In 2018, IGF released a Guidance to the attention of governments on the design of local content policies. The Guidance provides the key steps that are necessary for effective policy design, and highlights the necessary pre-requisits that need to be in place for successful policies. Key instruments of local content are also highlighted. The Guidance is informed by case studies of successful and failed policies.
Unpacking local content requirements in the extractive sector: What implications for the global trade framework?
Trade and Investment in Extractive Industries
The E15 First Expert Group Workshop
Isabelle Ramdoo
ECDPM
13 March 2015
The presentation unpacks the key concepts covered by local content policies in the mining sector. It highlights in particular the key characteristics of local content policies and the link between LCPs and the international trade and investment frameworks.
This document summarizes discussions from workshops at the Asia-Pacific Regional Forum in Manila, Philippines on issues related to extractive industries transparency. Key topics discussed included: advancing debates around free, prior, and informed consent; tackling illicit financial flows and improving tax justice; establishing sovereign wealth funds; reforming trade agreements; implementing mandatory disclosure requirements; and linking extractive industry revenues to community expenditures in a transparent way. Capacity building, legal reforms, community mobilization, and regional cooperation were identified as important to progressing discussions on these issues.
Local content policies in the mining sector: lessons, challenges and new toolsIsabelle Ramdoo
This presentation is based on an expert paper, that unpacks local content policies in the mining sector. It highlights the different mechanisms and tools that governments can use to implement such policies as well as other voluntary initiatives used by mining industry. Finally it stresses on opportunities and challenges faced in designing such policies.
The document discusses various topics related to international business management.
It first discusses the importance of environment scanning for international businesses and the factors that need to be scanned, such as economic, political, legal, demographic, and socio-cultural factors.
It then discusses greenfield investment, describing it as constructing new facilities from the ground up. Greenfield investments are beneficial for developing countries like India as they create new production capacity and jobs.
Finally, it discusses different types of regional integration, including preferential trading agreements, free trade areas, customs unions, and common markets, explaining how regional integration can help grow trade between countries.
This presentation by the Philippine Competition Commission was made during Break-out Session 1: Advocacy in the framework of the discussion on “Overcoming adversity and attaining success: Small and developing competition agencies” held at the 16th meeting of the OECD Global Forum on Competition on 8 December 2017. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/sda.
- The document discusses various tools and frameworks for identifying promising investment opportunities, including SWOT analysis, Porter's five forces model, and the product life cycle approach.
- It outlines the process of generating ideas, screening projects, and developing a project rating index to evaluate ideas. Factors like strategic fit, costs, risks and market potential are assessed.
- Successful entrepreneurs ask important questions about goals, strategy, and execution capability. Qualities like leadership, marketing skills, and the willingness to sacrifice are also discussed.
Unpacking local content requirements in the extractive sector: What implications for the global trade framework?
Trade and Investment in Extractive Industries
The E15 First Expert Group Workshop
Isabelle Ramdoo
ECDPM
13 March 2015
The presentation unpacks the key concepts covered by local content policies in the mining sector. It highlights in particular the key characteristics of local content policies and the link between LCPs and the international trade and investment frameworks.
This document summarizes discussions from workshops at the Asia-Pacific Regional Forum in Manila, Philippines on issues related to extractive industries transparency. Key topics discussed included: advancing debates around free, prior, and informed consent; tackling illicit financial flows and improving tax justice; establishing sovereign wealth funds; reforming trade agreements; implementing mandatory disclosure requirements; and linking extractive industry revenues to community expenditures in a transparent way. Capacity building, legal reforms, community mobilization, and regional cooperation were identified as important to progressing discussions on these issues.
Local content policies in the mining sector: lessons, challenges and new toolsIsabelle Ramdoo
This presentation is based on an expert paper, that unpacks local content policies in the mining sector. It highlights the different mechanisms and tools that governments can use to implement such policies as well as other voluntary initiatives used by mining industry. Finally it stresses on opportunities and challenges faced in designing such policies.
The document discusses various topics related to international business management.
It first discusses the importance of environment scanning for international businesses and the factors that need to be scanned, such as economic, political, legal, demographic, and socio-cultural factors.
It then discusses greenfield investment, describing it as constructing new facilities from the ground up. Greenfield investments are beneficial for developing countries like India as they create new production capacity and jobs.
Finally, it discusses different types of regional integration, including preferential trading agreements, free trade areas, customs unions, and common markets, explaining how regional integration can help grow trade between countries.
This presentation by the Philippine Competition Commission was made during Break-out Session 1: Advocacy in the framework of the discussion on “Overcoming adversity and attaining success: Small and developing competition agencies” held at the 16th meeting of the OECD Global Forum on Competition on 8 December 2017. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/sda.
- The document discusses various tools and frameworks for identifying promising investment opportunities, including SWOT analysis, Porter's five forces model, and the product life cycle approach.
- It outlines the process of generating ideas, screening projects, and developing a project rating index to evaluate ideas. Factors like strategic fit, costs, risks and market potential are assessed.
- Successful entrepreneurs ask important questions about goals, strategy, and execution capability. Qualities like leadership, marketing skills, and the willingness to sacrifice are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of a report that maps policies around unsolicited bids globally. It analyzes the regulations and processes of different countries for evaluating unsolicited proposals. The report compares countries on their systems, reimbursement policies, protection of intellectual property rights, timelines and legal frameworks. It identifies key sectors that attract many unsolicited bids, such as transport, water and sanitation infrastructure. The objective is to help public and private clients better understand the drivers and successful approaches to unsolicited bids.
The document discusses sectoral crediting mechanisms (SCM), which allow crediting of emission reductions from policies and measures implemented at the sector level. It explains that an SCM works by setting a crediting baseline below business-as-usual emissions, generating credits for reductions below that level. Key challenges include defining sectors, estimating future emissions, and establishing credible baselines with limited data. Certain sectors like those with large emissions sources may be better suited to SCMs. Effective governance structures including a coordinating agency and regulatory oversight body are also discussed.
First International Conference
Perspectives for Ukraine on Implementation of
Public Private Partnerships
PPP – The EIB Experience
by Tilman Seibert
Kyiv, 21 March 2006
(40)industrial policies in a changing world ppt hari master pieceHariMasterpiece
The document discusses industrial policies for low-income countries. It examines case studies of specific policies in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Mozambique that targeted the pharmaceutical, cut flowers, and aluminum industries. It notes the domestic challenges low-income countries face in implementing industrial policies due to factors like market failures, governance issues, and lack of infrastructure. However, it also discusses how with the right policies around skills transfer, subsidies, and public-private partnerships, industrial policies can succeed in diversifying economies and developing new industries. The document concludes that in a changing global trade environment, low-income countries will need to shift policies to focus more on building market capabilities and linking firms to global value chains.
LEPs to Date and the Importance of the Evidence Base - Andrew Field (BIS)South West Observatory
1. The document outlines the UK government's new approach to local economic growth through Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs).
2. LEPs will be business-led boards that have access to funds like the Regional Growth Fund to support local economic development.
3. The roles of LEPs include improving the local business environment, supporting enterprise, and helping address unemployment. They will work with national bodies on economic development.
This document discusses social cost benefit analysis (SCBA) and the UNIDO approach to SCBA. It is divided into several sections that cover: the rationale for SCBA including market imperfections, externalities, and taxes/subsidies; the UNIDO approach and its 5 stages; calculating net benefits using shadow pricing and choosing a numeraire; the concept of tradable goods; sources of shadow prices; and treatment of taxes in the analysis. The overall document provides an overview of how to conduct SCBA according to the UNIDO methodology.
This document discusses different techniques for calculating shadow prices used in cost-benefit analysis for projects and policies. Shadow pricing is important for conducting social cost-benefit analysis and accounts for market distortions. The techniques discussed are UNIDO's 5 stage approach, the OECD (Little and Mirrless) approach, and the World Bank model. All three approaches involve classifying project inputs and outputs as traded, non-traded, or labor and calculating shadow prices based on international prices, marginal prices, or wage rates.
Towards an integrated governance framework for infrastructure - Ian Hawkeswor...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Ian Hawkesworth, OECD, Thailand, at the 10th OECD-Asian Senior Budget Officials Annual Meeting held in Bangkok, Thailand, on 18-19 December 2014.
The document discusses social cost benefit analysis (SCBA), which evaluates projects from a societal perspective rather than a private perspective. SCBA accounts for indirect impacts like externalities, taxes/subsidies, savings, redistribution, and merit goods. It describes the UNIDO and L&M approaches to SCBA. The UNIDO approach involves 5 stages: 1) financial analysis, 2) economic prices, 3) income distribution impacts, 4) savings impacts, and 5) merit/demerit goods adjustments. It also discusses shadow pricing methodology and considers social discount rates.
Social Cost Benefit Analysis: Concept of social cost benefit, significance of SCBA, Approach to SCBA,
UNIDO approach to SCBA, Shadow pricing of resource, the little miracle approach,
Project Implementation: Schedule of project implementation, Project Planning, Project Control, Human
aspects of project management, team building, high performance team.
This document discusses infrastructure policy and development in Nepal. It begins by defining infrastructure and its importance for economic development. It then discusses Nepal's ranking in quality infrastructure development. The document outlines several key aspects of infrastructure policy, including market structure options, price regulation, financing, and ensuring access. It provides details on Nepal's policies and strategies for various infrastructure sectors like energy, transport, water and sanitation. It also discusses issues with implementing infrastructure policies in Nepal, such as inconsistent laws and lack of a clear and predictable legal framework. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of infrastructure policy and development challenges in Nepal.
Unpacking local content requirements in the extractive sectorIsabelle Ramdoo
The E15 Initiative Expert Group on Trade and Investment in the Extractive Sector commissioned a paper on local content requirements. This presentation outlines the key elements of the Paper and unpacks the key characteristics of local content requirements.
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI), multinational corporations (MNCs), and host country policy. It begins by explaining why FDI and MNCs are important globally in terms of their economic impact. It then examines different theories for why FDI and MNCs exist, including addressing market imperfections and failures. The document also discusses various effects of FDI on host countries, such as resource transfers and impacts on trade, competition, and sovereignty. It analyzes common host country policy approaches toward attracting and regulating FDI, and questions how effective these policies are. The document concludes by providing an example of India's objectives and the consequences of its historical FDI policies.
This presentation by Allan FELS AO (Professor, University of Melbourne, Monash & Oxford and former Chair of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission) was made during the session on Competition in public markets held at the 16th meeting of the OECD Global Forum on Competition on 8 December 2017. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/28n
This document provides an overview of social cost benefit analysis (SCBA). It discusses that SCBA is a methodology used to evaluate investment projects and aid in resource allocation. The document outlines two main approaches to SCBA - the UNIDO approach and L-M approach. The UNIDO approach examines project desirability from financial profitability, savings/consumption, income distribution, and merit/demerit goods production. It involves calculating financial profitability, net economic benefits, and making adjustments. The L-M approach differs in using uncommitted social income as the numeraire and measuring costs/benefits in border prices.
This document provides an overview and comparison of old and new perspectives on economic development, as presented by Justin Lin in his "New Structural Economics". The old perspectives, including laissez-faire, structuralism, and trade theories, focused on government intervention and import substitution. The new perspective emphasizes the role of comparative advantage, facilitating industrial upgrading based on a country's factor endowments, and allowing the market to allocate resources. This new perspective provides a more continuous view of development and a greater role for the private sector compared to the old perspectives.
Competition Policy in Smaller Economies: Balancing Regulation & InvestmentMartyn Taylor
This document discusses competition policy and law in smaller economies. It notes that smaller economies typically have more concentrated markets that can support fewer competitors. As such, competition laws in smaller economies may tolerate higher levels of market concentration and place greater emphasis on allowing coordination between firms to achieve efficiencies. Specifically:
- Merger thresholds may be set higher to allow for greater consolidation to achieve economies of scale.
- Coordination between firms is more likely to be permitted if it can generate productive efficiencies.
- Conduct regulation focuses on highly concentrated sectors and conduct that is clearly not efficient.
- Guidance is used to provide regulatory certainty given smaller agency resources.
This presentation by Prof. R Nieuwenkamp was made during the Promoting Responsible Investment in Myanmar Conference (4 March 2014, Yangon) at the session the opportunities for RBC in Myanmar.
Find out more at http://mneguidelines.oecd.org/2014-conference-promoting-responsible-investment-myanmar.htm
Smaller states face challenges collaborating on major defense procurements due to limited budgets and staff. Cooperative procurement of standard supplies like food, fuel, and uniforms offers a feasible approach. Pooled demand across regions allows smaller states to realize cost savings while still supporting domestic industries. Successful collaboration requires investment in training, development of common technical standards, starting projects early, and setting realistic goals.
E15 Second Expert Group Meeting
Reinvigorating Manufacturing: New Industrial Policy and the Trade System
Isabelle Ramdoo
Deputy Head of Programme
Trade and Economic Transformation
Geneva, 4-5 December 2014
The document provides an overview of a report that maps policies around unsolicited bids globally. It analyzes the regulations and processes of different countries for evaluating unsolicited proposals. The report compares countries on their systems, reimbursement policies, protection of intellectual property rights, timelines and legal frameworks. It identifies key sectors that attract many unsolicited bids, such as transport, water and sanitation infrastructure. The objective is to help public and private clients better understand the drivers and successful approaches to unsolicited bids.
The document discusses sectoral crediting mechanisms (SCM), which allow crediting of emission reductions from policies and measures implemented at the sector level. It explains that an SCM works by setting a crediting baseline below business-as-usual emissions, generating credits for reductions below that level. Key challenges include defining sectors, estimating future emissions, and establishing credible baselines with limited data. Certain sectors like those with large emissions sources may be better suited to SCMs. Effective governance structures including a coordinating agency and regulatory oversight body are also discussed.
First International Conference
Perspectives for Ukraine on Implementation of
Public Private Partnerships
PPP – The EIB Experience
by Tilman Seibert
Kyiv, 21 March 2006
(40)industrial policies in a changing world ppt hari master pieceHariMasterpiece
The document discusses industrial policies for low-income countries. It examines case studies of specific policies in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Mozambique that targeted the pharmaceutical, cut flowers, and aluminum industries. It notes the domestic challenges low-income countries face in implementing industrial policies due to factors like market failures, governance issues, and lack of infrastructure. However, it also discusses how with the right policies around skills transfer, subsidies, and public-private partnerships, industrial policies can succeed in diversifying economies and developing new industries. The document concludes that in a changing global trade environment, low-income countries will need to shift policies to focus more on building market capabilities and linking firms to global value chains.
LEPs to Date and the Importance of the Evidence Base - Andrew Field (BIS)South West Observatory
1. The document outlines the UK government's new approach to local economic growth through Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs).
2. LEPs will be business-led boards that have access to funds like the Regional Growth Fund to support local economic development.
3. The roles of LEPs include improving the local business environment, supporting enterprise, and helping address unemployment. They will work with national bodies on economic development.
This document discusses social cost benefit analysis (SCBA) and the UNIDO approach to SCBA. It is divided into several sections that cover: the rationale for SCBA including market imperfections, externalities, and taxes/subsidies; the UNIDO approach and its 5 stages; calculating net benefits using shadow pricing and choosing a numeraire; the concept of tradable goods; sources of shadow prices; and treatment of taxes in the analysis. The overall document provides an overview of how to conduct SCBA according to the UNIDO methodology.
This document discusses different techniques for calculating shadow prices used in cost-benefit analysis for projects and policies. Shadow pricing is important for conducting social cost-benefit analysis and accounts for market distortions. The techniques discussed are UNIDO's 5 stage approach, the OECD (Little and Mirrless) approach, and the World Bank model. All three approaches involve classifying project inputs and outputs as traded, non-traded, or labor and calculating shadow prices based on international prices, marginal prices, or wage rates.
Towards an integrated governance framework for infrastructure - Ian Hawkeswor...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Ian Hawkesworth, OECD, Thailand, at the 10th OECD-Asian Senior Budget Officials Annual Meeting held in Bangkok, Thailand, on 18-19 December 2014.
The document discusses social cost benefit analysis (SCBA), which evaluates projects from a societal perspective rather than a private perspective. SCBA accounts for indirect impacts like externalities, taxes/subsidies, savings, redistribution, and merit goods. It describes the UNIDO and L&M approaches to SCBA. The UNIDO approach involves 5 stages: 1) financial analysis, 2) economic prices, 3) income distribution impacts, 4) savings impacts, and 5) merit/demerit goods adjustments. It also discusses shadow pricing methodology and considers social discount rates.
Social Cost Benefit Analysis: Concept of social cost benefit, significance of SCBA, Approach to SCBA,
UNIDO approach to SCBA, Shadow pricing of resource, the little miracle approach,
Project Implementation: Schedule of project implementation, Project Planning, Project Control, Human
aspects of project management, team building, high performance team.
This document discusses infrastructure policy and development in Nepal. It begins by defining infrastructure and its importance for economic development. It then discusses Nepal's ranking in quality infrastructure development. The document outlines several key aspects of infrastructure policy, including market structure options, price regulation, financing, and ensuring access. It provides details on Nepal's policies and strategies for various infrastructure sectors like energy, transport, water and sanitation. It also discusses issues with implementing infrastructure policies in Nepal, such as inconsistent laws and lack of a clear and predictable legal framework. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of infrastructure policy and development challenges in Nepal.
Unpacking local content requirements in the extractive sectorIsabelle Ramdoo
The E15 Initiative Expert Group on Trade and Investment in the Extractive Sector commissioned a paper on local content requirements. This presentation outlines the key elements of the Paper and unpacks the key characteristics of local content requirements.
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI), multinational corporations (MNCs), and host country policy. It begins by explaining why FDI and MNCs are important globally in terms of their economic impact. It then examines different theories for why FDI and MNCs exist, including addressing market imperfections and failures. The document also discusses various effects of FDI on host countries, such as resource transfers and impacts on trade, competition, and sovereignty. It analyzes common host country policy approaches toward attracting and regulating FDI, and questions how effective these policies are. The document concludes by providing an example of India's objectives and the consequences of its historical FDI policies.
This presentation by Allan FELS AO (Professor, University of Melbourne, Monash & Oxford and former Chair of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission) was made during the session on Competition in public markets held at the 16th meeting of the OECD Global Forum on Competition on 8 December 2017. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/28n
This document provides an overview of social cost benefit analysis (SCBA). It discusses that SCBA is a methodology used to evaluate investment projects and aid in resource allocation. The document outlines two main approaches to SCBA - the UNIDO approach and L-M approach. The UNIDO approach examines project desirability from financial profitability, savings/consumption, income distribution, and merit/demerit goods production. It involves calculating financial profitability, net economic benefits, and making adjustments. The L-M approach differs in using uncommitted social income as the numeraire and measuring costs/benefits in border prices.
This document provides an overview and comparison of old and new perspectives on economic development, as presented by Justin Lin in his "New Structural Economics". The old perspectives, including laissez-faire, structuralism, and trade theories, focused on government intervention and import substitution. The new perspective emphasizes the role of comparative advantage, facilitating industrial upgrading based on a country's factor endowments, and allowing the market to allocate resources. This new perspective provides a more continuous view of development and a greater role for the private sector compared to the old perspectives.
Competition Policy in Smaller Economies: Balancing Regulation & InvestmentMartyn Taylor
This document discusses competition policy and law in smaller economies. It notes that smaller economies typically have more concentrated markets that can support fewer competitors. As such, competition laws in smaller economies may tolerate higher levels of market concentration and place greater emphasis on allowing coordination between firms to achieve efficiencies. Specifically:
- Merger thresholds may be set higher to allow for greater consolidation to achieve economies of scale.
- Coordination between firms is more likely to be permitted if it can generate productive efficiencies.
- Conduct regulation focuses on highly concentrated sectors and conduct that is clearly not efficient.
- Guidance is used to provide regulatory certainty given smaller agency resources.
This presentation by Prof. R Nieuwenkamp was made during the Promoting Responsible Investment in Myanmar Conference (4 March 2014, Yangon) at the session the opportunities for RBC in Myanmar.
Find out more at http://mneguidelines.oecd.org/2014-conference-promoting-responsible-investment-myanmar.htm
Smaller states face challenges collaborating on major defense procurements due to limited budgets and staff. Cooperative procurement of standard supplies like food, fuel, and uniforms offers a feasible approach. Pooled demand across regions allows smaller states to realize cost savings while still supporting domestic industries. Successful collaboration requires investment in training, development of common technical standards, starting projects early, and setting realistic goals.
E15 Second Expert Group Meeting
Reinvigorating Manufacturing: New Industrial Policy and the Trade System
Isabelle Ramdoo
Deputy Head of Programme
Trade and Economic Transformation
Geneva, 4-5 December 2014
This document discusses project management and monitoring the business environment. It outlines six sectors to monitor: economic, government, technological, socio-demographic, competition, and supplier. When screening project ideas, factors to consider include compatibility with the promoter, consistency with government priorities, availability of inputs, adequacy of the market, reasonableness of cost, acceptability of risk level, and eliminating ideas that are technically unsound, have no market, inadequate inputs, or are too costly. Environmental monitoring refers to observing an environment, characterizing its quality, and establishing parameters to quantify an activity's impact in a risk assessment report.
These highlights from the OECD Investment Policy Review of Myanmar were presented at launch events in Myanmar on 1 and 4 March 2014. Myanmar's Union Minister of National Planning and Economic Development, Dr. Kan Zaw, praised the comprehensive nature of the report and said that it would help to guide the government in solidifying investment climate reforms and in promoting more and better investment.
Find out more at http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/investment-policy-reform-in-myanmar.htm
Towards an effective governance framework for infrastructure - Ronnie Downes,...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Ronnie Downes, OECD, at the 11th Annual Meeting of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Senior Budget Officials (CESEE SBO) held in Warsaw, Poland, on 21-22 May 2015.
India requires massive investments estimated at $4.5 trillion over the next decade to meet its targets for renewable energy and urban sustainability. However, there are major impediments to attracting this level of investment, including restrictions on sectors and entry routes, inflexible labor laws, lack of consistent long-term policies, and bureaucratic delays. The document recommends reforms such as reducing restrictions, providing labor flexibility, promoting special economic zones, establishing independent regulators, and improving the business environment to facilitate the large-scale investments needed. It also discusses India's positive approach to working with multilateral development banks, which provided a record $43.1 billion in climate finance to developing countries in 2018.
Presentation of the Guidelines 2016_ English.pptxMamdouh Mohamed
This document provides guidelines for emerging oil and gas producing countries on good governance practices. It discusses establishing a strategic vision for the petroleum sector that is aligned with the national development plan. Key recommendations include conducting public consultations to set priorities, planning for long-term success, and reassessing objectives every 3-5 years. It also addresses attracting qualified investors through transparent licensing processes, collecting geological data to reduce risk, and establishing clear prequalification criteria for bidders. Frontier areas may require different licensing formats than more prospective acreage to generate investor interest.
(40)industrial policies in a changing world ppt ah authorsHariharanAmutha1
The paper focuses on industrial policies in low-income countries. It examines cases where targeted policies have been used to address market failures, promote economic diversification, and increase productivity. Specific examples discussed include policies that supported the pharmaceutical sector in Bangladesh, cut flowers in Ethiopia, and aluminum smelting in Mozambique. However, low-income countries face challenges in implementing industrial policy due to factors like weak infrastructure and institutions. Additionally, increasing trade agreements constrain policy space. Going forward, low-income countries will need adaptive strategies that focus on building firm capabilities and integrating into global value chains, rather than relying on import restrictions.
This presentation presents the main findings from the 2020 OECD Investment Policy Review of Myanmar. This publication will be launched at a virtual event in the presence of Myanmar's Union Minister for Investment and Foreign Economic Relations. The launch was followed by a high-level panel discussion on “Attracting quality investment and building resilience through responsible business conduct and international labour standards". http://www.oecd.org/investment/oecd-investment-policy-reviews-myanmar-2020-d7984f44-en.htm
Mustapha K. Nabli - North Africa Bureau of Economic Studies
ERF Training Workshop on Writing Effective Policy Briefs
Cairo, Egypt , September 25-26, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
Local content in the extractive sector: what opportunities in a challenging e...Isabelle Ramdoo
This presentation looks at local content policies in the extractive sector. It focuses in particular at the opportunities for developing countries in a challenging global environment
Lecture 8 - Analyzing International Opportunities and Selecting Entry ModesChormvirak Moulsem
This document discusses screening potential international markets and selecting entry modes. It recommends identifying basic appeal and national business environment factors, then measuring market or site potential. For industrialized markets, factors like competitors and distribution are analyzed. For emerging markets, variables like market size, growth, and infrastructure are considered. The document also discusses difficulties conducting international research and primary/secondary data sources. Finally, it outlines exporting, contractual arrangements like licensing, and investment entry modes like wholly owned subsidiaries and joint ventures.
This document discusses screening potential international markets and selecting entry modes. It describes a four step process for screening markets: 1) identify basic appeal, 2) access the national business environment, 3) measure market or site potential, and 4) select the market or site. Factors to consider when measuring potential in industrialized versus emerging markets are provided. The document also outlines different entry modes including exporting, contractual agreements, and investment options.
PPP for regional development - Dorothée ALLAIN-DUPRE, OECD SecretariatOECD Governance
This presentation was made by Dorothée ALLAIN-DUPRE, OECD Secretariat, at the 11th Annual Meeting of the OECD Network of Senior PPP and Infrastructure Officials held at the OECD, Paris, on 27 March 2018
Low- and middle-income countries need $1.4 trillion annually to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. This requires tremendous investment in areas like health, education, agriculture, energy, water and sanitation, and infrastructure. However, scaling up investment is challenging due to slow economic growth, low existing investment rates, and declining fiscal balances in these countries. A robust policy framework is needed to deliver sustainable infrastructure and mobilize both public and private financing from domestic and international sources. The next 10-15 years will be crucial to shift investment towards a new growth path focused on sustainability.
Ensuring affordability, economic viability and fiscal sustainability - Duncan...OECD Governance
This presentation was made by Duncan Kernohan, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, at the 4th OECD Forum on Governance of Infrastructure held in Paris, on 17 April 2019
The document discusses various factors to consider when making location decisions for facilities. It covers reasons why location decisions are made, objectives of location planning, supply chain considerations, and options for existing companies. It also discusses evaluating location alternatives through techniques like cost-volume-profit analysis, factor rating, and the center of gravity method. Key points covered include the strategic importance of location decisions, factors for identifying potential countries, regions, communities, and specific sites. Global location factors, risks, and the general procedure for location decision making are also summarized.
The document outlines South Africa's Competitive Supplier Development Policy (CSDP) which aims to leverage state-owned enterprise (SOE) expenditure to develop competitive local industries. The CSDP process involves SOEs drafting Supplier Development Plans (SDPs) in consultation with industry to identify opportunities to source locally and develop suppliers. SDPs provide a long-term framework that is implemented through specific procurement strategies. The government supports industry development in focus areas identified in SDPs through skills training and supplier benchmarking programs. SOEs are now attempting to collaborate with suppliers and implement SDPs in their procurements, though tensions with competitive bidding processes remain a challenge.
Similar to An overview of IGF Guidance Local content policies (20)
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This presentation highlights new technological trends unfolding in the mining sector, and the likely impacts in Africa. In particular, it highlights the main types of technologies relevant to mining and the likely implications for local content policies and employment.
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Cette présentation est particulièrement axée sur le lien entre les politiques minières et l'industrialisation. Elle traite essentiellement des liens qui peuvent être exploitées par le biais des politiques de contenu local. Les mécanismes et les instruments de politiques de contenu local y sont présentés ainsi que les conditions préalables qui doivent être mis en place pour que les politiques fonctionnent.
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Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
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After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
An overview of IGF Guidance Local content policies
1. Secretariat hosted by Secretariat funded by
IGF GUIDANCE FOR LOCAL CONTENT POLICIES
AN OVERVIEW
Isabelle Ramdoo
October 15, 2018
IGF Annual General Meeting, 15 – 19 October
2018
Geneva
2. Introducing the local content guidance
Aim: Support governments in making informed decisions when
designing local content policies
Help policy makers ask the right
questions
Guidance recognize context-
specific nature of challenges
Target of Guidance: policy makers, industries, financial agencies,
development agencies…
3. How should the Guidance be used?
A step-by-step approach designed to ensure all the necessary conditions are
in place, so Governments can design, implement and monitor local content
policies in an efficient manner.
Each step is a critical building block to
the successful implementation of LCPs
Step 4 can lead to a review of the policy
and go back to step 2 and 3 again (a
virtuous circle)
4. 1. Clarify role of the mining sector in national (regional, local) development
plans (scope will differ depending on type and amount of mineral reserves; if
country is a nascent producing or a mature producing state etc..)
STEP 1
2. Clearly define objectives
government wants to achieve:
ü Each objective calls for
different mix of policies
ü May be trade-offs between
policy outcomes
ü Helps manage stakeholders’
expectations
5. STEP
2
ü Provides strategic questions to guide governments in getting a
deeper understanding of the context in which mining operates
ü Outlines key strategic considerations to appreciate current
opportunities and address future challenges
ü Puts forward the key pre-conditions that need to be in place
ü Guards against possible risks and likely potential consequences of
ill-designed local content policies
•Industrial capabilitiesþ
•Human resource
capabilities
þ
• Business
environmentþ
•Internal capacityþ
6. STEP 3
Provides guidance for Governments to decide what sorts of tools are available
(and would most suitable) within each of the 5 types of local content policies
Local procurement
Direct employment
Downstream processing/
beneficiation
Horizontal linkages Local ownership
30 case studies highlight successes and failures from international practices
7. STEP 4
Designing a policy is not an end in itself.
ü It must be administered;
ü It must be enforced;
ü Progress must be measured against realistic targets
ü Should include an independent review function
The Guidance provides key elements to put in place an enforcement
and review mechanism
9. Getting the objective and definition right
Purpose: increase the local sourcing of goods and services by mining firms
Why it matters: Increase contribution of mining to economy; gateway for
diversification; provide business opportunities for local firms; socially inclusive
(include indigenous/ marginalized groups); good for taxes
Clear definition of local is key. Guidance highlights three common elements to
consider:
q Geographical coverage: proximity to the mine? National?
q In-country value addition
q Ownership of firm’s equity
10. Taking stock: Key considerations
ü Comprehensive understanding of needs of mining firms
now and in the future
ü Size of the market (at home; regional; international)
ü Mining contracts: how easy can local suppliers access
those?
ü Industrial base: Suppliers’ availability and ability to meet
requirements
ü Institutional support: are there incentives to help local
suppliers? Infrastructure?
ü Business environment: access to finance? Administrative
bottlenecks?
Demand-side
Supply-side
11. Policy options and instruments (1)
1. “Hard” regulatory measures:
Option 1: Mandatory targets : Percentage or quota imposed for the sourcing of goods and services from local suppliers
Option 2: Mandatory list of types of goods and services to be sourced from domestic firms
Option 3: specific sectors reserved for national
Option 4: Community development agreements: Requirements for companies to negotiate with local communities (can
range from general principles to legally binding agreements with grievance mechanisms)
2. “Soft” regulatory measures
Option 5: Best effort obligations to give preference to local suppliers (to the extent possible) to the extent local
firms are competitive with foreign competitors. Government may also set percentages for preference
procurement in bids, if local suppliers are within a certain percentage on price
Option 6: Mandatory requirements to provide local procurement plans and submit annual reports including how
much they procure locally
Option 7: Requirements to set up suppliers portals, online database for contracts/ tenders; post all tenders
(sometimes can be led by mining companies)
12. Policy options and instruments (2)
3. Incentives
Option 8: Supporting suppliers’ development programs
Types of instruments: Incentives and programs to develop capacity of suppliers (access to markets; finance;
skills development; mentorship etc.) Can be driven by firms
Option 9: Provide access to finance
Types of instruments: Special guarantee funds for SMEs; concessional loans; companies to provide supply
arrangements as bank guarantees; training of SMEs financial management
4. Partnerships and building internal capacity
Option 10: Building suppliers’ networks through requirements to unbundle contracts; give longer timeframes to
SMEs; train suppliers in tender process; give score preference to locals etc.
Option 11: Initiatives led by mining companies to develop local supply chains; support local economic actors
in meeting technical standards and requirements for procurement; companies to provide expedited
payments;
13. Options highlight strengths, weaknesses and success factors
Example: Mandatory target percentage for local procurement
Strengths Weaknesses Key elements of success
• Sets benchmarks and acts
as a target-setting
exercise between govt.
and industry
• Can be a driver for
industry’s action
ü Target setting often arbitrary, if not informed by
procurement data; ability of suppliers; market
analysis
ü Arbitrary setting is a risk for both gov and co.
Too low targets lead to insignificant impact; too
high targets affect competitiveness of firm
ü Mandatory targets can introduce distortions
and inefficiencies and invite cheating
ü Quantitative rules are incompatible with
international trade rules
ü Consultations with industry and
suppliers;
ü Measures should be time-bound;
and phased over time if local
capacity is limited
ü Monitoring and enforcement
ü In-build flexibility, to allow for
unforeseen circumstances
15. Getting the objective and the definition right
Purpose: enhance the amount and quality of local employment by mining
operations
Why it matters: create new local jobs; grow and develop skills of local
workforce; support efforts for social inclusion and gender equality
Clear definition of local is key. Guidance highlights main parameters to
consider:
Geography: Close to the mine? Residents and citizens
of the country?
Ethnic or social sub-groups: indigenous and
historically disadvantaged groups; gender equality.
16. Taking stock: key considerations
Demand-side considerations
ü Understand various skills and
competencies required by the mining
sector
ü Timing and quantum of labour force
requirements
Supply-side considerations
ü Does the current education/ training
system responds to demand?
ü What gaps are there in local labour
force?
ü Set up dedicated support to training
institutions in partnership with industry
ü Be aware of future needs of firms
Key stages for developing a local employment policy
19. Getting objectives and definition right
Definition: encourage economic diversification within the mining sector
by fostering processing or value addition, using the proceeds of the
mining industry as inputs for manufacturing.
Objectives: positive spillovers on domestic national income through
more jobs; more taxes; improved trade balance; more gains from sales
of outputs (incl. higher export revenues). Can also be for national
security concerns (e.g. petroleum; steel; critical raw materials)
20. Taking stock: Key considerations
Economics of downstream
linkages is complex:
ü Availability of raw
materials is not a
sufficient condition;
ü Cost factors are key
determinants (e.g.
energy; infrastructure;
IT; trade regimes);
ü Capacity to produce
on a large scale can
be an advantage;
Market demand: Some downstream industrial sectors require large capital investments and long
repayment periods. Investors therefore need sufficiently large and stable markets, which can be domestic
or international. If those cannot be guaranteed, downstream investors are likely to move closer to the
consumer markets rather than to raw materials-producing countries
A suitable location and good infrastructure: For high-volume goods such as steel, there must be
adequate transportation infrastructure, and for those goods that will be exported, a suitably large
port with storage facilities. Location is critically important to heavily traded goods and being on a
major trade route is an advantage.
Reliable and inexpensive energy: In many cases, power consumption can constitute a major
share of operational costs. The success of downstream projects, particularly energy-intensive
ones such as aluminium smelters, is linked to reliable and inexpensive energy access.
Political stability and regulatory predictability. From an investor's perspective in the downstream
sector, a stable political climate and government's support over the lifespan of the project is
critical.
Business environment and competitive labour force: A conducive business climate yields a lower risk
premium and increases investors' confidence in the business environment in which they will operate.
Similarly, quality of the labour force and output per worker are key determinants in an investor's analysis
about a country's competitive advantage.
Success depends on critical pre-requisites
21. Policy options and instruments
•Tax reductions/exemptions
•Energy or water subsidies
•Concessional loans
•Providing industry-specific infrastructure
•Tax reductions for upstream regimes
•Tariff on imports
1. Incentives
•Export restrictions
•Domestic sales requirements
•Licensing requirements to control ownership structures, number of firms involved in extraction
•Trade-balancing measures
•Market reserve policies
•Import duties to protect local production
2. Prescriptive
measures
•Downstream processing imposed in contract negotiations; renewals; or re-negotiations3. Negotiations
•Domestic sales requirements
•Developing downstream facility as a condition for contract award
4. Bidding
process
•Governments to invest downstream to produce/manage/sell value-added products5. Government-
led policies
23. Getting objectives and definition right
Definition: Defined as policies to stimulate the development of other, or new,
economic sectors using skills, capabilities and infrastructure from the mining industry.
Aim: diversify and reduce reliance on mining sector; insulate economy against price
volatility; set stage for economic vitality after mine closure; create spillover benefits.
Horizontal linkages can be developed through two channels:
Infrastructure-led linkages
•Develop when infrastructure built for the resource sector
benefits another productive sector and the
national/regional community.
•Requirements to build multipurpose infrastructure may
impose additional costs on the affected operations.
•Negotiations over ownership, maintenance, cost sharing
and risk sharing are complex, and more so when more
than one country is involved.
Capabilities-led linkages
•Develop from upstream linkages, as inputs, technology or
skills developed in supplying the resource sector are then
used elsewhere, through the adaption of core extractive
industry;
•Develop through non-core capabilities obtained to serve the
extractive sector, which are then applied to the rest of the
economy.
24. Taking stock: Key considerations (1)
When considering infrastructure-led horizontal linkages:
National and regional
development plans
•Consider what priority infrastructure investments are aligned with existing national and regional
development planning
The sectoral context
•Appreciate the willingness and ability of mining company(ies) to invest in shared infrastructure, given the
probable increase in costs and the governance complexities.
• This will be a function, among other things, of companies’ current needs for the infrastructure in question,
the richness of the resource endowment and the profitability of the existing operations.
25. Taking stock: Key considerations (2)
When considering capabilities-led infrastructure linkages
Upstream
linkages
•The more robust the existing web of upstream linkages, the more fertile the ground for capabilities-led horizontal linkages.
• If upstream linkages are weak, then the primary focus should be on strengthening them.
•It may be possible to develop some horizontal linkages in parallel to developing upstream sectors, for example via supplier
development that includes training on generally useful business skills.
Domestic
human
resources
capacities
•The pre-existing knowledge/technology level within the economy (referred to as the absorptive capacity) is a key determinant of
the potential for spillovers
•Acquisition of knowledge & technology adaption will be determined by the level of education and technological know-how.
•This must be combined with some level of entrepreneurial drive and managerial competency.
Attractive
investment
environment
•The business and investment climate is particularly important to encourage and reward risk taking and innovation, and to enable
enterprise development.
26. Policy options and instruments (1)
Capability-led horizontal linkages
Option 1: Training of suppliers aimed at serving diversified clients
Types of instruments: Training requirements with specific focus on business administration and
management skills; Requirements to provide clear plan to develop strong supply chains;
obligation to make financial contribution to fund training programs
Option 2: Incentives to develop national systems of innovation
Types of instruments: Incentives from Govt to create NIS through network of research and
academic institutions; govt act as coordinator, financial supporter and regulator; incentives for
R&D in form of grants and tax incentives; govt to facilitate domestic patenting through
improved IP rules
27. Policy options and instruments (2)
Infrastructure-led horizontal linkages
Option : Negotiations and/or requirements for construction of shared infrastructure
Types of instruments:
q Mining companies required to build/ share infrastructure as part of licensing bidding
process;
q Obligation to partner with in design of mining infrastructure;
q Fiscal incentives given to mining companies for as part trade-off for building and
sharing infrastructure;
q Requirement for financial participation in public infrastructure projects
29. Getting objectives and definition right
Definition: Building domestic capacity means increasing national participation in mining
activities, through:
ü Increased ownership from the private sector;
ü Increased government participation in management
ü The creation and expansion of state-owned companies
Increased domestic capacity responds to the following policy objectives:
A strategic instrument
• Aims to provide substantial support to
build strong national champions
(domestic firms and SOEs) so that the
latter can "go global" to meet domestic
goals of securing access to raw materials
for their own industrial development
•E.g., China, Japan
Industrial development
• Key purpose is to build solid internal
capacity, notably through transfer of
knowledge and technology from foreign
investment, and increased participation
of local people in companies' decision
making.
•E.g., Norway (technological transfer)
•South Africa (increased management)
Empowerment tool
•Aims to correct historical and
socioeconomic imbalances, including
among certain local population groups
and indigenous populations as well as
women and youth.
•E.g., BEEE policy in South Africa; Citizens
Economic Empowerment in Zambia
30. Taking stock: Key considerations
When aiming at increasing the
participation of the private sector,
attention must be paid to:
ü Local businesses have the requisite
capacity (financial, technical,
managerial etc.) to partner with
mining companies;
ü Supportive institutions and incentives
are in place to help build capacity
of local entrepreneurs;
ü Business environment is conducive
for partnerships to work
When aiming at increasing the participation
of SOEs, attention must be paid to:
ü The risk of rent-capture, corruption and
patronage;
ü The importance of governance to ensure
transparency, accountability; regular
reporting;
ü Mechanisms to avoid political interference
and ensure company’s ability to operate
commercially;
ü Coordination with other policies such as
trade and investment to create good
conditions for production
31. Policy options and instruments
Option 1: Joint venture requirements
Instruments: Mandatory requirements for increased domestic participation through equity
participation; substantial control through board and management representation; skills
transfer; Incentives to make JVs more attractive;
Option 2: Stimulating technological transfer and R&D
Instruments: Obligation to bring in technology; R&D in country as a condition for a financial
benefit such as tax breaks; incentives to partner with local universities to conduct R&D;
Option 3: Creation and promotion of SOEs
Instruments: SOE as a monopoly over exploration/ production; Policies to limit entry of FDI in
some sectors or to expropriate existing FDI.
Option 4: Measures to increase the participation of disadvantaged groups
Instruments: ownership requirements aimed at specific groups; direct support to
disadvantaged groups
32. How can IGF support implementation of the Guidance?
Guidance was requested by, and belongs to members
1. What are your priorities for the next step in terms of:
(i) Training on the how to use the Guidance: in-country and/or regional
training;
(ii) Technical support and capacity building activities to address your
current challenges?
2. How would you like to this Guidance used in your country and/or region?
33. 3. What types of TS and CB would you like to see or would you find
more useful?
Ø Assessments of needs and gaps? (could be part of MPF
assessment)
Ø In-country tailor-made support (issue based? Based on specific
objectives? Focused on specific challenges?)
Ø Working with regional organizations on cross-cutting issues?