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1. .Analyzing Relationship between Title Length of Research
Papers and Number of Authors
Jatinderkumar R. Saini
T'he pttrsnit of research h,as increased in recent times' The results of
scientiJic research works are published in the form of research papers
in.jonrnals. There is no slandardized specific value for factors like
title length, nuntber ofpages and ruunber ofauthors ofthe research
paper. The dttention of scientific communitt' rs positively more on
i nnoval i o n i n re s e a rc h l/'te n lhe s e
-fa c t o r s. Th e t i I I e of re s e a rc h pape r
is inportanl. herttg the,f,rst point cf i.nteraclion ben"een the vrilet
and the retder./'ite ctrznt pa!e!'tt.s?ti:s a ietoiled tnaltsis belveett
rhe title :etgiir o.: r:t.Jrch peDer .ri ihe n,tlnier o-l'ettihors signing
it. Tirc outhor te!:e',es thai thts is the iirst lbrnttti attempt to protide
such a cietai!ed rntestigation o-f the inter-plat o-[the ntofactors. The
paper elaborates on Ihe analysis ofnore than 17000 research popers
fron 39 indexed internationaljournals. Based on the analysis, the
paper also rnak.es an attempt to Jbrecast the futttre trends.
Keywords: Author, Reseqrch Paper, Title Length, Title, Trend-line
A na lys is.
I. INTRODUGTION
THE current times have seen an increase in the pursuit of
research. Compared to times around a century back, this
increase in recent times, owes to provision of more formal
research paths offered by research institutions and academia
bodies. Most often the researchers publicize the research
works in the form of publications in journals. Scientific
journals communicate and document the results of research
carried out in universities and various other research
institutions, serving as an archival record ofscience [5]. The
scientific and research community has not adopted any
standard value for a number of factors related to such
publications of research works. The number of pages, title
length, and the number of authors are a few instances of
such factors. But we need to take this statement with a grain
ofsalt since the lack ofany standard value for these factors
has inversely contributed to quality research works. This has
been possible because the research comtnunity applauds the
innovation and originality in the research work and novel
research is independent ofabove listed factors. A scientific
article has standardized structure and contents are more
important than the format [6]. But since the more number of
authors signing a research work do influence a research paper
more than the one singed by a single author, this paper
I R. Saini" is u,ith tlre Narnrada Ilducation and Scientiflc Researclt
-r.r's Narrnada College of Computer Application, Bharuch, Gujarat.
::: -.. -i: ssistant Prof'essor. He is PhD fiom Veer Narmad South Gujarat
'. r-: it. S rrral. Gu.iarat. India. E -ma i l : sa iril,expe r t(tjyaho o. c otn.
lnternational Journal ofScientific Computing, Vol 4, No. 1, January-June 2010, pp 5-9
endeavors to analyze a relationship between the number of
authors signing apaper and the length ofthe title ofresearch
paper.
II. RELATED WORKS
The title of a research paper is important because it acts as
the first point of contact between writer and potential reader
[2]. Through the revierv ofrelated past literature, it has been
found that attempts, similar to the one presented here, have
also been made by researchers. The contemporary research
works also have discussed the existence of some association
and relationship between the factors listed above.
Specifically, Alimohammadi et al., [] have elaborated on
correlation between references and citations ofthe research
works. They have also highlighted the deviations in count
of citations based on the type of research works like review
paper, consolidation papei and discovery paper. In another
work, Yitzhaki [7] has tried to find relation between length
of title of a journal article to the length of the article. He
found that a moderate positive correlation existed in most
scientific journals, as far as relationship between title length
and article length was concerned. Smith et al., 14) have
presented an examination ofthe relationship between author-
editor connections and subsequent citations of auditing
research articles. Their work does not throw light on the
relationship between the length of title, length of article and
number of authors, which are all areas of focus of this paper.
Consequently, this and other similar research works have
been considered statistically irrelevant in context ofcurrent
work and so not given due considerations.
Yitzhaki [8] in his another paper, similar to the one
presented here, has highlighted on the relation oftitle length
of journal articles to number of authors. But his work is
different in many respects from the work presented here.
First of all the number of research journals referred to by
him is only l4 while the current work has made use of 39
internationaljournals. Secondly, for calculation of title Iength
of research paper, we have made use of character-count in
the title of the research paper unlike Yitzhaki who has based
calculations on word-count in the title of the research paper.
The analysis made by him is segregated based on the time
slots while this paper presents an aggregate analysis of all
the research papers under consideration over a period of
time. A striking similarity in current work and Yitzhaki's

2. 6
work is that both papers entertain the analysis of research
papers which belong to varied disciplines. A major source
of difference in the two works being compared is that the
previous work was published in the year 1993 while the
current work also takes into consideration the changes in
the research world which also happened during the
subsequent 17 years, till 2010. The author believes that this
difference in period is long enough to highlight evolving
inclinations in stylometry of research paper writing. It also
provides a major source of analysis for digging any new
trends during this time. The current work provides a much
more detailed analysis of the data compared to the analysis
provided by the previous works. Moving along these lines,
another most significant disparity between the two works
lies in the formation of pool of research papers chosen for
the task of actual analysis. Yitzhaki has drawn research
papers randomly from the research arena whereas the current
work has formed the corpus by selecting only those research
papers whose title contained specific words. In this regard,
the current work presents a more specific examination of
the research papers containing precise key terms.
III. DESIGN METHODOLOGY
A listing of terms used for selecting research paper titles is
presented in Thble l. The design methodology adopted by
the author could be delineated as follows:
(a) Create a corpus of research papers
(b) Refine the corpus by removing duplicated entries
(c) Re-model the corpus data for preparing it for
analysis (e.g. vector representation)
(d) Represent the data graphically
(e) Analyze the data and its graphical presentations
(f) Forecast the future trends
International Journal of Scientific Computing
Table 1
Terms Used for Selecting Research paper Titles
active, algorithm, analysis, artificial, association, audio, Bayesian,
behaviour, categorization, classical, classification, commerce, control,
c.yptography, cyber, data, database, design, document, domain, element,
email, ensemble, equation, evaluation, feature, framework, genetic, gram,
graphics, heuristic, image, index, information, intelligence, intemet, KNN,
knowledge, language, learning, machine, measurement, mining, model,
multimedia, naive, network. neural, object, observation, ontology,
optimization, order, pattem, pixel. precision, process, programming, recail,
retrieval, rule, secure. semantic. software, spam, spatial, supervised,
support, system, taxonomy, temporal. text, vector, video, vision, web,
wireless. XML
The initial number of research papers in the corpus
created for the present work was I't348. But since the size
of corpus was very large, it was natural for it to include many
entries more than once. Hence, the corpus was refined by
removal of repeating entries. The total number of research
papers in the corpus yielded by the refinement was li.0g3.
Based on this data, a two dimensional vector with 17093
records was created. The tirst dimension of the vector was
populated with the length of the paper-title while the second
dimension of the vector was populated with the number of
authors. This two dimensional vector was then ordered in
ascending manner by sorting it on the number of authors. It
was technically in-feasible to anaiyze the 17093-rowed two-
dimensional vector of title-length and author-count.
Therefore, the data of the vector was plotted in a graphical
format for its easier comprehension. This graphical
representation of data is presented in Fig. 1.
Trend-line is defined as a graphic representation of
trends in data series, such as a line sloping upward to
represent increased sales over a period of months. Trend_
lines are used for the study of problems of prediction. This
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hlr. af Authsrs
Figure 1: Title Length of Research Papers plotted Against No. of Authors

3. 3[0
25n
2[[
15[
100
50
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{$
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Ho. *f Authors
Analyzing Relationship between Title Length of Research Papers and Number of Authors
Figure 2: Forwarded rrend-Line for Title Length, Tiend-Line Equation & R-squared value
type of analysis is also called regression analysis. According
to Louizos [3], trend-line is a clear indication ofreversal or
continuation of the trend. A linear trend-line for the title
length of the research papers and plotted against the number
of authors is presented in Fig. l. Further, in order to forecast
a future value and predict the future trend, the trend-line
was plotted again with a forwarded value of 10000 units.
This is graphically presented in Fig. 2. The regression
equation for the trend-line ofthe trend-line label in the chart
of Fig. I is also shown in Fig. 2. An un-adjusted R-squared
value for the trend-line of title length could also be seen in
Fig. 2. The next section sheds more light on the findings
and interpretations based on analysis of these charts.
IV. RESULTS AND FINDINGS
Instead of contemplating the bulky 17093-rowed two
dimensional vector, the author has concentrated directly on
analysis of Fig. i as it not only provides the actual gist of
data being analyzed but also provides a convenient and easy
to comprehend representation of large data under
consideration. Fig. 1 contains the 'columnar histogram chart'
but since the number of entries for this chart is almost 17000,
the entries have been scaled very near-by, in order to
completely fit the data in the chart. This has provided the
effect of 'sea-wave chart'.
As is evident from the chafi of Fig. 1, the number of
research papers with title length of more than 200 is quite
rare while those with more than 250 are even rarer. The
instances of research papers with title length between 100
and 150 are very high. Similarly, research instances with
:::1e length of up-to 100 are highest. This is evident from
ii-.1 fact that the area between the marks of 0 and 100 on the
':'-.ris is almost completely dark. The summarized data of
-
- t93 records is tabulated in Thble 2.
Table 2
Range of Title Length and No. of Research Papers in Each Range
Range of Title Length
(r)
No. of Research Papers Percentage of (2)
(2) (3)
1 -50
51-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
25 1 -300
2988
I 1316
262'7
139
18
5
t] .48
66.20
15.37
00.8 i
00.1 1
00.03
r'7093 100.00
The exploded pie-chart in Fig. 3 presents data ofTable
II graphically. It provides a clear depiction of the ranges to
which the research papers with different title lengths belong
to. For instance, Fig. 3 can be interpreted as the percentage
of research papers with title length between 51 and 100
characters is 66.207o (depicted as label A in Fig. 3).
Similarly, label B in Fig. 3 depicts that out of the total
research papers analyzed,17.48Vo research papers had title
length between I and 50 characters.
The percentage of research papers in a particular range
of number of characters of their title is presented in Table II
and Fig. 3. But this data does not consider the effect of
number of authors of the research paper and is aggregate of
the entire corpus analyzed. Hence, the break-up of this data
with respect to number of authors for each range is now
presented in Table 3. In Table 3, the header row depicts the
number of authors and the first column depicts the range of
title length (in number of characters). As Table 3 is break-up
of Table 2, it can be seen that the last column of Table 3
matches with the column (2) of Table 2. The last row of
Table 3 depicts the number of research papers authored by

4. B
respective number of authors in that column. The maximum
value (i.e. the highest number of research papers) in each
row corresponding to each range is under-lined and italicized
to differentiate it from the remaining values. The data of
Table 3, for better comprehension, is also presented in terms
of percentage of the values in Table 4. For sake of simplicity'
the zero values have been replaced with blank cells.
Further, a linear trend-line for the title length of the
research papers was plotted against the number of authors'
The upward direction of the trend-line shows that there is a
positive correlation between the title length ofresearch paper
and the number of authors signing a research paper, i'e. as
there is an increase in the number of authors, there is also
an increase in the length of the title of research paper
authored by them. The R-squared value is found out to be
0.018. This value is also depicted in chart of Fig. 2.
R-squared value is an indicator that reveals how closeiy the
estimated values for the trend-line correspond to the actual
data. It is also known as the coefficient of determination.
An important finding is derived from the comparative
analysis ofthe trend lines ofcharts in Fig. 1 and Fig' 2. The
trend-line corresponding to data under consideration is
presented in chart ofFig. 1 whereas chart ofFig. 2 presents
a forecasting trend-line for title length which is forwarded
by 10000 units. Both these lines are plotted against the
number of authors of research papers.
Intemational Journal of Scientific Computing
A
B
f;
D
E
F
ss.Stls
1?.4SS
15.37S
[0.sl 96
{t0.1 196
08.n3%
{ 5r-108}
{ t-s{t )
{141*15r}
{1 S1-400}
t2r11-25{r}
t2s1-300]
Figure 3: Percentage of Research Papers in Various
Ranges of TtIe Lengths
Table 3
Author-Count-Wise Break-Up of No. of Research Papers in Different Ranges
Range T2
t1
t0 I4 19 Total
1-50
5 1-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
25 1 -300
I 302
32t8
6t2
22
3
0
0 2988
0 11316
3 2627
0 139
018
05
1013 476 133
4338 2355 921
1007 565 267
63 30 t7
813
000
50
320
92
4
0
3
8
88
40
2
0
0
4
47
18
1
3
2
2
t2
13
0
0
0
0
9
2
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
U
0
4
4
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
Total sts7 6429 342'l t34l 469 138 3 t'7093
The interesting thing here is that the forecasted trend of this, we can say that as the number of authors increases,
the regression line shows that it is more close to the mark of there is also an increase in the title length of the research
100 compared to the trend-line of chart in Fig. 1. Based on paper authored by them.
Thble 4
Percentage Representation of Values of Thble 3
ll
27
Range
iq
t2
10 1l
1 -50
5 1-100
101 - 150
15 1-200
20t-250
25 1-300
0.07
0.11 0.08
o.49 0.08
43.57 33.90 15.93 4.45
28.44 38.34 20.81 8.14
23.30 38.33 21.51 10.16
rs.83 45.32 21.58 12.23
t6.67 44.44 5.56 t6.61
t.67 0.21 0.13
2.83 0.78 0.42
3.50 1.52 0.69
2.88 t.44 0.72
16.67
60.00 40.00
0.M
0. 15
0.Gl
0.04
Total 30.17 _77.61 20.05 7.85 2.'t4 0.81 0.44 0. i6 0.06
0.it
0.05 0.02 0.02
0.0t

5. Analyzing Relationship between Title Length of Research Papers and Number of Authors
Sr /o
Table 5
No. ofAuthors and Forecasted Title Length
researchers. Further, ifthe title length ofthe research paper
is in the range of 51-100, 101-150, 151-200 or 207-250,
then the maximum chance is that the research paper is
authored by 2 researchers (owing to maximum underlined
and italicized values in column for 2 researchers). Similarly'
if the title length is in the range 1-50 and 251-300, then it
can be predicted to be signed by 1 author and 5 authors,
respectively. The next highest probability for the number of
authors for the title length ranges of l-50, 5l-100, 101-i50
and 151-200 respectively is 2, l, 1 and 3 authors. Based on
the fact that most of the values are concentrating densely
near values of 1, 2 or 3 authors, it is concluded that most of
the research papers are authored by I to 3 authors only.
The linear regression equation of the best fit line has
also been analyzed. An attempt for comparison and analysis
ofthe actual trend-line for the graph and forwarded trend-
line too has been made. Based on the interpretations of Fig.
2 and the data calcuiated for Table V, it is concluded that
there is a definite but slow increase in the title length with
an increase in the number of authors signing the research
paper. The slope value of 0.0007 for the trend-line makes
the author conclude that with an increase in the number of
authors, an increase in the title length is negligible and the
title length value settles around the mark of 70 characters.
The current paper does not intend to state that research
papers with particular title length are better than others, nor
does it compare the quality of research papers signed by
different number of authors. The current work is an analysis
of the relationship between the title length and the number
of authors. lt is best reported on the data being analyzed
and the current results are best forecasted for the trends based
on this data.
REFERENGES
[l] Alimohammadi D.. and Sajjadi M., "Correlation between
References and Citations", Webology, 6(2), Article No. 71.
Available: http : //wwtv.w eb o lo gy. ir/2 00 9 /v 6n2 /a7 l . htm I
[2 f Haggan M., " Journa l of P r agm a tic s", 36(2) (May 2003) 293 -3 17'
DOI : I 0. I 0 I 6/50 37 8-2 I 66 (03)00090-0
[3] Louizos L. A. "Harness the Power of Trendline Analysis",
Available: htlp ; //www.easylradeJbrex com
[4] Smith K. J.. and Dombror.r'ski R. F., "An Examination of the
Relationship between Author-Editor Connections and Subsequent
Citations ofAuditing Research Articles", ln Proceedings of Jottnal
ofAccotnting Education, l6(3-4) (September 1998) 497-506' DOI:
t o. I 0 I 6/so7 48-5 7 5 I (98)000 I 9-0
[5] Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, "Science", Wikimedia
Foundation Inc.. Available: http : //e n.w ikipe d ia. org/w iki/Sc ie nce
t6l Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, "Scientific Literature",
Wikimedia Foundation Inc., Available: http : //en.w ikipe d ia. o rg/
w iki/S c ie ntifi c,l i te ralure
[7] Yitzhaki M.. "Relation of the Title Length of a Journal Article
to the Length ol the Article", In Proceedings of Journal
Scientotiletrics, 5a(3) (July, 2002) 435-44'7, ISSN: 0138-9130
[8] Yitzhaki M., "Relation of Title Length of Journal Articles to
Number of Authors", In Proceedings of Journal Scientometrics,
30(1) (January 1991) 321-332, ISSN: 0138-9130
No. of authors (x) Tirle lengrh (y)
I
2
l
4
5
Moreover, the least squares fit for a line represented by
the equation -y
: 0.0007x + 69.099, was also plotted' This
equation is of the form;r : mx + b, wh€re m is the slope and b
is the intercept. From the linear trend-line's equation, also
depicted in Fig. 2, some values of title lengths corresponding
to values of number of authors are found and tabulated in
Tabte 5. There are two major interpretations of data in Table 5:
(a) there is an increase in the title length as the number
ol authors increases: this is evident from the
positive upuard slope of the line
(b) the increase in title length with an increase in the
number of authors is very-very less: this is evident
from the slope value of m :0.0007, which is very-
very less
According to data available in Table 5, it can be seen
that the approximate title length remains to be around 69
even ifthe number ofauthors ranges from 1 to l000 Ifthe
number ofauthors increases beyond 1000, still there is no
voluminous increase in the title length. The reason for this
could be the less number of records corresponding to large
number of authors, in the two dimensional vector. lt seems
technically in-feasible for a research paper to have number
ofauthors as many as 100 or so, but this data has been
considered here keeping in view the statistical importance
of the analysis of this data.
v. GoNGLUSIONS
This paper prescnts an analysis of the relationship between
the title length of the research paper and the number of
authors signing the research paper' For the purpose of
calculation of research paper's title length, the author has
made use of the number of characters instead of number of
rvords in title of the paper. The intended analysis of the data
under consideration has been done by plotting it graphically'
Frorn the first two records of 'Iable ll and labels A and
B of Fig. 3. it is concluded that, if number of authors is not
considered, altnost 84%o research papers have title lengths
in the range of.l to 100 characters. It can also be said that
irrespective ol number of authors, about one-fourth of the
r"esearch papers have title lengths between l-50 and 101-
i 50 characters. Ifthe number ofauthors is also considered,
::,:n value ol37 .61%, below third column ofTable IV derives
::.e conclusion that for a given research paper the probability
: it being signed by 2 researcliers is more than the
::-'cability of it being signed by any other number of
I
t0
i00
I 0c0
I 0000
69.059',7
69. 1 06
69.169
69.799
'16.099