The document analyzes the 2012 shootings in Toulouse and Montauban, France carried out by Mohammed Merch through a critical lens of terrorism. It discusses how Merch claimed he wanted to avenge Palestinian children and protest French foreign wars and the ban on face veils. The document argues that religious terrorism is a label used to delegitimize political grievances and that one must understand the historical contexts and power dynamics that may have provoked the attacks, such as the oppression of Palestinians and Muslim women in France.
Threats, risks, conflicts and human securitySinead Smith
This essay aspires to analyse a particular terrorist attack through the application of a critical perspective on terrorism as described by Jackson, Smyth and Gunning (2010).
This document provides an overview of the historical origin and definitions of terrorism. It discusses:
- The earliest known terrorist groups dating back to 1st century AD Jewish groups.
- How the term "terrorism" originated during the French Revolution's Reign of Terror period.
- Definitions of terrorism from legislation in the UK, US, and Canada that involve use of violence for political, religious, or ideological goals.
- Challenges in defining terrorism given different perspectives on what constitutes justified vs unjustified violence.
- Types of terrorism like state-sponsored, bio-, and cyber-terrorism.
This document discusses the causes and history of terrorism. It begins by defining terrorism and tracing its origins and original meaning. It then examines different perspectives on how terrorists should be classified and treated. The document then explores five main drivers of terrorism: 1) ethno-nationalism, 2) alienation and discrimination, 3) religion, 4) socio-economic factors, and 5) political grievances. For each cause, it provides historical examples and explains how the cause can contribute to radicalization and terrorist activities.
What is an "Independent Journalist" is this someone who can be trusted with telling the truth or disinformation propaganda strategies. Armed with social media and internet this "Queen of Disinformation" along with her loyal cult following has taken over Social Media Syria narratives with their brand of the truth. In the war of words and propaganda, Syria wasn't as prepared as they are as physically fighting passionately for their motherland. Who will win the war of words?
Islamophobia is the irrational hostility, fear, or hatred of Islam, Muslims, and Islamic culture at individual, societal or state level
It also connotes active discrimination against these groups or individuals within them with due process of law or without it
It manifests itself through individual attitudes and behaviours, and the policies and practices of organizations and institutions.
This presentation attempts to clarify the concept, analyse its underlying causes, and suggests a plan of action to counter it
In its broadest sense, terrorism is any act designed to cause terror In a narrower sense, terrorism can be understood to feature a political objective. The word terrorism is politically loaded and emotionally charged.
Though the worst intelligence failure, the USA took maximum advantage of the 9/11 tragedy and embarked on the mission to accomplish the objectives set forth in the infamous neo-con paper, known as the American Century.
America employed all its -military, diplomatic and financial, to wage a war of terror on several countries besides Afghanistan-its starting point.
Whether it was a stellar success or a dismal failure, it has cost the world massively in terms of loss of human lives, financial losses, refugees crises, missed opportunities, and surprisingly, increased global terrorism
This presentation covers all these issues in greater detail
This document provides an overview of terrorism, including its definition, historical background, causes and conditions that facilitate its start and survival, as well as strategies to curb it. It discusses terrorism in terms of initiating "pull factors" and "push factors" that motivate individuals to engage in terrorism. It also analyzes sustaining conditions like marginalization, identity politics and lack of political empowerment. The document recommends a multidimensional and coordinated long-term approach, including addressing socioeconomic grievances, improving criminal justice systems, and increasing regional/global cooperation to counter terrorism.
Threats, risks, conflicts and human securitySinead Smith
This essay aspires to analyse a particular terrorist attack through the application of a critical perspective on terrorism as described by Jackson, Smyth and Gunning (2010).
This document provides an overview of the historical origin and definitions of terrorism. It discusses:
- The earliest known terrorist groups dating back to 1st century AD Jewish groups.
- How the term "terrorism" originated during the French Revolution's Reign of Terror period.
- Definitions of terrorism from legislation in the UK, US, and Canada that involve use of violence for political, religious, or ideological goals.
- Challenges in defining terrorism given different perspectives on what constitutes justified vs unjustified violence.
- Types of terrorism like state-sponsored, bio-, and cyber-terrorism.
This document discusses the causes and history of terrorism. It begins by defining terrorism and tracing its origins and original meaning. It then examines different perspectives on how terrorists should be classified and treated. The document then explores five main drivers of terrorism: 1) ethno-nationalism, 2) alienation and discrimination, 3) religion, 4) socio-economic factors, and 5) political grievances. For each cause, it provides historical examples and explains how the cause can contribute to radicalization and terrorist activities.
What is an "Independent Journalist" is this someone who can be trusted with telling the truth or disinformation propaganda strategies. Armed with social media and internet this "Queen of Disinformation" along with her loyal cult following has taken over Social Media Syria narratives with their brand of the truth. In the war of words and propaganda, Syria wasn't as prepared as they are as physically fighting passionately for their motherland. Who will win the war of words?
Islamophobia is the irrational hostility, fear, or hatred of Islam, Muslims, and Islamic culture at individual, societal or state level
It also connotes active discrimination against these groups or individuals within them with due process of law or without it
It manifests itself through individual attitudes and behaviours, and the policies and practices of organizations and institutions.
This presentation attempts to clarify the concept, analyse its underlying causes, and suggests a plan of action to counter it
In its broadest sense, terrorism is any act designed to cause terror In a narrower sense, terrorism can be understood to feature a political objective. The word terrorism is politically loaded and emotionally charged.
Though the worst intelligence failure, the USA took maximum advantage of the 9/11 tragedy and embarked on the mission to accomplish the objectives set forth in the infamous neo-con paper, known as the American Century.
America employed all its -military, diplomatic and financial, to wage a war of terror on several countries besides Afghanistan-its starting point.
Whether it was a stellar success or a dismal failure, it has cost the world massively in terms of loss of human lives, financial losses, refugees crises, missed opportunities, and surprisingly, increased global terrorism
This presentation covers all these issues in greater detail
This document provides an overview of terrorism, including its definition, historical background, causes and conditions that facilitate its start and survival, as well as strategies to curb it. It discusses terrorism in terms of initiating "pull factors" and "push factors" that motivate individuals to engage in terrorism. It also analyzes sustaining conditions like marginalization, identity politics and lack of political empowerment. The document recommends a multidimensional and coordinated long-term approach, including addressing socioeconomic grievances, improving criminal justice systems, and increasing regional/global cooperation to counter terrorism.
This document examines the threat of violent Islamic extremism in the United States. It aims to evaluate fears about this threat, understand pathways to radicalization, and determine if there is a connection between Islam and jihadist beliefs. The author reviews literature on definitions of terrorism and radicalization. Studies show domestic terrorist attacks and plots have increased since 9/11, though the number of deaths is lower than other forms of political violence. There is debate around how to define and understand the radicalization process, with disagreement on whether there are clear pathways or if it is a complex, individual process influenced by ideology and happenstance. More research is needed to fully understand radicalization.
This document provides an introduction to a paper that will analyze the Syrian refugee crisis through a feminist lens. It begins by outlining some of the general issues faced by refugees, such as mental health problems, physical health issues, difficulties integrating into a new society, and lack of stability. It then discusses specific issues faced by women refugees, including increased risks of human trafficking, dangers in fleeing their home countries with children, and facing additional barriers to integration once in a new country due to lack of education and social oppression. The introduction proposes to educate the local community about the Syrian conflict and crisis through a lecture series in order to raise awareness and understanding as the first step towards addressing the issues faced by Syrian refugees, especially women.
This is group term paper @ Addis Ababa University, Institute of Peace and Security Studies(IPSS). The paper is all about the role of women in Conflict(War) with special emphasis to Syrian Women. This can be used as a reference for MA/BA students in Peace and Security, International Relation, Political Science, Gender Studies, Human Right Studies etc. If you have any further comment or Question please Write to one of the team members email address which is given on the cover Page.
1. Direct and public incitement to commit genocide is prohibited under international law and can be an early warning sign of actual genocide. Examples of incitement that led to genocide include Nazi propaganda against Jews and radio broadcasts in Rwanda that called Tutsis "cockroaches."
2. Carefully drawn laws against incitement are justified and have successfully prevented violence, such as when a UN official warned Cote d'Ivoire against inciting violence on the radio. However, laws against hate speech alone are problematic and risk censorship.
3. In South Africa, a politician singing "Kill the Boer" was found guilty of incitement and the murders of white farmers increased afterwards, showing the link between
The Evolution Of Politicical Violence And TerrorismElizabeth Hall
This document discusses the evolution of political violence and terrorism throughout history. It defines political crimes and terrorism, and provides examples from early history including the assassination of Julius Caesar and terrorist acts becoming favored methods for nationalist groups after World War I. The document then examines different forms of contemporary terrorism such as revolutionary, political, eco, and retributive terrorism. It analyzes terrorist groups and motivations and concludes that combating terrorism requires global solutions given its expanded and growing nature.
This document is a research project submitted for a BA in International Relations. It examines France's humanitarian interventions in Africa through the lens of colonial legacy and dependency. The project argues that France's interventions are enabled by ongoing misrepresentations of Africa that stem from colonial-era spatial imaginations. These misrepresentations allow France to reorganize its imperial capacity under the guise of humanitarianism. The research will analyze French interventionism and its colonial legacy, use the crisis in the Central African Republic as a case study, and argue that interventions have reproduced patterns of neocolonial dependency rather than resolving local conflicts. The goal is to show how France's understanding of itself and Africa remains shaped by colonial notions that have yet to be decolonized
Dear Ms Nicola Duckworth I have read through the Amnesty International annual report 2012 for South Africa and I must say that I am quite disappointed as it makes no reference to the plight of the white minority group. It would be highly appreciated if you and the research team that prepares the report on South Africa could read through this document and to do any further research / analysis as you may deem appropriate on this matter. I would firstly like to state that I do not dispute the concerns regarding groups mentioned in the Annual Report, and I am not implying that whites are more at risk than any other mentioned group. I just don't know why their situation is totally ignored? Murders and other hate crimes perpetrated against the white minority in South Africa South Africa is extremely violent country with almost the highest murder rate (rate not number) and highest rape rate (rate not number) in the world, all people are affected by the crime, Blacks as a number more than whites which makes perfect sense as they account for 80% of the demographic. Unfortunately the SAPS does not keep statistics on any crimes by race, so it would be difficult to determine the difference in the murder rate by population group and if any trends can be determined over a certain period. There are groups that collect data and verify it against newspapers articles etc., I do understand though that this data cannot be used as official statistics, however there are estimations that between 65 thousand and 75 thousand white people have been murdered in South Africa since 1994, of these between 3 and 4 thousand murders were on farms. Since murder rates are not available by race, I have made the following calculation on various murder number assumptions starting at a very low conservative assumption of 50 thousand white murders increasing to the estimated levels. I used the latest population data provided by the Department of Statistics and the murder numbers provided by the South African Police Service to determine a murder rate per 100 thousand for this 18 year period. (Note usually murders are calculated as a rate per 100 000 per year, since annual estimations are not available I only calculated it over the 18 year period)
It is clear from the above that even at a very conservative assumption of 50 thousand white murders, the white population in South Africa is almost twice as likely to get murdered than South Africans of other races, when the number of murders that are estimated by other groups are used the rate increase to almost 3 times as likely. Data by race would enable us to determine if there is any trends, and if the murder rate has declined for whites and whether this is in line with the decline in murder rates for the rest of the population. This would enable us to determine if other minorities like coloured and Indian/Asian people are also targeted. It is also clear that accurate data per race is needed to determine the actual extend!
Definition, Types, Goal, Tactics, Financing of Terrorism, Global Terrorism Index (GTI), Terrorism in India, Agencies dealing with terrorism in India, How to stop Terrorism?
This document analyzes and compares the genocides in Rwanda and Darfur, and the international response to each. It notes that while the UN and US largely failed to intervene in the Rwandan genocide, there was more reaction (though still inadequate) to Darfur, including peacekeepers, ICC indictments, and sanctions. However, it argues more could have been done to stop both genocides if major powers prioritized human rights over political interests. Overall, the document examines the shortcomings of the international community to prevent and halt genocides.
This document discusses the definition and types of terrorism. It begins by exploring the origins and early definitions of terrorism, then examines how terrorism is currently defined by international organizations and different legal systems. The document outlines six categories of terrorism as defined by a US task force in the 1970s. It also discusses the challenges of terrorism in India, including ethno-nationalist, religious, and left-wing terrorism. The document concludes that while the concept of terrorism is controversial and politically charged, it remains a major challenge for India and its democracy.
The document discusses the origins, definitions, types, history, causes, and countermeasures of terrorism. It defines terrorism as the unlawful use of violence and intimidation against civilians for political aims. The terms "terrorism" and "terrorist" originated during the French Revolution but gained popularity in the 1970s. Terrorism has taken many forms throughout history, including state-sponsored terrorism, dissent terrorism, religious terrorism, and ideological terrorism. The document lists several possible causes of terrorism such as social and political injustice, illiteracy, inequality, and rapid modernization. It concludes by stating that counterterrorism has become a major challenge for modern societies.
Total war is characterized by making no distinction between combatants and civilians, with the aim of destroying the enemy's resources and ability to continue fighting. It allows all types of weapons. Napoleon's wars in the early 19th century marked the beginning of total war in Western history. Civil wars can also be total wars if they aim to take control of a country or region. Sun Tzu and Clausewitz discussed total war, with Clausewitz stating that "War is a continuation of policy by other means." The consequences of total war can be immense human costs as well as revolutionary changes to warfare, economics, and politics, as seen in World War I.
The document discusses political violence and its various forms such as war, genocide, human rights violations, torture, police brutality, and brutality by armed forces. It provides examples like the Holocaust, Abu Ghraib torture, and accusations against India's armed forces. Political violence has significant short and long term effects on societies like physical/psychological trauma, financial losses, migration, and prolonged social division. The document also discusses two case studies: the 2002 Godhra riots in India and the ongoing Arab uprisings that began in 2010 in response to authoritarianism and other grievances.
The document discusses various topics related to humanitarian intervention and sovereignty including:
1. The responsibility to protect principle holds that states have a primary responsibility to protect civilians, and the international community has a secondary responsibility to assist or intervene if the state is unwilling or unable to protect its population from mass atrocities.
2. There is debate around when and how humanitarian intervention should take place, with questions around the role of the UN Security Council and criteria for determining just cause.
3. While humanitarian intervention has become more accepted, it remains a highly political issue and requires balancing concerns of sovereignty and preventing mass atrocities or genocide. Global consensus and prevention should be the ultimate goals.
Thermal imaging video released by police shows the capture of the Boston Marathon bombing suspects. The video shows officers with thermal imaging equipment tracking one of the suspects hiding in a boat in a backyard. It then shows police firing flashbangs and pulling the injured suspect from the boat and placing him in an ambulance. The release of this video provided insight into the police tactics used to locate and capture the suspects in the Boston Marathon attack.
The document discusses various psychological and sociological theories that attempt to explain terrorism and extremism. It covers psychopathological theories that examine the relationship between terrorism and mental illness. It also discusses rational choice theory, which views terrorist actions as rational decisions to achieve political goals. Several sociological theories are outlined, including social learning theory, frustration-aggression theory, relative deprivation theory, oppression theory, and national cultural theory. Finally, it analyzes psychoanalytic psychological theories of terrorism, including those focused on identity, narcissism, and paranoia.
Preventive War and Humanitarian InterventionJude Metoyer
The document discusses Michael Doyle's proposal for developing a legal framework for preventive war and humanitarian intervention. It summarizes Doyle's three-part proposal: 1) Develop a multilateral framework for sanctioning preventive war, 2) Develop case law and jurisprudence around preventive use of force, and 3) Apply the same legal standards for unilateral intervention that exist for multilateral interventions. The document agrees with the first two parts but argues that Harold Koh makes a stronger case for banning unilateral preventive action, as unilateral action lacks legitimacy and there are better alternatives through multilateral cooperation.
The document provides a summary and professional experience of Shireen du Preez, including over 10 years of experience in strategic marketing roles in the healthcare industry focusing on product management, sales, and business development for companies in South Africa. She has a proven track record of successfully launching new products and growing market share across therapeutic areas such as oncology, hematology, and pain management.
Art therapy has been shown to have significant positive effects on children who have experienced trauma, abuse, or mental health issues. It allows children to express their emotions non-verbally through art, building trust with their therapist. Studies have demonstrated art therapy can help reduce depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem in children, while improving their sense of self and overall well-being. For art therapy to be most effective, parents must be open to this therapeutic approach and understand how it benefits children in healing from difficult experiences or conditions.
Katherine A. Clark is seeking a position where she can utilize her skills and experience managing staff, generating content, and editing on tight deadlines. She has over 5 years of experience as a news editor and manager at The Times Herald where she oversaw reporters, trained staff, and produced breaking news and features. Currently she works as an environmental specialist managing a staff of 15. She has a bachelor's degree in English and communications from Cabrini College.
Zero2 Academy, creata da professionisti del mondo della comunicazione e degli eventi, nasce proprio con l’intento di fornire ai partecipanti un bagaglio di conoscenze tecniche e strumenti operativi da utilizzare fin da subito.
This document examines the threat of violent Islamic extremism in the United States. It aims to evaluate fears about this threat, understand pathways to radicalization, and determine if there is a connection between Islam and jihadist beliefs. The author reviews literature on definitions of terrorism and radicalization. Studies show domestic terrorist attacks and plots have increased since 9/11, though the number of deaths is lower than other forms of political violence. There is debate around how to define and understand the radicalization process, with disagreement on whether there are clear pathways or if it is a complex, individual process influenced by ideology and happenstance. More research is needed to fully understand radicalization.
This document provides an introduction to a paper that will analyze the Syrian refugee crisis through a feminist lens. It begins by outlining some of the general issues faced by refugees, such as mental health problems, physical health issues, difficulties integrating into a new society, and lack of stability. It then discusses specific issues faced by women refugees, including increased risks of human trafficking, dangers in fleeing their home countries with children, and facing additional barriers to integration once in a new country due to lack of education and social oppression. The introduction proposes to educate the local community about the Syrian conflict and crisis through a lecture series in order to raise awareness and understanding as the first step towards addressing the issues faced by Syrian refugees, especially women.
This is group term paper @ Addis Ababa University, Institute of Peace and Security Studies(IPSS). The paper is all about the role of women in Conflict(War) with special emphasis to Syrian Women. This can be used as a reference for MA/BA students in Peace and Security, International Relation, Political Science, Gender Studies, Human Right Studies etc. If you have any further comment or Question please Write to one of the team members email address which is given on the cover Page.
1. Direct and public incitement to commit genocide is prohibited under international law and can be an early warning sign of actual genocide. Examples of incitement that led to genocide include Nazi propaganda against Jews and radio broadcasts in Rwanda that called Tutsis "cockroaches."
2. Carefully drawn laws against incitement are justified and have successfully prevented violence, such as when a UN official warned Cote d'Ivoire against inciting violence on the radio. However, laws against hate speech alone are problematic and risk censorship.
3. In South Africa, a politician singing "Kill the Boer" was found guilty of incitement and the murders of white farmers increased afterwards, showing the link between
The Evolution Of Politicical Violence And TerrorismElizabeth Hall
This document discusses the evolution of political violence and terrorism throughout history. It defines political crimes and terrorism, and provides examples from early history including the assassination of Julius Caesar and terrorist acts becoming favored methods for nationalist groups after World War I. The document then examines different forms of contemporary terrorism such as revolutionary, political, eco, and retributive terrorism. It analyzes terrorist groups and motivations and concludes that combating terrorism requires global solutions given its expanded and growing nature.
This document is a research project submitted for a BA in International Relations. It examines France's humanitarian interventions in Africa through the lens of colonial legacy and dependency. The project argues that France's interventions are enabled by ongoing misrepresentations of Africa that stem from colonial-era spatial imaginations. These misrepresentations allow France to reorganize its imperial capacity under the guise of humanitarianism. The research will analyze French interventionism and its colonial legacy, use the crisis in the Central African Republic as a case study, and argue that interventions have reproduced patterns of neocolonial dependency rather than resolving local conflicts. The goal is to show how France's understanding of itself and Africa remains shaped by colonial notions that have yet to be decolonized
Dear Ms Nicola Duckworth I have read through the Amnesty International annual report 2012 for South Africa and I must say that I am quite disappointed as it makes no reference to the plight of the white minority group. It would be highly appreciated if you and the research team that prepares the report on South Africa could read through this document and to do any further research / analysis as you may deem appropriate on this matter. I would firstly like to state that I do not dispute the concerns regarding groups mentioned in the Annual Report, and I am not implying that whites are more at risk than any other mentioned group. I just don't know why their situation is totally ignored? Murders and other hate crimes perpetrated against the white minority in South Africa South Africa is extremely violent country with almost the highest murder rate (rate not number) and highest rape rate (rate not number) in the world, all people are affected by the crime, Blacks as a number more than whites which makes perfect sense as they account for 80% of the demographic. Unfortunately the SAPS does not keep statistics on any crimes by race, so it would be difficult to determine the difference in the murder rate by population group and if any trends can be determined over a certain period. There are groups that collect data and verify it against newspapers articles etc., I do understand though that this data cannot be used as official statistics, however there are estimations that between 65 thousand and 75 thousand white people have been murdered in South Africa since 1994, of these between 3 and 4 thousand murders were on farms. Since murder rates are not available by race, I have made the following calculation on various murder number assumptions starting at a very low conservative assumption of 50 thousand white murders increasing to the estimated levels. I used the latest population data provided by the Department of Statistics and the murder numbers provided by the South African Police Service to determine a murder rate per 100 thousand for this 18 year period. (Note usually murders are calculated as a rate per 100 000 per year, since annual estimations are not available I only calculated it over the 18 year period)
It is clear from the above that even at a very conservative assumption of 50 thousand white murders, the white population in South Africa is almost twice as likely to get murdered than South Africans of other races, when the number of murders that are estimated by other groups are used the rate increase to almost 3 times as likely. Data by race would enable us to determine if there is any trends, and if the murder rate has declined for whites and whether this is in line with the decline in murder rates for the rest of the population. This would enable us to determine if other minorities like coloured and Indian/Asian people are also targeted. It is also clear that accurate data per race is needed to determine the actual extend!
Definition, Types, Goal, Tactics, Financing of Terrorism, Global Terrorism Index (GTI), Terrorism in India, Agencies dealing with terrorism in India, How to stop Terrorism?
This document analyzes and compares the genocides in Rwanda and Darfur, and the international response to each. It notes that while the UN and US largely failed to intervene in the Rwandan genocide, there was more reaction (though still inadequate) to Darfur, including peacekeepers, ICC indictments, and sanctions. However, it argues more could have been done to stop both genocides if major powers prioritized human rights over political interests. Overall, the document examines the shortcomings of the international community to prevent and halt genocides.
This document discusses the definition and types of terrorism. It begins by exploring the origins and early definitions of terrorism, then examines how terrorism is currently defined by international organizations and different legal systems. The document outlines six categories of terrorism as defined by a US task force in the 1970s. It also discusses the challenges of terrorism in India, including ethno-nationalist, religious, and left-wing terrorism. The document concludes that while the concept of terrorism is controversial and politically charged, it remains a major challenge for India and its democracy.
The document discusses the origins, definitions, types, history, causes, and countermeasures of terrorism. It defines terrorism as the unlawful use of violence and intimidation against civilians for political aims. The terms "terrorism" and "terrorist" originated during the French Revolution but gained popularity in the 1970s. Terrorism has taken many forms throughout history, including state-sponsored terrorism, dissent terrorism, religious terrorism, and ideological terrorism. The document lists several possible causes of terrorism such as social and political injustice, illiteracy, inequality, and rapid modernization. It concludes by stating that counterterrorism has become a major challenge for modern societies.
Total war is characterized by making no distinction between combatants and civilians, with the aim of destroying the enemy's resources and ability to continue fighting. It allows all types of weapons. Napoleon's wars in the early 19th century marked the beginning of total war in Western history. Civil wars can also be total wars if they aim to take control of a country or region. Sun Tzu and Clausewitz discussed total war, with Clausewitz stating that "War is a continuation of policy by other means." The consequences of total war can be immense human costs as well as revolutionary changes to warfare, economics, and politics, as seen in World War I.
The document discusses political violence and its various forms such as war, genocide, human rights violations, torture, police brutality, and brutality by armed forces. It provides examples like the Holocaust, Abu Ghraib torture, and accusations against India's armed forces. Political violence has significant short and long term effects on societies like physical/psychological trauma, financial losses, migration, and prolonged social division. The document also discusses two case studies: the 2002 Godhra riots in India and the ongoing Arab uprisings that began in 2010 in response to authoritarianism and other grievances.
The document discusses various topics related to humanitarian intervention and sovereignty including:
1. The responsibility to protect principle holds that states have a primary responsibility to protect civilians, and the international community has a secondary responsibility to assist or intervene if the state is unwilling or unable to protect its population from mass atrocities.
2. There is debate around when and how humanitarian intervention should take place, with questions around the role of the UN Security Council and criteria for determining just cause.
3. While humanitarian intervention has become more accepted, it remains a highly political issue and requires balancing concerns of sovereignty and preventing mass atrocities or genocide. Global consensus and prevention should be the ultimate goals.
Thermal imaging video released by police shows the capture of the Boston Marathon bombing suspects. The video shows officers with thermal imaging equipment tracking one of the suspects hiding in a boat in a backyard. It then shows police firing flashbangs and pulling the injured suspect from the boat and placing him in an ambulance. The release of this video provided insight into the police tactics used to locate and capture the suspects in the Boston Marathon attack.
The document discusses various psychological and sociological theories that attempt to explain terrorism and extremism. It covers psychopathological theories that examine the relationship between terrorism and mental illness. It also discusses rational choice theory, which views terrorist actions as rational decisions to achieve political goals. Several sociological theories are outlined, including social learning theory, frustration-aggression theory, relative deprivation theory, oppression theory, and national cultural theory. Finally, it analyzes psychoanalytic psychological theories of terrorism, including those focused on identity, narcissism, and paranoia.
Preventive War and Humanitarian InterventionJude Metoyer
The document discusses Michael Doyle's proposal for developing a legal framework for preventive war and humanitarian intervention. It summarizes Doyle's three-part proposal: 1) Develop a multilateral framework for sanctioning preventive war, 2) Develop case law and jurisprudence around preventive use of force, and 3) Apply the same legal standards for unilateral intervention that exist for multilateral interventions. The document agrees with the first two parts but argues that Harold Koh makes a stronger case for banning unilateral preventive action, as unilateral action lacks legitimacy and there are better alternatives through multilateral cooperation.
The document provides a summary and professional experience of Shireen du Preez, including over 10 years of experience in strategic marketing roles in the healthcare industry focusing on product management, sales, and business development for companies in South Africa. She has a proven track record of successfully launching new products and growing market share across therapeutic areas such as oncology, hematology, and pain management.
Art therapy has been shown to have significant positive effects on children who have experienced trauma, abuse, or mental health issues. It allows children to express their emotions non-verbally through art, building trust with their therapist. Studies have demonstrated art therapy can help reduce depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem in children, while improving their sense of self and overall well-being. For art therapy to be most effective, parents must be open to this therapeutic approach and understand how it benefits children in healing from difficult experiences or conditions.
Katherine A. Clark is seeking a position where she can utilize her skills and experience managing staff, generating content, and editing on tight deadlines. She has over 5 years of experience as a news editor and manager at The Times Herald where she oversaw reporters, trained staff, and produced breaking news and features. Currently she works as an environmental specialist managing a staff of 15. She has a bachelor's degree in English and communications from Cabrini College.
Zero2 Academy, creata da professionisti del mondo della comunicazione e degli eventi, nasce proprio con l’intento di fornire ai partecipanti un bagaglio di conoscenze tecniche e strumenti operativi da utilizzare fin da subito.
El documento describe los principales componentes de una computadora. Estos incluyen el hardware (partes físicas), software (programas), firmware (interfaz entre hardware y software), info-ware (sitios web que comparten datos), human-ware (diseño centrado en el usuario), CPU (unidad central de procesamiento), ALU (unidad aritmético lógica), UC (unidad de control), memorias (RAM y ROM), puertos USB, placa madre, tarjetas de audio y video, proceso computacional (entrada, procesamiento, salida), y periféricos de entrada,
1) The document discusses the growing frozen foods market in India, driven by increasing numbers of nuclear families and working women who have less time to cook.
2) It notes that the frozen foods market remains nascent with few products and an underdeveloped distribution network and lack of freezer space.
3) The document outlines challenges for the frozen foods industry in India including developing consumer awareness and preferences, a lack of cold chain infrastructure, and the need for government support in incentives and foreign investment.
This document outlines a brand plan to increase market share for Instant Mix products in India. It notes that the current market share is 1.2% and identifies opportunities to launch new product varieties, expand distribution, and increase sales. A sales projection estimates that by increasing distribution by 100%, launching new products for a 50% sales boost, and boosting throughput per outlet by 30%, annual sales could grow from over 1 million cases currently to over 6 million cases within 5 years. The plan details advertising and promotional strategies using television, print, radio, outdoor, digital and in-store promotions to raise awareness and trial of the Instant Mix brand among target audiences like working professionals and families.
The Indian processed food market has been growing consistently in recent years and is projected to surpass $300 billion by 2025. Maharashtra is a leading state in India's food processing industry, accounting for around 13% currently but with potential to reach 25% due to various competitive advantages like large agricultural production, climate conditions favorable for dairy and poultry, and infrastructure. However, the industry faces challenges like a large unorganized sector, lack of infrastructure and quality control, and issues around farm productivity and supply chains. Both government and private players are taking steps to address these challenges and further develop the food processing industry.
Art therapy uses creative activities like painting, drawing, sculpting to improve mental, physical, and emotional well-being. It began in the 18th century to treat psychiatric patients and became a formal profession in the mid-20th century. In art therapy sessions, inner feelings and imagination are expressed through art rather than focusing on technical skills. A variety of art materials can be used for drawing, painting, printmaking, sculpture. Art therapy aims to help clients through healing and is an alternative to therapies using words, music or drama.
Este documento habla sobre la cultura en el municipio de Carmen de Viboral. Menciona eventos culturales como el Carnaval de comparsas y el Día de la antioqueñidad en el colegio Fray Julio Tobón B., así como los talleres que ofrece la Casa de la Cultura a la comunidad. También aborda el tema de las drogas y los talleres culturales que se realizan en el colegio Fray Julio.
The document discusses Mother's Recipe, an Indian food brand owned by Desai Brothers Limited. It has expanded from pickles to include 12 categories of products totaling over 150 variants. The brand aims to bring authentic regional Indian tastes and is a market leader in pickles. It has a growing domestic and international presence. The document discusses Mother's Recipe's strategies for new product development, retail partnerships, marketing and driving category growth. It highlights initiatives like regional pickle festivals and digital campaigns to promote the brand.
Pickles are used to enhance the flavor and taste of foods. They add zing to salads, sauces, sandwiches and more. Pickles come in varieties like mango, green chili, and mixed flavors. They are in high demand in restaurants, hotels, and households. The pickle industry has seen increased demand due to more food processing and awareness of ready-to-eat products. Major manufacturers of pickles in India include Pravin Masalewale, k-Pra, and Kamdhenu pickles & Spices Pvt. Ltd. India exports pickles worth hundreds of crores annually, with the USA being the largest importer of Indian mango pickles.
This document provides a project report on the retail industry and strategies developed by major players. It includes sections on objectives, executive summary, organization overview, research methodology, data analysis, conclusions, suggestions, and limitations. It discusses the evolution of the Indian retail industry, key challenges such as location, merchandise, pricing, and target audiences. It also covers different types of Indian retail like malls, specialty stores, discount stores, and factors driving growth in the organized retail sector in India.
Chapter 5 Global TerrorismNONSTATE ADVERSARIES, FUNDAMENTALIST.docxbissacr
Chapter 5 Global Terrorism
NONSTATE ADVERSARIES, FUNDAMENTALIST RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM, AND WEAPONS ARE THREE FORCES OF GLOBAL TERRORISM, ALL REPRESENTED BY TALIBAN FIGHTERS IN AFGHANISTAN.
Learning Objectives
1. 5.1Recognize that terrorism is a contentious issue that becomes hopelessly muddled by political and military considerations
2. 5.2Review the factors that are conducive to terrorism
3. 5.3Identify the goals, strategies, and weapons of terrorism
4. 5.4Identify the sources of funds that are used for financing terrorism
5. 5.5Review how terrorism adversely affects individuals, nations, and other groups
6. 5.6Summarize five kinds of terrorism
7. 5.7Examine the different ways of combating terrorism
8. 5.8Analyze the fundamental question about the balance between fighting terrorism and protecting democracy within the United States
The Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013 and the grisly murder of an off-duty British soldier in public in London in May 2013 that was filmed on mobile phones as the terrorist waited for police demonstrate a further shift away from centralized terrorist organizations to lone wolf terrorism. This kind of terrorism is conducted by self-motivated independent individuals. The attacks in Boston and London show how difficult it is to prevent lone wolf terrorism.
Successful U.S. counterterrorism measures against al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and in Pakistan, combined with failed democratic transitions in the Middle East and North Africa, have contributed to the shift of global terrorism to Africa. Domestic terrorist groups such as Boko Haram, which means “Western education is sacrilege,” in northern Nigeria, collaborate with al-Qaeda. The Syrian civil war, chaos in Iraq following the U.S. withdrawal, and the disintegration of law and order in Libya have strengthened terrorism, most notably the group called the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), which claimed credit for the November 13, 2015 terrorist massacre in Paris.
The growing use of armed drones for targeted killings of suspected terrorists in Yemen, Pakistan, Somalia, Niger, and elsewhere raises many controversial issues. Drones are effective weapons against terrorists. Even though they kill fewer civilians than alternative methods, the loss of innocent civilian lives undermines their use.
Edward Snowden’s leaking of documents showing extensive spying on Americans as well as people and governments around the world by the National Security Agency (NSA) as part of America’s counterterrorism strategy raised global concerns about the basic right to privacy. It also has far-reaching consequences for U.S. security and foreign policy.
Osama bin Laden, widely viewed as the embodiment of global terrorism, was killed by U.S. Special Forces on May 1, 2011, in Pakistan. Despite this significant development, the war on terrorism continues. Think about how the escalation of global terrorism affects our daily lives. This global problem is now virtually inseparable from pe.
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The document discusses terrorism and its causes and responses. It notes that terrorism first emerged during the French Revolution and has since become a prominent problem worldwide. Modern terrorist groups like ISIS have carried out deadly attacks in cities like Paris. While some argue for diplomatic solutions, the document asserts that using military and special forces to target leaders and funders is a more realistic approach to ending terrorism, as many terrorist groups are too radical to negotiate.
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1) Terrorism is a difficult concept to define, but it generally involves unlawful violence or threats of violence to intimidate or coerce a government, population, or segment for political or social goals. 2) Terrorism differs from ordinary crimes in that its motivation is political rather than just personal gain. 3) Responses to terrorism must balance security and preventing future attacks with avoiding harming innocent people or increasing support for terrorists. Eliminating root causes like poverty, ignorance, and lack of political participation can help prevent terrorism long term.
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The document discusses global extremism and terrorism from the perspective of the Muslim world. It provides definitions of extremism and terrorism, examines their root causes such as misinterpretation of religious texts and oppression. It analyzes the portrayal of terrorism in Western media and the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. The document argues that extremism cannot be eliminated through force alone and that the underlying social and political factors fueling extremism must be addressed.
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Analyse a particular 1
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Analyse a particular ‘terrorist’ incident of your choosing through the application of a
critical perspective on terrorism as described by Jackson, Smyth and Gunning
(2010).
Toulouse and Montauban shootings
The aim of this essay is to analyse a particular terror incident of my choosing through
the application on terrorism as described by Jackson, Smyth and Gunning (2010).
The particular incident which I wish to analyse is the series of shootings which
occurred in France 2012 within Toulouse and Montauban. These attacks targeted
French soldiers and Jewish civilians leaving seven people killed and five people
severely injured. The following sections will discuss the critical study of terrorism and
from this suggest an understanding of the terrorist attack in France in 2012. In light
of Jackson, Smyth and Gunning (2010). This essay aspires to offer an explanation
as to why this terrorist attack in France occurred. It is important to understand in the
following sections that I am not condemning the brutalities of these attacks however I
do feel that they were provoked. I will discuss how intense political conflict may have
been a reason behind these shootings and provide an insight into historical, political
and social contexts.
The 32 hour siege of the series of terror attacks in South France were controlled by
23 year old Mohammed Merch who told police that he belonged to al Queda, all
deaths were French and of North African origin. When asked why he engaged in
such attacks Merch suggested that engaged in this killing spree as a result of the
deaths of Palestinian children. He also stated that he was protesting against French
wars abroad and the ban on face covering veils in public. According to Jackson et al
‘the notion of religious terrorism is a recent addition to existing typologies and refers
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to groups with primarily religious motives for their violence’ (2010, 8). Jackson et al
continue by arguing that the term is usually applied to ‘Islamic fundamentalist’ groups
like al Qaeda (Ibid). Although Merch claimed to the public that he belonged to al
Qaeda, the question is what were the religious motives for this violence in France?
The ongoing conflict between Palestine and Israel has caused severe inequality and
tragic deaths among those in Gaza, Israel has separated Palestine from them by
building a dividing wall between them. Not only have they separated Palestine but
they have also taken control of their borders restricting access of all imports. A state
official according to Dale Sprusansky (2014) argues that Palestinian children are
regularly subjected to violence and torture by Israeli Defence Forces, children as
young as five are arrested and put into refugee camps. These children are
blindfolded, their hands put behind their backs and hit with beer bottles and helmets.
When incarcerated they are denied food, water and medical assistance, the official
also stated that he has witnessed children asking to have their handcuffs loosened
by which the Israeli Defence Forces have in fact tightened them.
How are such attacks not perceived as terrorist attacks?, these children are left to
die a slower and more painful death than those involved in the terrorist attacks which
we frequently hear of. Jackson et al argues that political violence is more likely when
certain population groups feel deprived socially, economically or politically, relative to
other population groups and that this includes the absence of material and
organisational resources (2010: 9,10). Furthermore political exclusion is a key cause
of terrorism whether it concerns ethnic, religious or socio-economic groups (Ibid, 10).
Jackson et al argues that religious terrorism is a label often employed as a ‘political
tool to paint certain groups as fanatics lacking genuine political grievances and the
capacity to compromise, thus legitimising exceptional counter-terrorism measures’
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(2010, 8). In light of this one must consider the power of the media and the power of
the US as a country. Austin Turk argues that the US is ‘highly selective and
influential in determining which parties and their activities in violent struggles will be
labelled (2004, 272). As suggested by Gurr (1989) The US has a long history of
violence and has caused many casualties by use of bombs, assassinations and
massacres however only few have been defined as terrorism (Ibid). The tragedy of
September 11th has been and continued to be displayed on every television station
in Europe however Palestine lacks the superpowers needed to have their tragedies
appear on western television. Turk argues that ‘who is blamed for ongoing terrorist
violence depends on which media one examines’ (Ibid, 275). As a result suggests
Turk, western media reports blame Palestinians for the ongoing violence between
the Arabs and the Israelis (Ibid).
Albert J Bergesen and Omar Lizardo provide a theoretical framework for
understanding terrorist activity by situating it within the larger dynamics of the global
system (2004, 38). They argue that ‘the premeditated use of violence by a non state
group to obtain a political, religious or social objective through fear or intimidation
directed at a large audience’ (Ibid). However they stress the importance of gaining
insight at an individual level by accessing the minds of terrorists such as suicide
bombers. By doing this one may identify the power of the US in promoting Arab-
Islamic terrorism and therefore seek some kind of understanding of retaliation for
previous American imperial actions (Ibid, 45). As suggested by Jackson et al critical
terrorism studies can contribute ‘new knowledge and theories which help to
deconstruct and debunk many of the popular myths and misconceptions about terror’
(2010, 16). In order to do this one must dig deep into the past and discover motives
that may have provoked a terrorist attack. One must also become aware of the
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powers certain countries hold over others, as Turk suggests US authorities have had
the power to ignore or downplay the political significance of violence in the past
however they also have the power to label retaliators as ‘deranged’ and evil
individuals (2004, 272). This reveals the ways in which language, discourse and
particularly the naming of terrorism, is not a neutral process but has political
consequences for the terrorists, their communities and those that do the naming
(2010, 16). According to Krueger and Maleckova (2003) ‘terrorism is better
understood as a response to feelings of indignity and frustration developed in
repressive political environments’ (Ibid, 274). This brings us back to Mohammed
Merch in understanding his reasons behind his terrorist attacks in Toulouse and
Montauban.
Merch stated that not only did he want to avenge the deaths of Palestinian children
but that he also wanted to protest against the French and the ban on face covering in
public (2012). The French government banned pupils from wearing a hijab in public
high schools in 2004 and in 2009 the problem of Muslim women wearing the niqab
began to be investigated (Tissot, Sylvie, 2011:39, 40). The government were urged
to free these women from the burkha and escape their oppressive culture which
would lead them to emancipation (Ibid, 40, 42.). There is a growing stigmatization of
radicalized populations in Western countries, especially Arab or Muslim people
(Ibid). As a result of this ban on headscarves, women have since been arrested and
fined. A husband of one of these women has also been deprived his French
citizenship ‘which is a punishment normally applied only to individuals deemed to
pose a threat to the country’ (Ibid, 41). The question which Tissot brings to light is
why should women be punished for wearing a niqab in public space and how can a
piece of cloth threaten French society? Her answer is Islamaphobia, Tissot suggests
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that ‘Islamophobic feelings have deep historical roots in France and are linked to
long-standing hostility toward Muslims in general’ (Ibid, 44) However these
Islamophobic feelings are linked more specifically toward the spectre of Algeria and
Mohammed Merch was an Algerian man (Ibid). Could this contribute to the
escalation of the attacks in France or the fact that these women were and continue
to be terrorised, they have had their identity stolen by the French government. Turk
argues that violence is a response to oppression and exploitation and the last resort
of the deprived and the desperate (2004, 273). In contrast Jackson et al argues that
‘nationalist terrorism most often emerges from an ongoing struggle for self-
determination or regional autonomy’ (2010, 8).
The French government has identified these women as being oppressed and
exploited by Muslim men however it is the French government which has put them in
chains. Many cannot leave their homes as their religious beliefs forbid them from
entering public space without their head covering. They are left isolated and
secluded from society as their headscarf discourages them from promoting a ‘French
identity’ (2011, 44). One may argue that Mohammed Merch was a deranged and
evil individual who killed innocent men and children however it is important to
research the historical contexts. The brutality and suffering in Palestine by the
Israelis is ongoing however we rarely hear about these attacks. Tissot argues the
French are ‘targeting radicalized populations on the basis of religion and gender and
the problem of the burkha which began in France is now spreading to other countries
(Ibid, 46). In my opinion and from a sociological perspective the people of Palestine
and Muslim women in France are suffering from a form of terrorism, an attack that
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will not be over tomorrow but one which will continue to remain restricting them of
their basic humanitarian needs.
In conclusion and in comparison with Jackson et al (2010) I have discussed some of
the neglected aspects to the study of terrorism. The importance of new ways of
thinking have been analysed focusing on factors such as history and context, media
and political conflict. This essay has provided some insight on terrorism as a political
label and a socially constructed category. It has also suggested that terrorism can
never be wholly objective, but will always have political consequences. I have
remained transparent about my own values and political standpoints throughout the
essay as I have a keen interest in Palestine as a country suffering from major
inequalities. I feel I have dedicated to expanding the focus of research to include the
use of terrorism by states, including Western states, the wider non-violent aspects of
violent organisations, and to integrating gender as a key area of focus.
Bibliography
Albert J. Bergesen and Omar Lizardo. (2004). “International Terrorism and the
World-System”. Sociological Theory. 22(1): 38-52.
Austin T. Turk. (2004). “Sociology of Terrorism”. Annual Review of Sociology. 30:
271-286.
Dale, Sprusansky. (2014). “As Pawns of the Occupation, Palestinian Children face
regular Abuse and Torture”. Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. 33(4): 13-17.
Jackson, R., Gunning, J., & Breen Smyth, M. (2010). Terrorism: Terrorism in the 21st
Century. Accessed on Moodle: