➼Karl Marx on Politics.  ➼Karl Marx on Human Nature.  ➼Karl Marx on Women.  ➼Karl Marx on Capitalism.  ➼Karl Marx on Money.  ➼Karl Marx on Social Problem.  ➼Karl Marx on Law. 

1. Analysis of
Karl Marx and Marxism

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3. Karl Marx (1818–1883) was the most important of all theorists of socialism.
 He was not a professional philosopher, although he completed a doctorate
in philosophy.
His life was devoted to :-
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
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Introduction / Overview

4. Life of Karl Marx
 Karl Heinrich Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883)
was a German philosopher, economist, historian,
sociologist, political theorist, journalist and
socialist revolutionary.
 Born in Trier, Germany, Marx studied law and
philosophy at university.
 Died 14 March 1883 (aged 64) London, England.

5. Books/ Publications
 Karl Marx’s publications sold extremely well. The Manifesto
of the Communist Party, with around 500 million copies sold,
is one of the four best-selling books of all time. Both the
Manifesto and Das Kapital are UNESCO World Heritage
documents.
 Capital (Das Capital): Includes Vol.1,2,3
 The Communist Manifesto
 Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
 Wage - Labour and Capital
 Revolution and Counter-Revolution or, Germany in 1848

6. Mao Zedong, also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist
revolutionary who became the founding father of the People's Republic of
China,
 He ruled as the chairman of the Communist Party of China from its
establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976.
 Mao believed that peasants ( agricultural labourer of low social status ),
factory workers, should lead the communist revolution (change in government).
Maoism is comunist ideology which states, replacing private ownership with
co-operative ownership.
Idea of Mao

7. He was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist.
He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and
of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924.
Leninism is a political theory about how the revolutionary communist party
should be organized.
He promised them lots of things that they wanted - his slogan was peace,
bread and land.
Idea of Lenin

8. 1. Marx believe that humanity core conflict rages between
Ruling class also called Bourgeoisie ( that controls means of productions such as
mines, factories/industries and farms ).
&
Working Class called Proletariat ( which is forced to sell labour )
Conflict
Bourgeoisie
Proletariat
Key Ideas of Karl Marx

9. 2. This idea was formulated by Joseph Weydemeyer and adopted by
Karl Marx and Engles.
( i.e. goal of working class, gaining control of political power )
This is stage of transition :
Dictatorship of Proletariat
Capitalism Communism

10. 3. The relationship between these two classes is exploitative
 because the amount of money the Capitalist pays his workers (their
wages) is
 always below the current selling, or market price of whatever they have
produced.
To Marx, Profit is basically the accumulated exploitation of workers in
capitalist society.
The BOURGEOISIE increase their wealth
by exploiting th PROLETARIAT

11. 4. Marx argued that those :
who have economic power control all INSTITUTIONS in society.
All other institutions: The legal system, the mass media, family, education etc.
Economic Base(The Mode of Production) : tools, machinery, raw material,
goods and services
Those who have wealth or economic power also have political power and
control over the rest of society. ( Essence of this Idea ).
Who control the Economic Base
also control the Superstructure

12. 5. Marx argued that the ruling classes used their control of social
institutions to gain ideological dominance,
These ways they control over the way people think in society.
Marx argued that, the ideas of the ruling classes were presented as
common sense and natural and thus unequal,
 exploitative relationships were accepted by the proletariat as the norm.
IDEOLOGICAL CONTROL

13. 6. The state where the masses, or proletariat are deluded into thinking
that everything is fine and that the experience in which they live and
work are inevitable.
 In Marxist terms, the masses suffer from false class consciousness (
delusion )
 and fail to realize their common interest against their exploiters.
The end result of ideological control is false
consciousness

14. 7. Capitalism was unjust but people just hadn’t realised it.
He believed that political action was necessary to ‘wake up’ the proletariat &
bring them to revolutionary class consciousness.
Following a revolution, private property would be abolished and with it the
profit motive and the desire to exploit.
In the communist society, people would be more equal, have greater
freedom and be happier.
REVOLUTION AND COMMUNISM

15. Marxism is a social, political, and economic philosophy named after
Karl Marx,
which examines the effect of capitalism on labor, productivity, and
economic development
and argues for a worker revolution to overturn capitalism in favor of
communism.
Synapsis of Karl Marx

16. French political thinker Raymond Aron said, '' Karl Marx can be
explained in 5 minutes, 5 hours, 5 years and Half century ''
Philosopher and historian of ideas Leszek Kołakowski pointed out
that "Marx's theory is incomplete or ambiguous in many places, and
could be 'applied' in many contradictory ways without manifestly
infringing its principles".
Scholars View on Marx

17. The basic logic of Marx's theory of justice is that the relations of
distribution are
to be interpreted not through political and legal concepts of fairness and
justice,
but through the relations of production, and
 the relations of production are to be interpreted through productive
labor.
Marx theory on Justice

18. Marxism is a political and social theory that argues that social change
comes about through economic class struggle.
Marxism formed the philosophical basis for the rise of communism in
the early 20th century.
Marx theory on Politics

19.  The founder and primary theorist of Marxism viewed religion as
"the soul of soulless conditions" or the "opium of the people"
At the same time, Marx saw religion as
a form of protest by the working classes against their poor
economic conditions and their alienation.
Marx theory on Religion

20. Marx developed a theory of history that has been called historical
materialism.
 This is basically a contradictory process in which history unfolds in a
series of stages according to a predetermined end.
 Marx conceived of the final stage or era of history as communism.
Marx theory on History

21. Karl Marx on Various Topics

22. While celebrating 202nd birth anniversary in May 5 ( this year 2020 ).
We should look at 5 of his defining work :
Defining Karl Marx work

23. 1. Primitive communism
Stone Ages- humans live primitively w/ no social classes, private property.
2. Feudalism
Society controlled by land-owning aristocracy, who exercise power over peasants.
3. Capitalism
Bourgeoisie rule over proletariat because they own the means of production,
distribution and exchange while proletariat sell themselves as labour. Marx
saw this as exploitation.
Stages of Communism

24. 4. Socialism
workers' organisations form dictatorship of the proletariat to rule on their
behalf. Food, goods, services distributed according to need
5. Communism
Govt withers away- no need. Classless and stateless society w/ co-
operation replacing competition. 'From each according to his ability,
to each according to his needs'.

25. Last five communist countries in the world are:
People's Republic of China
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos)
Republic of Cuba
Communism in Nepal and Worldwide

26. Contemporary Marxist sociologists argue that Marxism is still relevant in many
ways. For example:
1) Family = Parents want the perfect family and they compete with one another
for the best house, car, holiday and the best dressed/most successful
children etc. Parents spend more of their salary on providing this lifestyle –
this benefits the bourgeoisie as they can make more profits by selling
goods and services to the parents. Lastly, children grow up watching their
parents behave in this manner and then replicate it as adults with their own
families.
Evidence that Marxism is still Relevant Today

27. 2) Media = the mainstream media is controlled by few wealthy
individuals who promote the ideas and beliefs that maintain the
bourgeoisie’s wealthy position in society.
This encourages people to accept beliefs which benefit capitalism and
legitimise (justify) the exploitation of the proletariat (workers) as
normal. The media justify exploitation and even make it into games
shows.
Evidence that Marxism is still Relevant Today

28. 3) Education = encourages people to accept hierarchy and to be obedient. This
is good for capitalism as it creates students who will later become good
workers.
Schools also encourage the idea people get what they deserve in education,
when in reality educational achievement is primarily a result of the chance
circumstances of your birth i.e. who your parents are.
 Also, schools emphasise high achievement and high flying jobs – implicitly
this means highly paid jobs, better profits for company owners and more
exploitation for the workers.
Evidence that Marxism is still Relevant Today

29. Socialism denotes a broad system of ideas. Marxism is a materialistic
conception of history which seeks to explain the development of all
societies and furthermore, make predictions about future social change.
Marxists consider the material world, nature and society as constantly
moving.
An early distinction between communism and socialism was that the latter
aimed to only socialise production while the former aimed to socialise both
production and consumption (in the form of free access to final goods).
Is Marxism and socialism is same or different ?

30. Marxian economics have been criticized for a number of reasons.
Some critics point to the Marxian analysis of capitalism while others argue
that the economic system proposed by Marxism is unworkable.
There are also doubts that the rate of profit in capitalism would tend to fall as
Marx predicted.
 According to Marxists, even literature itself is a social institution and has a
specific ideological function, based on the background and ideology of the
author.
Criticism of Communism theory of Karl Marx

31. Marx’s concept of social class has been criticised as being too simplistic –
today, there are clearly not just two social classes, but several; moreover, most
people don’t identify with other members of their social class, so it is
questionable how relevant the concept of social class is today.
Clearly Marx’s predictions about capitalism ending and the ‘inevitable success
of communism’ have been proved wrong with the collapse of communism.
Capitalism has changed a lot since Marx’s day, and it appears to work for
more people – it is less exploitative, so maybe this explains why it still
continues to this day?
Criticisms of Traditional Marxism

32. Marxism is a political and economic way of organizing society, where the
workers own the means of production.
Socialism is a way of organizing a society in which the means of production are
owned and controlled by the proletariat. Marx proposed that this was the next
necessary step in the progress of history.
Marxism is a social, political, and economic philosophy named after Karl Marx,
which examines the effect of capitalism on labor, productivity, and economic
development and argues for a worker revolution to overturn capitalism in
favor of communism.
Summary on Marxism

33. Thankyou !!!
 Any Questions ?
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