalis are
absent.
Surgical spaces:
The tissue spaces are filled with cutaneous tissue and
important from the surgical point of view because
they are the possible sites of infection. The surgical
spaces are as follows.
1. Ischio-rectal space: It is a pyramidal space and
comprises of the upper 2/3 of ischiorectal fossa.
This space is crossed by the inferior
haemorrhoidal vessels and nerves. Morgagni has
showed that the ischiorectal space is liable to
become filled with, in high anal fistula and
ischiorectal abcesses. Count, described that this
space connects with the opposite ischiorectal
space through the subsphincteric space and is an
important avenue of existence of infection.
2. Peri-anal space: It surrounds the anal canal below
the white line. It contains the subcutaneous
external sphincter, the external rectal venous
plexuses, and the terminal branches of the vessels
and nerves.
3. Sub-mucous space: Sub-mucousa of the anal
canal lies above the white line between the
mucous membrane and the internal sphincter. It
contains the internal rectal venous plexus and
lymphatics.
4. Peri-rectal space: This space is a potential space
which lies between the pelvic peritoneal floor and
levator ani muscle.
5. Intermuscular space: Its medial boundary is
internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter.
This space was described by Eisen Hammer.
6. Ischio rectal fossa: It lies between the sidewall of
the pelvic and the anal canal and the lower part of
the rectum. The apex is above and base is below
formed by the perianal skin. Milliganetal
described the ischiorectal fossa as being divided
into two spaces by a horizontal fascia i.e.,
perianal space and ischiorectal space.
Anal Orifice or Anus:
The anus is the lower aperture of the anal canal and is
situated about 4cms below and in front of the tip of
the coccyx in the cleft between the buttocks.
Surgical anal canal lining:
The surgical anal canal is lined above by mucosa and
below by anoderm which is modified skin. The anal
crypts are in the upper part of the anoderm.
A line at the level of the crypts is the pectinate line or
dentate line. Above this line there are number of
vertical mucosal folds, the columns of Morgagni,
which overline the internal haemorrhoidal plexus.
Intermediately above the dentate line or dentate line is
an important landmark for surgeons. At the lower part
of the anal canal, this line is wavy, whitish, which is
known as Hilton's line named by its founder.
Anal sphincter:
The anal sphincter has three distinct "Uǁ shaped loops
which have specific mechanism.
1st Loop: In this top loop the deep portion of the
external sphincter and the puborectalis are fixed into
one muscle. This attaches to the lower part of the
symphysis pubis and loops around the upper part of
the anal canal with the downward inclination.
2nd Loop: This intermediate loop is the superficial
extemal sphincter which arises from the tip of the
coccyx as a tendon and gives rise to strong muscle
bundles passing forward to encircle the anal canal
below the top loop.
3rd Loop: The third or base loop is the subcutaneous
external sphincter. It attaches anteriorly to the
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perianal skin in the mid line and passes backward
with an upward inclination to loop around the lower
part of the anal canal.
Anal Glands: Anal Glands are vestegial structures
lined by stratified mucus secreting columnar
epithelium and squamous epithelium. Normallythere
are six to ten glands in the circumference of the anus.
Each gland has a duct and discharges into the anal
crypt at the dentate line.
Arterial Supply of the Rectum and Anal Canal
1. The superior rectal or Haemorrhoidal artery: It is
the continuation of the inferior mesenteric artery
and descends posteriorly to the rectum, where it
bifurcates to supply the rectum and upper portion
of the anal canal.
2. The middle rectal or haemorrhoidal arteries:
These arise from the internal iliac artery, on each
side and enter the lower portion of the rectum
antero laterally at the level of levator ani muscle.
They do not enter lateral stalks as previously
believed. The arteries anastomose with the
branches of the superior rectal artery.
3. The inferior rectal or haemorrhoidal arteries:
These arise on each side from the internal
pudendal artery, a branch of the internal iliac
artery and traverse the ischio-rectal fossa on each
side to supply the anal sphincter muscles. There is
no evidence of anastomosis between the superior
and inferior rectal arteries.
4. The middle sacral artery: It provides an
insignificant amount of blood supply to the
rectum. It arises posteriorly just above the
bifurcation of aorta, descends over the lumber
vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx, and gives only
small branches to the posterior wall of the lower
portion of the rectum.
Venous Drainage of Rectum and Anal canal
Retum of the blood from the rectum and anal canal is
via two systems - Portal and Systemic. The superior
rectal (Haemorrhoidal) veins drain the rectum and the
upper part of the anal canal into the portal system via
the inferior mesenteric vein. Primarily the middle
rectal veins drain the lower part of the rectum and the
upper part of the anal canal. They accompany the
middle rectal art, and terminate in internal iliac veins.
The inferior rectal veins, following the corresponding
arteries drain the lower part of the anal canal via the
internal pudendal veins, which empty into the internal
iliac veins. Dilatation of the inferior rectal veins leads
to external haemorrhoids.
The superior, middle and inferior rectal veins
converge to form the internal rectal (haemorrhoidal)
plexus in the submucosa of the columns of Morgangi.
Dilatation of this plexus gives rise to internal
haemorrhoids.
Venous Plexuses
1. Internal rectal venous plexus:
It lies in the submucosa of the anal canal. It drains
mainly into superior rectal vein but communicates
freely with the external plexus and thus with the
middle and inferior rectal veins. The plexus therefore
is an important site of communication between the
portal and systemic veins. This is a series of dilated
pouches connected by transverse branches around the
anal canal.
2. External rectal venous plexus:
It lies outside the muscular coat of the rectum and the
anal canal and communicates freely with the internal
plexus and is drained by the inferior rectal vein into
the internal pudendal vein; the middle part by the
middle rectal vein, into the internal iliac vein, and the
upper part of the superior rectal vein which continues
as the inferior rectal vein which further continues as
the inferior mesenteric vein.
3. Anal veins:
These are arranged radially around the anal margin.
They communicate with the internal rectal plexus and
the inferior rectal veins. Excessive straining during
defaecation may rupture one of these veins, forming
subcutaneous perianal haematoma, known as external
piles.
Lymphatic Drainage of Rectum and Anal canal
Mainly there are three sets of lymphatic channels –
1. Superior rectal lymph nodes:
These run with the Superior rectal vessels. A special
group lies just above the Levator ani and dose to the
rectal wall in the region of ampulla. They are the para
rectal nodes of the aorta. These are larger nodes at the
bifurcation of the Superior rectal artery.
2. Middle rectal lymph nodes:
These lie along the lateral ligament of rectum close to
the middle rectal vessels. From here they pass to the
lymph nodes around the internal iliac artery.
3. Inguinal lymph nodes:
The lower portion of the anal canal and the anus are
drained by lymphatics, which pass to the inguinal
nodes. Above the pectinate line the lymphatics drain
with those of the rectum into the internal iliac nodes.
Below the pectinate line the lymphatics drain into the
medial group of the superficial inguinal nodes.
Nerve Supply of Rectum and Anal canal
Sympathetic innervation:
Rectum and the upper half of the anal canal derive
their sympathetic supply from the lumbar part of the
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trunk and the superior hypogastric plexus bymeans of
the plexus on the branches of the inferior mesenteric
artery. The sympathetic nerves to the rectum and
upper part of the anal canal pass mainly along the
inferior mesenteric and the superior rectal arteries and
partly via the superior and inferior hypogastric
plexuses. The latter supplying the lower part of the
rectum and internal sphincter.
Para sympathetic innervation:
This is derived from pelvic splanchnic nerves; for
these the fibres pass as long strands from sacral
nerves to join the inferior hypogastric plexus. which
enter on the sides of rectum, being motor to the
musculature of the rectum and inhibitory to internal
sphincter. 'The external sphincter is supplied by the
inferior rectal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2, S3)
and the perineal branch of the fourth sacral nerve.
Afferent impulses underlying sensations of
physiological distension are conveyed by the para
sympathetic nerves, while pain impulses are
conducted by both sympathetic as well as para
sympathetic nerves supplying the rectum and upper
part of the anal canal. Importance of
Guda(Ch.su.29/3)
Charaka includes Guda in Dasa Pranayatanas and
Susrutha in Marmas; Guda is a Mamsa and Sadyo
pranahara marma.(Su.sha.6/9)
Vata is controller of all the sharir kriyas, which is
divided into five types depending upon the site it
occupies. 'Thus 'Apana vata' is the one which
occupies below the nabhi in general and pakwashaya
in vishesha Apana vayu prakopa produces diseases at
guda and vasti pradesha, like Arshas, Astunari,
Bhagandara, etc.(Ch.Su.12/8)
According to Charaka. Pakwashaya and Sthula guda
are the moolas for Pureesha vaha strotas.(Ch.vi.5/4)
Thus, it is understood that the function of the Guda is
Pureesha dharana and Visarjana.
Seated in the pakwashaya the apana vata does the
function of ̳adhonayana' or bringing downwards of
vata. Mutra, pureesha, artava, retas and garbha in
time.ǁ ―Ahara sambhavam vastu deho hi ahara
sambhavah" says Charaka. The body is made from
ahara and is also maintained by it. This ahara is
subjected jatharagni and its pachana takes place after
which sara kitta vibhajana occurs. The sara bhaga is
absorbed and the kitta bhaga or ̳pureesha ̳ is pushed
forward to the end part of pakwasaya i.e. guda (uttara
guda) where it is stored until its elimination.
Therefore it is said that pakwashaya (uttara guda) and
guda (adho guda) are the sthanas of pureeshavaha
strotas. When the pureesha accumulates in sufficient
quantity (the prarmana of pureesha is seven anjalis).
the desire for defaecation occurs.When the desire for
defaecation is being felt by an individual. There
occurs propulsion of faecal column beyond the
Pravahini. At this stage Visarjini relaxes and
accommodates the advancing faecal column. Which
progresses onwards by induction of pressure of
Pravahini by the individual.
The column of the fecal material thus passes through
the relaxed internal sphincter (ano-rectal ring) and the
external sphincter to the outside. Samvarani comes
into action when sufficient column has advanced
beyond the external opening and by contraction cuts
the fecal column and releases it to be dropped out.
Hence physiologically these three levels are very
important during the act of defaecation.
The important function of guda is defaecation.
Dalhana comments on Susrutha regarding the
function of the Valis by which they get their name i.e.
Pravahana. Visarjana and Samvarana are the
functions or actions of Pravahani. Visarjini and
Smavarani respectively. These are the different
actions exhibited by the Guda for pureesha visarjana.
Mechanism of Defaecation
Defaecation means process of passing faeces from the
anus. It is a reflex mechanism which is under
voluntary control in the normal condition of the life.
Usually the rectum remains empty and faeces are
stored in pelvic colon. The urge for defaecation
occurs when the faecal matter enters the rectum on
increase of the intraluminal pressure of the rectum
from 20 to 25mm of water. Faecal matter does not
collect elsewhere if defaecation is regular. However,
if defaecation is long deferred: the descending colon
becomes filled when pelvic colon can hold no more.
As a result of mass movement, some faeces enters the
rectum when the desire to defaecate occurs while the
usual stimulations are - taking food, A glass of warm
water, a cup of coffee or tea or smoking may have the
same effects. The desire to defaecate may be induced
by straining effort which may raise the abdominal
pressure to as much as 200mm. of mercury and forces
faecal matter into the rectum.
The process of defaecation includes the action of
voluntary and involuntary muscles. Which are highly
susceptible to emotional stimuli. The reflex centres
for defaecation have been located in the
hypothalamus, in lower lumbar and upper sacral
segments of the spinal cord and ganglionic plexuses
of the gut.
Bibliography-
Ayurveda Grantha-
[1] Charaka – Charak samhita with English
Commentary by P.V.Sharma, Chaukhambha
Orientalia, Varanasi 1988
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[2] Sushruta – Sushruta samhita, Commentary by
Artideva Motilala Banarasidas, Chaukhambha
Sanskrit, Varanasi 1975
[3] Vagbhata – Ashtangahridaya with Vidyotini
Commentary Chaukhambha Orientalia,
Varanasi 1970
[4] Agnivesha - Charak samhita with Vidyotini
Hindi Commentary Chaukhambha Sanskrit,
Varanasi 1959
[5] Ambikadatta Shashtri - – Sushruta samhita,
with Ayurved Tatwasandipika Hindi
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Sansthana 11th Edition, Varanasi 1997
[6] Madhaokar – Madhavnidan Vidyotini Hindi
Commentary by Yadunandana Upadhaya -31
Edition 2002
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[7] Anne M.R. Agur – Grant`s Atlas of Anatomy,
9th Edition, Williams and Wilkins- 1991
[8] Bailey and Love`s Short Practice of Surgery,
22nd Edition ELBS, reprinted -1997
[9] John Golighar- Surgery of the Anus, Rectum
And Colon, 5th Edition, Published by Bailliere
Tindall London- 1992
[10] Narman L.B Rowse – An introduction to the
Symptoms and Sings of Saurgical Disease 3 rd
Edition ELST 1969
[11] Romanes G.R – Cunninghams Manual of
Practical Anatomy 15th Edition Oxfort Medical
Publication Repriented 1996 145
[12] Singhal G.D and Singh L.M – Operative
Consideration In Ancient Indian Surgery 1st
Edition Publication, B.H.U, Varanasi 1982
[13] Singhal G.D and Singh L.M – Diagnostic
Consideration In Ancient Indian Surgery 1st
Edition Publication, B.H.U, Varanasi 1982
[14] Somen Das – A Manual On Clinical Surgery,
4th Edition Published By Dr. S. Das- 1996