Analyzing Primary Sources
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The document discusses analyzing primary and secondary sources in social studies. Primary sources are first-hand accounts created by witnesses to events, such as letters, diaries, photographs. Secondary sources are accounts created after the fact by people who did not witness the events. When analyzing sources, historians consider factors like the creator's identity and potential biases, whether they had first-hand knowledge, and whether the evidence aligns with other sources. The document provides tips for analyzing different types of sources, including texts, photographs, political cartoons, maps, and artifacts.
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Document Interpretation: Ultimate Skill of the HistorianPrimary Sources
Primary sources are generally first-hand accounts or records. They may have been written or created during the time period under investigation, or perhaps were written by someone who lived during that time period. Most crucially, they have not been interpreted by anyone else, though they may offer interpretations of the events they describe. Below are four examples of primary sources: a political cartoon, a page of correspondence, the title page of Thomas Paine's Common Sense, and a wartime poster encouraging women workers. As you can imagine, however, there are many more types of primary sources.
Countless items can be used by historians as primary sources. Almost anything you can imagine could be used as a primary source in some type of historical research. A fun exercise to help you understand the immensity of available primary sources is to look around the room you're in and ask yourself, "what would historians view or study one hundred years from now to understand the way we live and what we think today?"
The list below includes only a few of the types of primary sources utilized by historians. How many more can you add to the list?
letters • diaries • autobiographies • plays • novels • short stories • poems
scholarly journals • newspapers • popular magazines
official memoranda • government documents • census data
religious tracts • song lyrics
photographs • cartoons • posters • paintings • murals
films • television shows • performing arts recordings • email • musical recordings
clothing • political campaign signs • pottery • religious icons • tools • furniture
Secondary Sources
Secondary sources analyze, interpret, or comment upon primary sources. A secondary source says something about a primary sources, often illustrating patterns of recurring themes.
Perhaps the best example of a secondary source is your textbook. Open it to any chapter and read a couple of paragraphs and you will find that the authors have conducted extensive research utilizing primary sources. They have likely consulted other secondary sources as well. They have then written those paragraphs to explain what they have learned and how they understand the people and ideas of the past. The authors have interpreted the sources for you.
The list below includes some of the primary sources we’ve already identified accompanies by secondary sources which might, analyze, interpret, or comment upon them.
Primary Source
Secondary Sources
Abraham Lincoln’s personal letters
a biography of Abraham Lincoln
A popular magazine from 1910
an article about print advertising in the early twentieth century
The 1860 U.S. Federal Census
a PowerPoint presentation concerning U.S. population distribution before the Civil War
The lyrics “We Shall Overcome”
a book examining the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s
Grant Woods’ American Gothic
an essay on American art and artists
An episode of I.
Ulrich-SchlumbohmHistory (ALL CLASSES)CRITIQUE AND REVIEW SHEE.docx
Ulrich-Schlumbohm
History (ALL CLASSES)
CRITIQUE AND REVIEW SHEET:
This is formal writing so remember a few tips:
1. Grammar/Spell Check all work. Rule of 5 is: more than 5 major grammatical or spelling
errors and I am done grading, you fail the assignment. Helpful hint: read finished document
aloud, or have someone read it to you. It will help you spot problems I promise!
2. No 1st person. "I believe that. . ." No use of "I" statements.
3. No questions. Do not write in such a way that you are asking your reader (your professor- ie
ME) questions.
4. All quotations, thoughts, and ideas gathered from another source should be cited. All cites should be either Chicago Style or Turabian Style and have EITHER footnotes or endnotes, AND a bibliography.
5. Writing should be clear, concise, and on topic. It should address the following elements in an
essay style format:
Secondary Source Analysis:
Critiques and Reviews should always address these elements.
Synopsis: Summary of what you have read, making sure you hit the highlights and points that
struck you as important or interesting so that you will remember what you have read. This element should be very brief- do not get carried away.
Facts: What struck you in the argument as particularly useful/not useful? Highlight your topic points- use quotations to prove your point, be very specific so you will not need to return to the author's sources or the text.
Thesis: Ask yourself, what did I just read? What was it about? What was the argument or
position, what did they say? Each chapter of the book will normally have a supporting thesis,
please make sure you address these as well.
Author: How does the author/s identify themselves? How does this identification relate to the
material? Who is this person? Remember there is NO such thing as a neutral author.
Position: What is the position within scholarly literature? What position do they take? Do they seem similar to someone else you have read? Where do they stand on the issues? What identifiers can you find? Can you determine bias?
Critique: Who is the audience? What is the purpose of the work? Did the author accomplish
what s/he set out to do? What is their goal?
Sources: Examine the author's use of sources? When is the study done and does this have any bearing on the topic? Do the sources reflect recent scholarship? Is the author relying on primary sources or secondary sources? What does the type of sources say about the author and the work? You will need to look at the bibliography, footnotes/endnotes, and the introduction and conclusion carefully to answer this.
DOC SUPPORT: Which primary documents provided support/disprove the author’s thesis?
Primary Source Analysis:
A primary source is any document, letter, newspaper article, photo, drawing, object, etc. from a specific historical moment. It is something by and for the people at that time. A first-hand source from that time and place.
This assignment is approximately a 2 page write up. ...
Primary Source Analysis PaperInstructions for Primary Source Analy.docx
Primary Source Analysis Paper
Instructions for Primary Source Analysis
Primary Source Analysis due: 6 March
(worth 15%)
primary-source-analysis-rubric
Primary sources are sources created in the historical period being researched and by historical actors themselves. (Contrast this with secondary sources, which are after-the-fact scholarly analyses of the past.) For this assignment, you will submit to me a 2-3 page analysis of that source along with instructions as to how I can access your source (or a copy of the source attached to your essay). PLEASE NOTE: You must incorporate a tertiary source and at least one secondary source to substantiate your analysis.
Keep in mind that primary sources can come in many forms. They can be maps, diaries, letters, memoirs, newspaper articles, government documents, posters, pamphlets, photographs, advertisements, paintings, films, novels, songs—just to name a few. If your source comes in a non-textual form (such as a film), please submit it to me in the form appropriate for its genre (such as a video or DVD, etc.).
The purpose of this assignment is to work on how to analyze a primary source. Your goal is to analyze your source excerpt as
deeply and as thoroughly
as possible. Do not simply provide a general summary or overview of your source. Think concretely and
critically
about its content, its historical context, the historical cultural values that shape it, and its relevance to your research. What are the author’s tone, style, and argument? What are its strengths and weaknesses? Read between the lines to discover its biases and assumptions. Depending on the nature of the primary source you select, the source may be as short as a paragraph or two or as long as dozens of pages.
In structuring your Primary Source Analysis Essay, you should address the following questions. Do not simply list answers to the questions below.
Rather, you must write your paper in essay form.
It should have an introduction, several body paragraphs, and a conclusion. You do not need to address the questions in order, but be sure that you address the questions
that are relevant to your source
in your essay. Your essay must be a polished piece of writing. I will grade it for both content and style.
Basic Identification
1. What type of source is it? (newspaper article, map, letter, film, etc.)
2. When was it created?
3. Where was it created?
4. Who created it?
Author’s Intent
1. What is the author’s place in society? (profession, status, class, gender, ethnicity, etc.)
2. How might the factors listed in the question above shape the author’s perspective in this source?
3. Why do you think the author created this source?
4. Does the author have an argument? If so, what is it?
5. Who is the intended audience for this source?
6. How might the intended audience shape the perspective of this source?
Historical Context
1. Under what specific historical circumstances was this source created?
2. What larger.
Select a museumI have already went to the Museum the work selecte.docx
Select a museum:
I have already went to the Museum the work selected is The cradle by John Biggers please see photos attached.
Select a work of art:
This is a general suggestion and not a required outline.
Identification:
At the museum or museum site, select a work of art. You may select a piece that you like or dislike. Copy down all the information provided; Artist, title, medium, year, etc. Write down your initial responses. How do you respond to the work? Does it invoke an emotional response? What do you think the artist was trying to communicate? It is helpful to bring a notebook to record your responses.
Describe
the piece and review it carefully. What do you see? Note all the details about the work. How would you describe it to someone you were talking to on the phone who can’t see it?
Analyze
the visual elements and design principles as you did in the short paper. Think about the relationship between form, content and subject matter in your analysis. This will be helpful in your 'interpretation' of the work. Use the terminology you have learned in class, particularly terms in Chapters 2 -5. Your analysis should be based your own observations while viewing the work.
Interpretation
Follow your analysis with a subjective interpretation of the meaning of the work. How does the work make you feel? What do you think the content is? Go beyond “I like it” or “I don’t like it.”
Research
the artist. Historical and biographical information on the artist often provides clues into a works intended meaning. Carefully consider the purpose and context of the piece. Did the piece you selected have any particular political or cultural message? Was the artist making a statement?
Value Judgement
What do you think the artist's intentions were? Was this communicated? Does it have value? Can you recognize the aesthetic quality in the work?
Write the Final Paper:
The following will help you write your paper. It should be used as a guideline, not an outline for approaching your paper. This is very similar to the process used by art critics.
Identification:
Note the title of the work, the date, the artist (if known), medium, and size.
Description:
What do you see? As fully as possible, describe what you see.
What medium is used? What is it made of?
How big is it?
Go into detail about what you see. How would you describe it, in detail, to someone who had never seen it?
What subjects are represented?
It can be helpful to begin looking at a work of art from the middle and work your way out.
Analysis:
Describe the form of the work Explain how visual elements and principles of design are used in the work. The terms in chapters 2, 3 & 4 will be very helpful. Go back and look at the chapter outlines or Short Paper assignment. Use them to:
Describe the use of visual elements such as line, shape, color & space used in the pieces. For example: In what way is it balanced? Is it asymmetrical or symmetrical? What is emphasized? What seems to be the dominating vi.
Select a museumI have already went to the Museum the work selecte.docx
Select a museum:
I have already went to the Museum the work selected is The cradle by John Biggers please see photos attached.
Select a work of art:
This is a general suggestion and not a required outline.
Identification:
At the museum or museum site, select a work of art. You may select a piece that you like or dislike. Copy down all the information provided; Artist, title, medium, year, etc. Write down your initial responses. How do you respond to the work? Does it invoke an emotional response? What do you think the artist was trying to communicate? It is helpful to bring a notebook to record your responses.
Describe
the piece and review it carefully. What do you see? Note all the details about the work. How would you describe it to someone you were talking to on the phone who can’t see it?
Analyze
the visual elements and design principles as you did in the short paper. Think about the relationship between form, content and subject matter in your analysis. This will be helpful in your 'interpretation' of the work. Use the terminology you have learned in class, particularly terms in Chapters 2 -5. Your analysis should be based your own observations while viewing the work.
Interpretation
Follow your analysis with a subjective interpretation of the meaning of the work. How does the work make you feel? What do you think the content is? Go beyond “I like it” or “I don’t like it.”
Research
the artist. Historical and biographical information on the artist often provides clues into a works intended meaning. Carefully consider the purpose and context of the piece. Did the piece you selected have any particular political or cultural message? Was the artist making a statement?
Value Judgement
What do you think the artist's intentions were? Was this communicated? Does it have value? Can you recognize the aesthetic quality in the work?
Write the Final Paper:
The following will help you write your paper. It should be used as a guideline, not an outline for approaching your paper. This is very similar to the process used by art critics.
Identification:
Note the title of the work, the date, the artist (if known), medium, and size.
Description:
What do you see? As fully as possible, describe what you see.
What medium is used? What is it made of?
How big is it?
Go into detail about what you see. How would you describe it, in detail, to someone who had never seen it?
What subjects are represented?
It can be helpful to begin looking at a work of art from the middle and work your way out.
Analysis:
Describe the form of the work Explain how visual elements and principles of design are used in the work. The terms in chapters 2, 3 & 4 will be very helpful. Go back and look at the chapter outlines or Short Paper assignment. Use them to:
Describe the use of visual elements such as line, shape, color & space used in the pieces. For example: In what way is it balanced? Is it asymmetrical or symmetrical? What is emphasized? What seems to be the dominating vi.
Freedom in America Paper Assignment Step 1 Pick a topic. Wh
Freedom in America Paper Assignment
Step 1:
Pick a topic. What topic are you most interested in pertaining to this course? What is a topic you would be interested in writing a paper on? Your topic should not be too broad. For example, the Harlem Renaissance, is too broad. Focusing on a specific cause of the downfall of Reconstruction is a possible topic.
Step 2:
Research the internet and the library for primary sources, or first hand accounts of documents that relate to your topic. Analyze at least
at least ONE
primary source for your paper, you may use more than 1, but you must use at least 1.
Step 3:
Analyze.
When analyzing your document, thoroughly scrutinize the document, what it says, and the argument. Look through “
Guidelines for Analyzing a Primary Source
” (below) to help you come up with a complete analysis of your primary source(s).
Step 4:
Choose at least 4 books and/or articles
from the library or online journals from the library’s online databases. For journal articles, go to UD’s Library database section. For the databases section, articles on U.S. History can be found through Jstor and Project Muse.
*Do not use any encyclopedia sources or the class readings as a
secondary
source. If you use a website, it must be approved by the Instructor. You may use them as a reference, but these do not count towards your secondary sources.
Step 5:
Make sure you have a
thesis
statement
. This is the most important sentence in your paper. The thesis should be located in the first paragraph of your paper. The statement should be
concise
and not too broad. A thesis is the argument or point of view for your paper. It is something that you and someone else can
debate
. Your thesis statement should start out by stating something such as “This paper argues that...” The thesis statement is the statement that guides you throughout the paper. All of your main ideas should connect to your thesis statement.
1
Step 6:
Write your paper! Keep in mind the following:
1) Papers must be typewritten, double-spaced in 12 pt font, and 1-inch margins. Papers should be at least
5 full pages plus a Works Cited page (6 total)
and include an introduction, body, and conclusion.
2) You should have a well-articulated
thesis
. Formulate a central theme that links the primary source document(s) together and connects them to the secondary sources--the books and/or articles you use..
3) Use the "Guidelines for Analyzing Primary Sources" below as a guide. You do not have to answer every question, but be sure to answer the who/what/where/when/why of the document. Describe the audience for this document. Then move on to your own analysis....
4) Analyze your documents. What do they tell you about the cultures that created these stories? How do they enhance our knowledge beyond the course readings and material? Can you discern any deeper meanings beyond what is just on the page? What were the motivations for crea ...
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Document Interpretation TutorialDocument Interpretation Ultimat.docx
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Document Interpretation: Ultimate Skill of the HistorianPrimary Sources
Primary sources are generally first-hand accounts or records. They may have been written or created during the time period under investigation, or perhaps were written by someone who lived during that time period. Most crucially, they have not been interpreted by anyone else, though they may offer interpretations of the events they describe. Below are four examples of primary sources: a political cartoon, a page of correspondence, the title page of Thomas Paine's Common Sense, and a wartime poster encouraging women workers. As you can imagine, however, there are many more types of primary sources.
Countless items can be used by historians as primary sources. Almost anything you can imagine could be used as a primary source in some type of historical research. A fun exercise to help you understand the immensity of available primary sources is to look around the room you're in and ask yourself, "what would historians view or study one hundred years from now to understand the way we live and what we think today?"
The list below includes only a few of the types of primary sources utilized by historians. How many more can you add to the list?
letters • diaries • autobiographies • plays • novels • short stories • poems
scholarly journals • newspapers • popular magazines
official memoranda • government documents • census data
religious tracts • song lyrics
photographs • cartoons • posters • paintings • murals
films • television shows • performing arts recordings • email • musical recordings
clothing • political campaign signs • pottery • religious icons • tools • furniture
Secondary Sources
Secondary sources analyze, interpret, or comment upon primary sources. A secondary source says something about a primary sources, often illustrating patterns of recurring themes.
Perhaps the best example of a secondary source is your textbook. Open it to any chapter and read a couple of paragraphs and you will find that the authors have conducted extensive research utilizing primary sources. They have likely consulted other secondary sources as well. They have then written those paragraphs to explain what they have learned and how they understand the people and ideas of the past. The authors have interpreted the sources for you.
The list below includes some of the primary sources we’ve already identified accompanies by secondary sources which might, analyze, interpret, or comment upon them.
Primary Source
Secondary Sources
Abraham Lincoln’s personal letters
a biography of Abraham Lincoln
A popular magazine from 1910
an article about print advertising in the early twentieth century
The 1860 U.S. Federal Census
a PowerPoint presentation concerning U.S. population distribution before the Civil War
The lyrics “We Shall Overcome”
a book examining the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s
Grant Woods’ American Gothic
an essay on American art and artists
An episode of I.
Ulrich-SchlumbohmHistory (ALL CLASSES)CRITIQUE AND REVIEW SHEE.docx
Ulrich-Schlumbohm
History (ALL CLASSES)
CRITIQUE AND REVIEW SHEET:
This is formal writing so remember a few tips:
1. Grammar/Spell Check all work. Rule of 5 is: more than 5 major grammatical or spelling
errors and I am done grading, you fail the assignment. Helpful hint: read finished document
aloud, or have someone read it to you. It will help you spot problems I promise!
2. No 1st person. "I believe that. . ." No use of "I" statements.
3. No questions. Do not write in such a way that you are asking your reader (your professor- ie
ME) questions.
4. All quotations, thoughts, and ideas gathered from another source should be cited. All cites should be either Chicago Style or Turabian Style and have EITHER footnotes or endnotes, AND a bibliography.
5. Writing should be clear, concise, and on topic. It should address the following elements in an
essay style format:
Secondary Source Analysis:
Critiques and Reviews should always address these elements.
Synopsis: Summary of what you have read, making sure you hit the highlights and points that
struck you as important or interesting so that you will remember what you have read. This element should be very brief- do not get carried away.
Facts: What struck you in the argument as particularly useful/not useful? Highlight your topic points- use quotations to prove your point, be very specific so you will not need to return to the author's sources or the text.
Thesis: Ask yourself, what did I just read? What was it about? What was the argument or
position, what did they say? Each chapter of the book will normally have a supporting thesis,
please make sure you address these as well.
Author: How does the author/s identify themselves? How does this identification relate to the
material? Who is this person? Remember there is NO such thing as a neutral author.
Position: What is the position within scholarly literature? What position do they take? Do they seem similar to someone else you have read? Where do they stand on the issues? What identifiers can you find? Can you determine bias?
Critique: Who is the audience? What is the purpose of the work? Did the author accomplish
what s/he set out to do? What is their goal?
Sources: Examine the author's use of sources? When is the study done and does this have any bearing on the topic? Do the sources reflect recent scholarship? Is the author relying on primary sources or secondary sources? What does the type of sources say about the author and the work? You will need to look at the bibliography, footnotes/endnotes, and the introduction and conclusion carefully to answer this.
DOC SUPPORT: Which primary documents provided support/disprove the author’s thesis?
Primary Source Analysis:
A primary source is any document, letter, newspaper article, photo, drawing, object, etc. from a specific historical moment. It is something by and for the people at that time. A first-hand source from that time and place.
This assignment is approximately a 2 page write up. ...
Primary Source Analysis PaperInstructions for Primary Source Analy.docx
Primary Source Analysis Paper
Instructions for Primary Source Analysis
Primary Source Analysis due: 6 March
(worth 15%)
primary-source-analysis-rubric
Primary sources are sources created in the historical period being researched and by historical actors themselves. (Contrast this with secondary sources, which are after-the-fact scholarly analyses of the past.) For this assignment, you will submit to me a 2-3 page analysis of that source along with instructions as to how I can access your source (or a copy of the source attached to your essay). PLEASE NOTE: You must incorporate a tertiary source and at least one secondary source to substantiate your analysis.
Keep in mind that primary sources can come in many forms. They can be maps, diaries, letters, memoirs, newspaper articles, government documents, posters, pamphlets, photographs, advertisements, paintings, films, novels, songs—just to name a few. If your source comes in a non-textual form (such as a film), please submit it to me in the form appropriate for its genre (such as a video or DVD, etc.).
The purpose of this assignment is to work on how to analyze a primary source. Your goal is to analyze your source excerpt as
deeply and as thoroughly
as possible. Do not simply provide a general summary or overview of your source. Think concretely and
critically
about its content, its historical context, the historical cultural values that shape it, and its relevance to your research. What are the author’s tone, style, and argument? What are its strengths and weaknesses? Read between the lines to discover its biases and assumptions. Depending on the nature of the primary source you select, the source may be as short as a paragraph or two or as long as dozens of pages.
In structuring your Primary Source Analysis Essay, you should address the following questions. Do not simply list answers to the questions below.
Rather, you must write your paper in essay form.
It should have an introduction, several body paragraphs, and a conclusion. You do not need to address the questions in order, but be sure that you address the questions
that are relevant to your source
in your essay. Your essay must be a polished piece of writing. I will grade it for both content and style.
Basic Identification
1. What type of source is it? (newspaper article, map, letter, film, etc.)
2. When was it created?
3. Where was it created?
4. Who created it?
Author’s Intent
1. What is the author’s place in society? (profession, status, class, gender, ethnicity, etc.)
2. How might the factors listed in the question above shape the author’s perspective in this source?
3. Why do you think the author created this source?
4. Does the author have an argument? If so, what is it?
5. Who is the intended audience for this source?
6. How might the intended audience shape the perspective of this source?
Historical Context
1. Under what specific historical circumstances was this source created?
2. What larger.
Select a museumI have already went to the Museum the work selecte.docx
Select a museum:
I have already went to the Museum the work selected is The cradle by John Biggers please see photos attached.
Select a work of art:
This is a general suggestion and not a required outline.
Identification:
At the museum or museum site, select a work of art. You may select a piece that you like or dislike. Copy down all the information provided; Artist, title, medium, year, etc. Write down your initial responses. How do you respond to the work? Does it invoke an emotional response? What do you think the artist was trying to communicate? It is helpful to bring a notebook to record your responses.
Describe
the piece and review it carefully. What do you see? Note all the details about the work. How would you describe it to someone you were talking to on the phone who can’t see it?
Analyze
the visual elements and design principles as you did in the short paper. Think about the relationship between form, content and subject matter in your analysis. This will be helpful in your 'interpretation' of the work. Use the terminology you have learned in class, particularly terms in Chapters 2 -5. Your analysis should be based your own observations while viewing the work.
Interpretation
Follow your analysis with a subjective interpretation of the meaning of the work. How does the work make you feel? What do you think the content is? Go beyond “I like it” or “I don’t like it.”
Research
the artist. Historical and biographical information on the artist often provides clues into a works intended meaning. Carefully consider the purpose and context of the piece. Did the piece you selected have any particular political or cultural message? Was the artist making a statement?
Value Judgement
What do you think the artist's intentions were? Was this communicated? Does it have value? Can you recognize the aesthetic quality in the work?
Write the Final Paper:
The following will help you write your paper. It should be used as a guideline, not an outline for approaching your paper. This is very similar to the process used by art critics.
Identification:
Note the title of the work, the date, the artist (if known), medium, and size.
Description:
What do you see? As fully as possible, describe what you see.
What medium is used? What is it made of?
How big is it?
Go into detail about what you see. How would you describe it, in detail, to someone who had never seen it?
What subjects are represented?
It can be helpful to begin looking at a work of art from the middle and work your way out.
Analysis:
Describe the form of the work Explain how visual elements and principles of design are used in the work. The terms in chapters 2, 3 & 4 will be very helpful. Go back and look at the chapter outlines or Short Paper assignment. Use them to:
Describe the use of visual elements such as line, shape, color & space used in the pieces. For example: In what way is it balanced? Is it asymmetrical or symmetrical? What is emphasized? What seems to be the dominating vi.
Select a museumI have already went to the Museum the work selecte.docx
Select a museum:
I have already went to the Museum the work selected is The cradle by John Biggers please see photos attached.
Select a work of art:
This is a general suggestion and not a required outline.
Identification:
At the museum or museum site, select a work of art. You may select a piece that you like or dislike. Copy down all the information provided; Artist, title, medium, year, etc. Write down your initial responses. How do you respond to the work? Does it invoke an emotional response? What do you think the artist was trying to communicate? It is helpful to bring a notebook to record your responses.
Describe
the piece and review it carefully. What do you see? Note all the details about the work. How would you describe it to someone you were talking to on the phone who can’t see it?
Analyze
the visual elements and design principles as you did in the short paper. Think about the relationship between form, content and subject matter in your analysis. This will be helpful in your 'interpretation' of the work. Use the terminology you have learned in class, particularly terms in Chapters 2 -5. Your analysis should be based your own observations while viewing the work.
Interpretation
Follow your analysis with a subjective interpretation of the meaning of the work. How does the work make you feel? What do you think the content is? Go beyond “I like it” or “I don’t like it.”
Research
the artist. Historical and biographical information on the artist often provides clues into a works intended meaning. Carefully consider the purpose and context of the piece. Did the piece you selected have any particular political or cultural message? Was the artist making a statement?
Value Judgement
What do you think the artist's intentions were? Was this communicated? Does it have value? Can you recognize the aesthetic quality in the work?
Write the Final Paper:
The following will help you write your paper. It should be used as a guideline, not an outline for approaching your paper. This is very similar to the process used by art critics.
Identification:
Note the title of the work, the date, the artist (if known), medium, and size.
Description:
What do you see? As fully as possible, describe what you see.
What medium is used? What is it made of?
How big is it?
Go into detail about what you see. How would you describe it, in detail, to someone who had never seen it?
What subjects are represented?
It can be helpful to begin looking at a work of art from the middle and work your way out.
Analysis:
Describe the form of the work Explain how visual elements and principles of design are used in the work. The terms in chapters 2, 3 & 4 will be very helpful. Go back and look at the chapter outlines or Short Paper assignment. Use them to:
Describe the use of visual elements such as line, shape, color & space used in the pieces. For example: In what way is it balanced? Is it asymmetrical or symmetrical? What is emphasized? What seems to be the dominating vi.
Freedom in America Paper Assignment Step 1 Pick a topic. Wh
Freedom in America Paper Assignment
Step 1:
Pick a topic. What topic are you most interested in pertaining to this course? What is a topic you would be interested in writing a paper on? Your topic should not be too broad. For example, the Harlem Renaissance, is too broad. Focusing on a specific cause of the downfall of Reconstruction is a possible topic.
Step 2:
Research the internet and the library for primary sources, or first hand accounts of documents that relate to your topic. Analyze at least
at least ONE
primary source for your paper, you may use more than 1, but you must use at least 1.
Step 3:
Analyze.
When analyzing your document, thoroughly scrutinize the document, what it says, and the argument. Look through “
Guidelines for Analyzing a Primary Source
” (below) to help you come up with a complete analysis of your primary source(s).
Step 4:
Choose at least 4 books and/or articles
from the library or online journals from the library’s online databases. For journal articles, go to UD’s Library database section. For the databases section, articles on U.S. History can be found through Jstor and Project Muse.
*Do not use any encyclopedia sources or the class readings as a
secondary
source. If you use a website, it must be approved by the Instructor. You may use them as a reference, but these do not count towards your secondary sources.
Step 5:
Make sure you have a
thesis
statement
. This is the most important sentence in your paper. The thesis should be located in the first paragraph of your paper. The statement should be
concise
and not too broad. A thesis is the argument or point of view for your paper. It is something that you and someone else can
debate
. Your thesis statement should start out by stating something such as “This paper argues that...” The thesis statement is the statement that guides you throughout the paper. All of your main ideas should connect to your thesis statement.
1
Step 6:
Write your paper! Keep in mind the following:
1) Papers must be typewritten, double-spaced in 12 pt font, and 1-inch margins. Papers should be at least
5 full pages plus a Works Cited page (6 total)
and include an introduction, body, and conclusion.
2) You should have a well-articulated
thesis
. Formulate a central theme that links the primary source document(s) together and connects them to the secondary sources--the books and/or articles you use..
3) Use the "Guidelines for Analyzing Primary Sources" below as a guide. You do not have to answer every question, but be sure to answer the who/what/where/when/why of the document. Describe the audience for this document. Then move on to your own analysis....
4) Analyze your documents. What do they tell you about the cultures that created these stories? How do they enhance our knowledge beyond the course readings and material? Can you discern any deeper meanings beyond what is just on the page? What were the motivations for crea ...
Primary Source httpwww.digitalhistory.uh.edudisp_textbook.cfms
Primary Source: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=3944
A primary source is historical evidence written or produced at the time when events occurred
.
Provide an analysis of the primary source selected. Your primary source essay must address the highlighted areas:
What type of source is it? (newspaper
article, map, letter, film, etc.)
When was it created? Where was it created? Who created it?
What do you know about the author's background?
Who is the intended audience for this source?
What does this source tell you about the time and place in which it was created?
How useful is it for understanding the past?
What biases or other cultural factors might have shaped the message of this source?
Does the author have any reason to avoid
telling the truth as she/he witnessed the
event?
What historical perspectives are left out of this source?
How important or influential was the source in its own day and age?
By what standards can one measure a document's significance?
...
Contextual ApproachesWhat is a literary approachA literary ap
Contextual Approaches
What is a literary approach?
A literary approach is a "lens" by which we interpret literature. There are three elements in a literary exchange one might consider when making meaning from the text: the source, the text, and the receiver. Some approaches to literature focus on only the material that is contained in the text, separate from external contexts. Conversely, others believe that the text should be interpreted in the context of, for instance, the speaker's identity, the text's time period, the particular reader's experiences, and so forth. There are various approaches to literature, but below is just one to consider as you read a work.
What are some contextual approaches?
Contextual approaches encompass biographical, historical, and New Historical criticism. In contrast to New Criticism, these approaches are based on the premise that important information exists outside the text. Most readers cannot help but wonder about who wrote the text, when it was written, and the circumstances under which it was written. Contextual criticism insists that knowing this outside information will make a reading of a text more informed.
Biographical Criticism looks for direct connections between an author’s life and beliefs and his or her writing, although it recognizes that not all works are autobiographical. Biographical criticism does not assume the writer recognized the connections between his/her life and the text, but the critic will.
Historical Criticism (Historical Approach) looks at the way the historical context of the work itself (the time period during which it was written or which it depicts) can inform our reading of the text. For instance, the social, cultural, economic, scientific, intellectual, military, and literary history (among others) would be considered in order to determine how what was going on at the time affected what the author wrote, whether he or she recognized it or not.
New Historicism begins with the assumption that history is not an objective reality since it, too, is no more than a "text." That is, a New Historicist recognizes that even history is merely a “story” about the past, someone’s versions of the facts, which means history can be read as subjectively as any text. So, on the one hand, a New Historicist would look for ways to undermine conventional views on history or historical events. Yet the impulse behind a New Historicist reading is to discover how “knowledge” is produced at any particular time and place. Thus, a New Historical reading would look at other texts, such as magazines and newspapers from the period, texts from other disciplines (such as architecture, psychology, criminology, etc), and popular literature from the time. The goal would be to expand our understanding of a text by developing a greater understanding of the cultural, sociological, political, and ideological context of the text, linking the text to the culture of its time.
Cultural Criticism looks a ...
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Analyzing Primary Sources
- 1. Analyzing Primary Sources Social Studies School Service www.socialstudies.com
- 7. How to Analyze a Text
- 10. How to Analyze a Photograph
- 13. How to Analyze a Political Cartoon
- 16. How to Analyze a Historical Map
- 19. How to Analyze an Artifact
Editor's Notes
- Copyright 2003 – Social Studies School Service 10200 Jefferson Blvd. Culver City, CA 90232 310-839-2436