This document discusses alveolar bone structure and composition, as well as bone remodeling and diseases that can affect the bone. It covers the cells involved in bone formation and resorption, such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and their roles. Bone loss patterns seen in periodontitis are described, including horizontal, vertical, and furcation defects. Therapeutic approaches to treat pathological bone loss include NSAIDs, bisphosphonates, and bone grafts.
This document discusses the adaptive capacity of the periodontium to occlusal forces. It describes how the magnitude, direction, duration, and frequency of occlusal forces can impact the periodontium. Forces beyond the tissues' adaptive capacity can cause injury, referred to as traumatic occlusal force or trauma from occlusion. The document outlines the tissue response stages to increased forces, including injury, repair, and adaptive remodeling. It also discusses the interaction between traumatic occlusal forces and inflammation.
Orientamenti regionali per la Toscana del MIUR-USR per la Toscana. Ispettore Luca Salvini. Conferenza regionale sull'inclusione. Firenze, auditorium Rogers di Scandicci, 4/11/2019.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of alveolar bone. It discusses the development, anatomy, histology, radiographic features, and pathologies of alveolar bone. Alveolar bone forms the bony housing for teeth and provides attachment for the periodontal ligament. It develops during fetal growth via intramembranous ossification. Anatomically, it consists of cortical plates and inner cancellous bone with trabeculae. Histologically, it is composed of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Common pathologies involving alveolar bone loss include periodontal disease, trauma from occlusion, and systemic factors like osteoporosis.
This document provides an overview of diseases of the pulp. It discusses pulpitis, which is inflammation of the pulp that can be reversible or irreversible depending on the severity. Reversible pulpitis involves mild inflammation that can return to normal, while irreversible pulpitis is persistent and may lead to necrosis without treatment. Other topics covered include causes of pulp inflammation, classifications of pulpitis, features of acute and chronic pulpitis, necrosis, and management approaches for different pulp conditions. The document aims to inform pediatric dentists about diseases that can affect the pulp.
Bds 3 rd year lecture Dental plaque as a biofilmDr. Mamta Singh
1. Dental plaque is a biofilm that forms on teeth and consists of bacterial cells embedded in a glycocalyx matrix.
2. Biofilms provide bacteria advantages like attachment to surfaces, genetic exchange, quorum sensing, and antibiotic resistance that make them difficult to treat.
3. Factors like nutrient availability, environmental conditions, and microbial community composition influence biofilm development and structure.
This document discusses alveolar bone structure and composition, as well as bone remodeling and diseases that can affect the bone. It covers the cells involved in bone formation and resorption, such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and their roles. Bone loss patterns seen in periodontitis are described, including horizontal, vertical, and furcation defects. Therapeutic approaches to treat pathological bone loss include NSAIDs, bisphosphonates, and bone grafts.
This document discusses the adaptive capacity of the periodontium to occlusal forces. It describes how the magnitude, direction, duration, and frequency of occlusal forces can impact the periodontium. Forces beyond the tissues' adaptive capacity can cause injury, referred to as traumatic occlusal force or trauma from occlusion. The document outlines the tissue response stages to increased forces, including injury, repair, and adaptive remodeling. It also discusses the interaction between traumatic occlusal forces and inflammation.
Orientamenti regionali per la Toscana del MIUR-USR per la Toscana. Ispettore Luca Salvini. Conferenza regionale sull'inclusione. Firenze, auditorium Rogers di Scandicci, 4/11/2019.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of alveolar bone. It discusses the development, anatomy, histology, radiographic features, and pathologies of alveolar bone. Alveolar bone forms the bony housing for teeth and provides attachment for the periodontal ligament. It develops during fetal growth via intramembranous ossification. Anatomically, it consists of cortical plates and inner cancellous bone with trabeculae. Histologically, it is composed of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Common pathologies involving alveolar bone loss include periodontal disease, trauma from occlusion, and systemic factors like osteoporosis.
This document provides an overview of diseases of the pulp. It discusses pulpitis, which is inflammation of the pulp that can be reversible or irreversible depending on the severity. Reversible pulpitis involves mild inflammation that can return to normal, while irreversible pulpitis is persistent and may lead to necrosis without treatment. Other topics covered include causes of pulp inflammation, classifications of pulpitis, features of acute and chronic pulpitis, necrosis, and management approaches for different pulp conditions. The document aims to inform pediatric dentists about diseases that can affect the pulp.
Bds 3 rd year lecture Dental plaque as a biofilmDr. Mamta Singh
1. Dental plaque is a biofilm that forms on teeth and consists of bacterial cells embedded in a glycocalyx matrix.
2. Biofilms provide bacteria advantages like attachment to surfaces, genetic exchange, quorum sensing, and antibiotic resistance that make them difficult to treat.
3. Factors like nutrient availability, environmental conditions, and microbial community composition influence biofilm development and structure.
Trauma from occlusion in Periodontics.pptxSUBHRADIPKAYAL
Contents
1. Definitions
2. Introduction
3. Classification of Trauma from occlusion
4. Stages of tissue response
5. Clinical features
6. Radiological features
7. Trauma from occlusion and plaque associated periodontal disease
8. Treatment of TFO
9. References
Definitions
• When occlusal forces exceed the adaptive capacity of tissues, tissue injury results. The resultant injury is termed as trauma from occlusion. - Carranza 10th edition
• Trauma from occlusion is a term used to describe pathologic alterations or adaptive changes which develop in the periodontium as a result of undue force produced by the masticatory muscles. - Lindhe 6th edition
• Stillman (1917) as “a condition where injury results to the supporting structures of the teeth by the act of bringing the jaws into a closed position”.
• WHO (1978) defined trauma from occlusion as “damage in the periodontium caused by stress on the teeth produced directly or indirectly by teeth of the opposing jaw”.
• Injury resulting in tissue changes within the attachment apparatus as a result of occlusal force(s). - AAP Glossary of periodontal terms 2001; 4th Edition
Introduction
• The periodontal ligament has a cushioning effect on forces applied to teeth as means to accommodate forces exerted on the crown.
• When there is increase in occlusal forces, changes occur in the periodontium in order to accommodate such forces.
• Changes occur in magnitude, direction, duration and frequency of increased occlusal forces.
Increased magnitude of occlusal forces
• Widening of periodontal ligament space.
• An increase in number and width of periodontal ligament fibers.
• An increase in the density of alveolar bone.
Changes in direction of occlusal forces
• Reorientation of the stresses and strains within the periodontium.
• The principal fibers of the periodontal ligament are arranged so that they best accommodate occlusal forces along the long axis of the tooth.
• Lateral (horizontal) and torque (rotational) forces are more likely to injure the periodontium.
Duration and frequency of occlusal forces
• Constant pressure on the bone is more injurious than intermittent forces.
• The more frequent the application of an intermittent force, the more injurious the force is to the periodontium.
Classification
According to mode of onset
1. Acute
2. Chronic
According to the capacity of the periodontium to resist to occlusal forces
1. Primary
2. Secondary
Acute trauma from occlusion
• Acute trauma from occlusion results from an abrupt occlusal impact such as that produced by biting on a hard object. Restorations or prosthetic appliances that interfere with or alter the direction of occlusal forces on the teeth may also induce acute trauma.
• Clinical features
1. Tooth pain
2. Sensitivity to percussion
3. Tooth mobility
Chronic trauma from occlusion
• It is more common than acute trauma from occlusion and is of greater clinical significance.
The document discusses furcation involvement and its management. It begins with an introduction that defines furcation and notes that its presence indicates advanced periodontitis with poor prognosis. It then covers etiology, diagnosis, classification, anatomy, and other factors related to furcation involvement. For treatment, it discusses non-surgical options like scaling and root planing for early defects. For more advanced defects, surgical therapies like furcation plasty, tunnel preparation, root resection, and extraction may be used. The prognosis depends on the degree of furcation involvement and response to treatment.
Pulp therapy aims to maintain tooth integrity and pulp vitality when possible. For primary teeth, this may involve indirect or direct pulp capping, pulpotomy, or pulpectomy depending on the pulp status and size of any exposure. For young permanent teeth, these same procedures plus apexogenesis or apexification may be used. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, history and testing to determine if the pulp is normal, reversibly inflamed, or irreversibly inflamed/necrotic to guide appropriate treatment. The goal is pulp or tooth preservation depending on prognosis.
This document provides an overview of occlusion and occlusal therapy. It discusses the forces involved in jaw movement, the biologic basis of normal occlusion and occlusion-related dysfunction. It covers clinical examination techniques used to evaluate occlusion and various occlusal therapies including occlusal appliances, occlusal adjustment, splint therapy and orthodontic treatment. The goal of occlusal therapy is to establish stable functional relationships that are favorable for oral health by reducing excessive occlusal forces and correcting occlusal disharmonies.
This document discusses patterns of bone destruction in periodontal disease. It covers various causes of bone loss such as the extension of gingival inflammation, trauma from occlusion, and systemic disorders. Factors that determine bone destruction include normal bone variation, exostoses, buttressing bone formation, and food impaction. Common bone destruction patterns include horizontal loss, vertical defects, intrabony defects of one to three walls, furcation involvement, osseous craters, and ledges. Systemic conditions like osteoporosis and Paget's disease can also cause alveolar bone destruction.
The gingiva is composed of stratified squamous epithelium overlying a connective tissue core. The epithelium consists of basal, prickle cell, and granular layers that undergo keratinization. Basal layer stem cells divide to replenish cells lost through desquamation. Tight junctions and desmosomes provide adhesion. Melanocytes produce pigment while Langerhans cells are antigen presenting. The basal lamina attaches the epithelium to connective tissue through hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions. It regulates molecular passage and provides signaling cues for epithelial differentiation.
The document summarizes the mechanism of alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis. It discusses the structure of alveolar bone and the process of bone remodeling which is regulated by factors that control bone resorption and formation. Key cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α play a role in bone resorption by stimulating osteoclastogenesis directly or indirectly via prostaglandins. The balance between these resorptive and formative factors is important in maintaining bone homeostasis, and an imbalance leads to periodontal bone loss.
This document summarizes the different types of dental deposits that accumulate on teeth. It discusses soft deposits like acquired pellicle, dental plaque, and materia alba. It also focuses on hard deposits like calculus, providing details on its composition, formation, classification as supragingival or subgingival, and role in periodontal disease. Calculus is defined as mineralized dental plaque that forms in layers over time from the precipitation of minerals in saliva and bacteria.
Differential diagnosis of cysts of jawsSk Aziz Ikbal
This document discusses the differential diagnosis of various cysts of the jaws. It describes the clinical presentation and radiographic appearance of odontogenic keratocyst, eruption cyst, gingival cyst of adult, lateral periodontal cyst, radicular cyst, nasopalatine duct cyst, residual cyst, calcifying epithelial odontogenic cyst, dentigerous cyst, and globulomaxillary cyst. Key information provided includes location, symptoms, appearance on imaging, and conditions included in the differential diagnosis for each cyst type.
The document summarizes key aspects of the junctional epithelium. It discusses the junctional epithelium's development, structure including its epithelial attachment and permeability. The document also outlines the junctional epithelium's roles in antimicrobial defense and regeneration. Regarding periodontal disease, it notes that the conversion of junctional epithelium to pocket epithelium is a hallmark of periodontitis, with the initiation of pocket formation attributed to the detachment of attachment cells from the tooth surface.
Dental plaque is a biofilm that forms on teeth. It progresses from an initial bacterial coating to a mature biofilm with complex microbial communities. Early plaque is predominantly gram-positive cocci while mature plaque contains more gram-negative rods and anaerobes. Plaque composition changes with periodontal disease, shifting from gram-positive to gram-negative and non-motile to motile organisms. Plaque initiates periodontal diseases through its noxious metabolic byproducts and through stimulating the host immune response, ultimately leading to tissue destruction if left unchecked.
This document discusses resective osseous surgery for treating periodontal bone defects. It covers normal bone anatomy, classification of bone defects, rationale for resective surgery, techniques, instruments and steps. Resective surgery aims to reshape marginal bone to resemble healthy bone and facilitate maintenance. It can reliably reduce pocket depth by 0.6-1.2mm but risks root exposure and recession. Success requires careful patient selection and surgical skill.
The document provides information about alveolar bone, including its development, functions, composition, classification, gross morphology, histology, bone formation, bone resorption, and bone remodeling. It defines alveolar bone as the portion of maxilla and mandible that forms and supports the tooth socket. It develops from the dental follicle during tooth eruption. The size and shape of alveolar bone is dependent on the teeth. It has important functions like housing tooth roots and providing attachment for the periodontal ligament and muscles.
explained here is bone loos and patterns of bone loos in alveolar bone to various insults . Dr Harshavardhan pawal also gives emphasis on rate on bone loss and radius of action .
The document discusses various techniques for preserving interdental papilla during periodontal procedures. It begins by defining the papilla and classifying types of papilla loss. Factors contributing to loss are described. Non-surgical and surgical preservation techniques are then covered in detail, including the papilla preservation flap, modified papilla preservation flap, simplified papilla preservation flap, entire papilla preservation flap, semilunar coronally repositioned flap, and whale's tail technique. Healing and references are lastly summarized.
Bone loss & patterns of bone loss / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable
1) The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a synovial joint that connects the mandible to the temporal bone. It has several parts including the articular eminence, fossa, condyle, capsule, ligaments, synovial fluid, and articular disc.
2) The articular disc sits between the condyle and fossa and divides the joint into two compartments. It allows the condyle to glide forward during opening and back during closing.
3) Four jaw muscles work in coordination to produce movements like opening, closing, protruding, and grinding. The lateral pterygoid muscle plays a key role in pulling the disc as the jaw opens
This document discusses various surgical techniques for preserving the interdental papilla during periodontal regeneration procedures. It describes the conventional papilla preservation flap technique introduced by Takei in 1985, as well as several modifications including the modified papilla preservation flap, simplified papilla preservation flap, interproximal tissue maintenance technique, and whale's tail technique. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are summarized. A novel entire papilla preservation technique introduced in 2015 is also outlined, which aims to completely preserve the interdental papilla.
ANATOMIA DENTARE ....LEKSION
Studimi i morfologjisë dentare
– krijimi i aftësive për të kryer të gjithë ndërhyrjet
stomatologjike.
Formimi i denticionit në përgjithësi:
#MesueseAurela
Trauma from occlusion in Periodontics.pptxSUBHRADIPKAYAL
Contents
1. Definitions
2. Introduction
3. Classification of Trauma from occlusion
4. Stages of tissue response
5. Clinical features
6. Radiological features
7. Trauma from occlusion and plaque associated periodontal disease
8. Treatment of TFO
9. References
Definitions
• When occlusal forces exceed the adaptive capacity of tissues, tissue injury results. The resultant injury is termed as trauma from occlusion. - Carranza 10th edition
• Trauma from occlusion is a term used to describe pathologic alterations or adaptive changes which develop in the periodontium as a result of undue force produced by the masticatory muscles. - Lindhe 6th edition
• Stillman (1917) as “a condition where injury results to the supporting structures of the teeth by the act of bringing the jaws into a closed position”.
• WHO (1978) defined trauma from occlusion as “damage in the periodontium caused by stress on the teeth produced directly or indirectly by teeth of the opposing jaw”.
• Injury resulting in tissue changes within the attachment apparatus as a result of occlusal force(s). - AAP Glossary of periodontal terms 2001; 4th Edition
Introduction
• The periodontal ligament has a cushioning effect on forces applied to teeth as means to accommodate forces exerted on the crown.
• When there is increase in occlusal forces, changes occur in the periodontium in order to accommodate such forces.
• Changes occur in magnitude, direction, duration and frequency of increased occlusal forces.
Increased magnitude of occlusal forces
• Widening of periodontal ligament space.
• An increase in number and width of periodontal ligament fibers.
• An increase in the density of alveolar bone.
Changes in direction of occlusal forces
• Reorientation of the stresses and strains within the periodontium.
• The principal fibers of the periodontal ligament are arranged so that they best accommodate occlusal forces along the long axis of the tooth.
• Lateral (horizontal) and torque (rotational) forces are more likely to injure the periodontium.
Duration and frequency of occlusal forces
• Constant pressure on the bone is more injurious than intermittent forces.
• The more frequent the application of an intermittent force, the more injurious the force is to the periodontium.
Classification
According to mode of onset
1. Acute
2. Chronic
According to the capacity of the periodontium to resist to occlusal forces
1. Primary
2. Secondary
Acute trauma from occlusion
• Acute trauma from occlusion results from an abrupt occlusal impact such as that produced by biting on a hard object. Restorations or prosthetic appliances that interfere with or alter the direction of occlusal forces on the teeth may also induce acute trauma.
• Clinical features
1. Tooth pain
2. Sensitivity to percussion
3. Tooth mobility
Chronic trauma from occlusion
• It is more common than acute trauma from occlusion and is of greater clinical significance.
The document discusses furcation involvement and its management. It begins with an introduction that defines furcation and notes that its presence indicates advanced periodontitis with poor prognosis. It then covers etiology, diagnosis, classification, anatomy, and other factors related to furcation involvement. For treatment, it discusses non-surgical options like scaling and root planing for early defects. For more advanced defects, surgical therapies like furcation plasty, tunnel preparation, root resection, and extraction may be used. The prognosis depends on the degree of furcation involvement and response to treatment.
Pulp therapy aims to maintain tooth integrity and pulp vitality when possible. For primary teeth, this may involve indirect or direct pulp capping, pulpotomy, or pulpectomy depending on the pulp status and size of any exposure. For young permanent teeth, these same procedures plus apexogenesis or apexification may be used. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, history and testing to determine if the pulp is normal, reversibly inflamed, or irreversibly inflamed/necrotic to guide appropriate treatment. The goal is pulp or tooth preservation depending on prognosis.
This document provides an overview of occlusion and occlusal therapy. It discusses the forces involved in jaw movement, the biologic basis of normal occlusion and occlusion-related dysfunction. It covers clinical examination techniques used to evaluate occlusion and various occlusal therapies including occlusal appliances, occlusal adjustment, splint therapy and orthodontic treatment. The goal of occlusal therapy is to establish stable functional relationships that are favorable for oral health by reducing excessive occlusal forces and correcting occlusal disharmonies.
This document discusses patterns of bone destruction in periodontal disease. It covers various causes of bone loss such as the extension of gingival inflammation, trauma from occlusion, and systemic disorders. Factors that determine bone destruction include normal bone variation, exostoses, buttressing bone formation, and food impaction. Common bone destruction patterns include horizontal loss, vertical defects, intrabony defects of one to three walls, furcation involvement, osseous craters, and ledges. Systemic conditions like osteoporosis and Paget's disease can also cause alveolar bone destruction.
The gingiva is composed of stratified squamous epithelium overlying a connective tissue core. The epithelium consists of basal, prickle cell, and granular layers that undergo keratinization. Basal layer stem cells divide to replenish cells lost through desquamation. Tight junctions and desmosomes provide adhesion. Melanocytes produce pigment while Langerhans cells are antigen presenting. The basal lamina attaches the epithelium to connective tissue through hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions. It regulates molecular passage and provides signaling cues for epithelial differentiation.
The document summarizes the mechanism of alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis. It discusses the structure of alveolar bone and the process of bone remodeling which is regulated by factors that control bone resorption and formation. Key cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α play a role in bone resorption by stimulating osteoclastogenesis directly or indirectly via prostaglandins. The balance between these resorptive and formative factors is important in maintaining bone homeostasis, and an imbalance leads to periodontal bone loss.
This document summarizes the different types of dental deposits that accumulate on teeth. It discusses soft deposits like acquired pellicle, dental plaque, and materia alba. It also focuses on hard deposits like calculus, providing details on its composition, formation, classification as supragingival or subgingival, and role in periodontal disease. Calculus is defined as mineralized dental plaque that forms in layers over time from the precipitation of minerals in saliva and bacteria.
Differential diagnosis of cysts of jawsSk Aziz Ikbal
This document discusses the differential diagnosis of various cysts of the jaws. It describes the clinical presentation and radiographic appearance of odontogenic keratocyst, eruption cyst, gingival cyst of adult, lateral periodontal cyst, radicular cyst, nasopalatine duct cyst, residual cyst, calcifying epithelial odontogenic cyst, dentigerous cyst, and globulomaxillary cyst. Key information provided includes location, symptoms, appearance on imaging, and conditions included in the differential diagnosis for each cyst type.
The document summarizes key aspects of the junctional epithelium. It discusses the junctional epithelium's development, structure including its epithelial attachment and permeability. The document also outlines the junctional epithelium's roles in antimicrobial defense and regeneration. Regarding periodontal disease, it notes that the conversion of junctional epithelium to pocket epithelium is a hallmark of periodontitis, with the initiation of pocket formation attributed to the detachment of attachment cells from the tooth surface.
Dental plaque is a biofilm that forms on teeth. It progresses from an initial bacterial coating to a mature biofilm with complex microbial communities. Early plaque is predominantly gram-positive cocci while mature plaque contains more gram-negative rods and anaerobes. Plaque composition changes with periodontal disease, shifting from gram-positive to gram-negative and non-motile to motile organisms. Plaque initiates periodontal diseases through its noxious metabolic byproducts and through stimulating the host immune response, ultimately leading to tissue destruction if left unchecked.
This document discusses resective osseous surgery for treating periodontal bone defects. It covers normal bone anatomy, classification of bone defects, rationale for resective surgery, techniques, instruments and steps. Resective surgery aims to reshape marginal bone to resemble healthy bone and facilitate maintenance. It can reliably reduce pocket depth by 0.6-1.2mm but risks root exposure and recession. Success requires careful patient selection and surgical skill.
The document provides information about alveolar bone, including its development, functions, composition, classification, gross morphology, histology, bone formation, bone resorption, and bone remodeling. It defines alveolar bone as the portion of maxilla and mandible that forms and supports the tooth socket. It develops from the dental follicle during tooth eruption. The size and shape of alveolar bone is dependent on the teeth. It has important functions like housing tooth roots and providing attachment for the periodontal ligament and muscles.
explained here is bone loos and patterns of bone loos in alveolar bone to various insults . Dr Harshavardhan pawal also gives emphasis on rate on bone loss and radius of action .
The document discusses various techniques for preserving interdental papilla during periodontal procedures. It begins by defining the papilla and classifying types of papilla loss. Factors contributing to loss are described. Non-surgical and surgical preservation techniques are then covered in detail, including the papilla preservation flap, modified papilla preservation flap, simplified papilla preservation flap, entire papilla preservation flap, semilunar coronally repositioned flap, and whale's tail technique. Healing and references are lastly summarized.
Bone loss & patterns of bone loss / /certified fixed orthodontic courses by I...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable
1) The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a synovial joint that connects the mandible to the temporal bone. It has several parts including the articular eminence, fossa, condyle, capsule, ligaments, synovial fluid, and articular disc.
2) The articular disc sits between the condyle and fossa and divides the joint into two compartments. It allows the condyle to glide forward during opening and back during closing.
3) Four jaw muscles work in coordination to produce movements like opening, closing, protruding, and grinding. The lateral pterygoid muscle plays a key role in pulling the disc as the jaw opens
This document discusses various surgical techniques for preserving the interdental papilla during periodontal regeneration procedures. It describes the conventional papilla preservation flap technique introduced by Takei in 1985, as well as several modifications including the modified papilla preservation flap, simplified papilla preservation flap, interproximal tissue maintenance technique, and whale's tail technique. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are summarized. A novel entire papilla preservation technique introduced in 2015 is also outlined, which aims to completely preserve the interdental papilla.
ANATOMIA DENTARE ....LEKSION
Studimi i morfologjisë dentare
– krijimi i aftësive për të kryer të gjithë ndërhyrjet
stomatologjike.
Formimi i denticionit në përgjithësi:
#MesueseAurela
Tooth development /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Améliorer son référencement en améliorant l'expérience utilisateurBrioude Internet
Yannick Socquet, Directeur associé de l'agence webmarketing BrioudeInternet, vous présente comment améliorer son référencement en améliorant l'expérience des utilisateurs sur votre site.
IV Evento GeneXus Italia - Work withplus e smartdeviceplusRad Solutions
Potenziare Genexus con WW+ e SD+
Produttività al massimo!!!
Tutte le novità dei patterns GeneXus Workwith Plus e SmartDevice Plus
Presentazione: ALVAREZ Joaquín
Azienda: DVELOP
Технология выращивания бадяги станет доступна для использования в хозяйствах различного финансового уровня, имеющие пресноводные водоемы.
Полученные в ходе проекта результаты позволят контролировать качество выращиваемой бадяги, создать различные модификации сырья, это позволит расширить диапазон его использования в медицинских целях.
Выращивание бадяги в водоеме улучшает его экологическое состояние, очищает слабопроточные участки рек от органического загрязнения. При использовании данных свойств пресноводной губки станет возможным экологическая утилизация промышленных отходов муниципальных образований.
Для достижения поставленной цели предполагается проведение серии исследований:
- изучить гидрохимические и гидробиологические условия, влияющие на темп роста бадяги;
- исследование структурно – механических и теплофизических характеристик бадяги;
- анализ основных термодинамических закономерностей взаимодействия сухой бадяги с водой;
- исследование влияния основных факторов на эффективность удаления влаги из бадяги, анализ механизма тепломассопереноса на основе кинетики сушки, аналитический численный расчет полей температур в бадяге в процессе удаления влаги;
- изучение процесса измельчения, исследование фракционного состава бадяги, отработка рациональных режимов процесса;
- конструирование установки, разработка рабочей конструкторской документации, изготовление установки.
2. Parodonto o periodonto
peri= intorno odontos= dente
Il parodonto è l'insieme dei tessuti che circondano, supportano e
sostengono il dente:
• Gengiva
• Legamento parodontale
• Cemento radicolare
• Osso alveolare
Parodonto marginale (di derivazione ectodermica):
epitelio gengivale e lamina propria
Parodonto profondo (di derivazione ecto-mesenchimale):
legamento parodontale
cemento radicolare
osso alveolare
3. Funzioni del Parodonto
Il parodonto ha il compito di proteggere e connettere tra di loro gli elementi dentari
conferendone stabilità e consentendone la corretta funzione durante le fasi di masticazione,
deglutizione ed occlusione.
Sostegno dell’elemento dentario fissandolo al tessuto osseo dei mascellari
Protezione durante la masticazione, attutendo le sollecitazioni meccaniche che il dente
subisce
Difesa dei tessuti profondi conservando l’integrità superficiale della mucosa masticatoria
4. Gengiva
E’ la porzione di mucosa masticatoria che circonda il colletto di
ciascun dente a livello dei processi alveolari dei mascellari.
Gengiva libera o marginale delimita il solco gengivale ed è estesa dal
margine gengivale al fondo del solco.
Gengiva interdentale o Papilla occupa gli spazi interprossimali sotto
il punto o la superficie di contatto e determina l’aspetto festonato
(più appuntita fra i denti anteriori). Le due papille, orale e
vestibolare sono collegate da una depressione detta colle.
Gengiva aderente va dal solco gengivale alla giunzione muco-
gengivale ed è fissata saldamente al cemento della zona cervicale e
all’osso alveolare sottostante.
Mucosa alveolare dall'aspetto lasso e dal colore più scuro, si estende
dalla linea muco-gengivale alla mucosa geniena, delle labbra e del
pavimento orale.
La giunzione muco-gengivale determina il punto d’incontro tra la
gengiva aderente e la mucosa alveolare.
Margine gengivale bordo della gengiva più vicino alle superfici
incisali od occlusali, delimita l’apertura del solco gengivale.
Solco gengivale spazio compreso tra gengiva libera e dente.
Fluido crevicolare essudato prodotto dalla fitta rete vascolare;
secreto nel solco gengivale ne favorisce la detersione e forma una
barriera di difesa contro le infezioni. Una quantità aumentata di
fluido è proporzionale al grado di infiammazione.
5. Mucosa orale
Mucosa masticatoria gengiva aderente e palato duro; protegge dagli insulti meccanici
Mucosa di rivestimento si trova in regioni sottoposte al minimo grado di attrito: la superficie vestibolare, il
pavimento della bocca, il palato molle, la mucosa alveolare. Composta da numerose fibre elastiche.
Mucosa specializzata ricopre il dorso della lingua (papille gustative)
Le cellule dell'epitelio gengivale si rinnovano velocemente, circa ogni 20 giorni
Epitelio orale della mucosa masticatoria guarda verso la cavità orale
Colorito rosa corallo dipende dal grado di cheratinizzazione, dallo spessore dell’epitelio e dalla presenza di
pigmentazioni
Aspetto a “buccia d’arancia” consistenza compatta grazie al ricco contenuto di fibre collagene, mostra spesso una
superficie punteggiata che conferisce l'aspetto a buccia d'arancia causato dalle introflessioni epiteliali nel connettivo
sottostante
Spessore tra 0,5 e 2,5 mm
Biotipo spesso
Biotipo sottile
Epitelio sulculare epitelio gengivale cubico non cheratinizzato rivolto verso la superficie del dente senza esserne in
diretto contatto.
Epitelio giunzionale parte di epitelio gengivale aderente al dente per mezzo di fibre collagene ed emidesmosomi.
6. Legamento parodontale
Il legamento parodontale è il tessuto connettivo cellulare, riccamente vascolarizzato, che circonda le radici dei denti e congiunge il
cemento radicolare e l’osso alveolare proprio. (sinartrosi, gonfosi)
Funzioni:
mantenere il dente fisso nel suo alveolo permettendo una certa mobilità fisiologica (mediamente 0,1 mm, oltre è patologica)
resistenza all’impatto delle forze occlusali, assorbimento degli urti;
fornisce prodotti nutritivi al cemento e all’osso alveolare tramite i vasi sanguigni.
Spessore = circa 0,2 mm (maggiore dente deciduo, minore nel permanente)
L’orientamento dei fasci di fibre varia seguendo l’anatomia della radice per conferire al dente una resistenza ottimale a tutti i tipi di
sollecitazione:
Fibre collagene dento-alveolari: Fibre della cresta alveolare, fibre orizzontali, oblique e apicali.
Fibre di Sharpey: passano all’interno dell’osso alveolare e del cemento radicolare, inglobate nei tessuti calcificati.
L’orientamento delle fibre del legamento parodontale si adatta agli stimoli funzionali provenienti al dente trasformando un carico di
compressione in una tensione omogenea, equamente distribuita, condizione che protegge la radice del dente da eventuali fratture.
Tale meccanismo induce il rimodellamento dell’osso circostante in reazione alle forze esercitate
7. Fibre collagene
Le fibre collagene (tipo III 20% + tipo I 80%) sono le componenti essenziali del
parodonto insieme alle fibre reticolari, ossitalaniche ed elastiche.
La maggior parte ha la tendenza ad unirsi in fasci con una precisa disposizione
strutturale in base alla quale vengono divisi in quattro gruppi:
CF = Fibre circolari nella gengiva libera e circondano il dente ad “anello”
DGF = Fibre dento-gengivali si proiettano a ventaglio dal cemento sopralveolare
in direzione coronale verso la gengiva libera, inserendosi a livello della
membrana basale
DPF = Fibre dento-periostali si proiettano a ventaglio dal cemento sopralveolare
in direzione apicale verso la gengiva aderente decorrendo sopra le creste ossee
TF = Fibre transeptali originano dal cemento di due denti adiacenti e decorrono
rettilinee attraversando il setto interdentale, al di sopra dell'osso alveolare
8. Cemento radicolare
Il cemento è un tessuto calcificato specializzato che riveste la dentina nella porzione radicolare che
ricopre la radice del dente e, occasionalmente, piccole porzioni della corona.
Assicura l’attacco tra le fibre parodontali e la radice del dente; si compone di fibre collagene inglobate
in una matrice organica calcificata e contribuisce alla riparazione in seguito a traumi.
A differenza dell’osso non ha vasi sanguigni e linfatici, non è innervato (trae nutrimento dal legamento
parodontale), non è soggetto a riassorbimento fisiologico e a rimodellamento, ma è caratterizzato da
una continua deposizione nel corso della vita.
Composizione del cemento radicolare:
Composizione inorganica 61% principalmente cristalli di idrossiapatite e tracce di fluoruri, solfuri,
rame, zinco e sodio (approssimativamente è duro quanto l’osso)
Composizione organica 27%: collagene, prodotto dai fibroblasti del legamento, proteine ossee,
glicoproteine e fosfatasi alcalina (enzima che regola la mineralizzazione)
H2O 12%
9. Si distinguono principalmente 4 tipi di cemento:
Acellulare a fibre estrinseche
Si trova nelle porzioni coronali e intermedie della radice e contiene principalmente fasci di
fibre di Sharpey mineralizzate; sono assenti i cementociti.
Si forma in concomitanza con la formazione della radice e dell’eruzione del dente; è il primo
strato che viene deposto sulla superficie della dentina durante la cementogenesi e consiste
essenzialmente di strati di fibre collagene immerse in una sostanza amorfa.
Acellulare afibrillare
Si forma sul bordo cervicale dello smalto, si sviluppa dopo il termine della maturazione pre-
eruttiva dello smalto, a volte ancora durante l’eruzione del dente.
È composto principalmente da cementoblasti.
Cellulare a stratificazione mista
Si forma dopo l’eruzione del dente e in risposta alle domande funzionali; viene depositato
sopra il cemento primario durante il periodo funzionale del dente e ricopre normalmente il
terzo apicale della radice apponendosi sul cemento acellulare.
Contiene fibre estrinseche ed intrinseche, cementociti e fibre di Sharpey mineralizzate.
Cellulare a fibre intrinseche
Si trova soprattutto nelle lacune di riassorbimento e contiene cementoblasti che sintetizzano
il sistema di fibre intrinseche.
Il cemento più vicino alla giunzione amelocementizia è
cemento acellulare (CA) o primario; il resto è cemento
cellulare o secondario.
10. Osso alveolare
Il processo alveolare è la parte di mandibola e mascella che forma e sostiene gli alveoli dei denti.
Osso alveolare proprio riveste le pareti degli alveoli
Si sviluppa in concomitanza alla formazione e l’eruzione dei denti ed costituito da osso formato
sia da cellule provenienti dal follicolo dentale (osso alveolare proprio) sia da cellule
indipendenti dallo sviluppo del dente.
Composizione dell’osso alveolare:
Composizione inorganica 2/3 principalmente idrossiapatite di calcio
Composizione organica 1/3 la restante parte è organica costituita da fibre collagene tipo I
immerse in una sostanza amorfa di glicoproteine e proteoglicani.
11. Osso compatto o corticale riveste le pareti degli alveoli
(osso alveolare proprio), spesso 0,1-0,4 mm, rappresenta
una sottile lamina dura perforata da numerosi canali di
Volkmann attraverso i quali i vasi linfatici e le fibre
nervose, passano dall’osso alveolare al legamento
parodontale.
Osso spugnoso interprossimale tra gli alveoli
• Setto interalveolare separa gli alveoli tra loro
• Setti interradicolari separano le radici dei denti
Osso fascicolato o a fasci è lo strato di osso in cui si
inseriscono le fibre di Sharpey a rivestire la superficie
interna della parete ossea dell’alveolo Photo credit: Lindhe J. Parodontologia clinica e odontoiatria impiantare. Edi-Ermes.
Sezione trasversale dei processi alveolari mascellari; le pareti degli
alveoli sono rivestite da osso compatto (frecce).
13. Bibliografia
Lindhe, Karring, Lang – Parodontologia clinica e odontoiatria impiantare – Edi-ermes 2008.
Genovesi, Sanavia, Nardi - Manuale pratico per l'igienista dentale - See Firenze 2004.
Sica, Di Primio, AAVV - Istologia per le professioni sanitarie – Sorbona.
Martini, Nath – Fondamenti di Anatomia e Fisiologia – Edises III ed. 2014.
Appunti di lezione