This presentation is based on an expert paper, that unpacks local content policies in the mining sector. It highlights the different mechanisms and tools that governments can use to implement such policies as well as other voluntary initiatives used by mining industry. Finally it stresses on opportunities and challenges faced in designing such policies.
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Economic Transformation Programme
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Find out more at: https://www.oecd.org/investment/oecd-investment-policy-reviews-uruguay-1135f88e-en.htm
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Find out more at: http://www.oecd.org/investment/oecd-investment-policy-reviews-thailand-2020-c4eeee1c-en.htm
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Find out more about the PFI and the update process at http://www.oecd.org/investment/pfi.htm
Oil Gas Mine Conference,
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Find out more at: https://www.oecd.org/investment/oecd-investment-policy-reviews-uruguay-1135f88e-en.htm
Trade and investment in natural mineral resources hold great potential for generating income, growth and prosperity, sustaining livelihoods and fostering local development. However, a large share of these resources is located in conflict-affected and high-risk areas. In these areas, exploitation of natural mineral resources can be a significant part of the economy and may contribute, directly or indirectly, to armed conflict, human rights violations and hinder economic and social development.
The OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas clarifies how companies can identify and better manage risks throughout the entire mineral supply chain, from miners, local exporters and mineral processors to the manufacturing and brand-name companies that use these minerals in their products.
Find out more about the OECD Due Diligence Guidance and our multi-stakeholder implementation process http://mneguidelines.oecd.org/mining.htm
This presentation highlights the main rationale for local content policies in the mining sector. It highlights in particular arguments around the importance of using the mining sector as a stepping stone for broader diversification.
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This presentation by Gioia de Melo (OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration) was delivered during the launch of the OECD Investment Policy Review of Uruguay on 12 July 2021.
Find out more at: https://www.oecd.org/investment/oecd-investment-policy-reviews-uruguay-1135f88e-en.htm
The presentation unpacks the key concepts covered by local content policies in the mining sector. It highlights in particular the key characteristics of local content policies and the link between LCPs and the international trade and investment frameworks.
Thailand has had a remarkable economic development trajectory over the past 60 years and foreign direct investment (FDI) has been pivotal in this success. Thailand was one of the first movers in opening up to manufacturing FDI and in establishing proactive investment promotion and facilitation policies. While challenges remain in some areas of responsible business conduct, there is strong political will to address them. Thailand aspires to become a high-income economy by 2037 by upgrading to a value based green economy. Inward FDI will play a prominent role in achieving this goal but this requires a concerted effort to reform the investment climate to remain an attractive host to foreign investment and to benefit fully from that investment. While the COVID-19 crisis might temporarily delay progress, the policy recommendations in this Investment Policy Review of Thailand draw attention to potential reform priorities to help Thailand fulfil its development ambitions aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals and to contribute to a more inclusive and sustainable recovery from the pandemic.
Find out more at: http://www.oecd.org/investment/oecd-investment-policy-reviews-thailand-2020-c4eeee1c-en.htm
The Jordan Competitiveness and Investment project supports the Government of Jordan in strengthening the reform implementation capacity of selected institutions responsible for investment policy, promotion and services.
The 2020 OECD Investment Policy Review of Indonesia presents an assessment of the investment climate in Indonesia and provides recommendations to support the government in its ongoing reform efforts. The Review places great emphasis on measures to build a sound, transparent and responsible investment environment to support a resilient economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Find out more at http://www.oecd.org/investment/oecd-investment-policy-reviews-indonesia-2020-b56512da-en.htm
The Brussels Development Briefing n.47 on the subject of “Regional Trade in Africa: Drivers, Trends and Opportunities” took place on 3rd February 2017 in Brussels at the ACP Secretariat (Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels) from 09:00 to 13:00. This Briefing was organised by the ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), in collaboration with IFPRI, the European Commission / DEVCO, the ACP Secretariat, and CONCORD .
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Oil Gas Mine Conference,
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Find out more at: https://www.oecd.org/investment/oecd-investment-policy-reviews-uruguay-1135f88e-en.htm
Trade and investment in natural mineral resources hold great potential for generating income, growth and prosperity, sustaining livelihoods and fostering local development. However, a large share of these resources is located in conflict-affected and high-risk areas. In these areas, exploitation of natural mineral resources can be a significant part of the economy and may contribute, directly or indirectly, to armed conflict, human rights violations and hinder economic and social development.
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Find out more about the OECD Due Diligence Guidance and our multi-stakeholder implementation process http://mneguidelines.oecd.org/mining.htm
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If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
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Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
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But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
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Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
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Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
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What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
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Local content policies in the mining sector: lessons, challenges and new tools
1. Local content policies in the mining sector:
Lessons, challenges and new tools
Isabelle Ramdoo
Senior Investment and Linkages Advisor
African Minerals Development Centre
19 October 2017
Geneva
IGF Annual General Meeting
16 – 20 October 2017
2. 1. Local content is a complex issue
Horizontal and inter-
sectoral linkages
Local suppliers
Downstream processing
Local employment
“Local” development
R&D, technology and
Innovation
No agreed
definition but
converging
objectives
Ownership
3. 2. Implementation: Different mechanisms and tools
Regulatory requirements Incentives
Mandatory:
Based on quantitative requirements (numerical targets
in volume or value; procurement plans); or
Qualitative requirements (such as reporting,
information sharing, contract unbundling etc).
Government acts as a facilitator and
provides incentives, in the form of financial
support (loans on favourable terms) or tax
rebates, provided companies meet certain
local content objectives
Best efforts:
Requires ‘preference’ to be given, but without
specifying target or timeline
Horizontal: applies not only to mining
sector but to economy in general (clusters;
corridors; R&D efforts; training)
Monitoring mechanism: Monitoring is more or less
stringent and compulsory
Specific to the mining sector: some
facilities may be provided on the proviso
that the company ‘buys local’ (e.g.
Australia); or invest locally (Finland)
Contractual arrangements: primary legislations
provides the overall framework within which extractive
firms should operate at the local level. Firms are
mandated to consult or enter into community
agreements, which include local content targets or
best efforts
a. Government-led initiatives
4. b. Voluntary business initiatives
Relevant to local content, business initiatives generally relate to:
(i)Support to local supply chains, through:
Ø Local business initiatives (Eg. Ambatovy, Madagascar);
Ø Suppliers’ development programmes (e.g. Chile);
Ø Creation of vendor qualification systems (E.g. Antofagasta, Chile);
Ø Creation of vendor portals (E.g. Vale, Brazil)
Ø Suppliers of excellence programmes (e.g. Antamina Peru); and
(ii)Support to local workforce development. Efforts to support workers’
productivity include:
ØIdentifying the skills gap with a view to support local initiatives to close the
supply deficit;
ØFinancial support to local training and vocational institutions;
ØProviding scholarships and bursaries to students; and
ØProvide continued access to training and skills development to employees,
including through intra-corporate internships
6. Foreign Direct Investment
Mining dominates total FDI flows
Exports
Mining exports constitute a
significant share of foreign
revenue
Fiscal revenue
Mining taxation key
to total tax revenues
National
income
Jobs
60 - 90
30 - 60
3 -25
3 - 10
1 - 2
Av. national contributions of mining in low and middle income countries, (%), 2016
(i) Economic contribution of mining in a nutshell
Contribution of
the mining sector
should not be
underestimated.
Generally more
significant in
terms of FDI
inflows, export
and fiscal
revenues
But much less
impressive in
terms of local value
added, business
spillovers and
employment
creation
Opportunities are
here
Source: ICMM, 2016
7. Challenges facing local content implementation
Many resource-rich countries have found it difficult to increase the
participation of local stakeholders in mineral value chains because of:
ü Systemic challenges: Industrial tissue is weak, institutional challenges;
business climate sometimes stiff; access to finance for SMEs; small market
size; large informal sector; small size of firms;
ü Low productivity and competitiveness, hindering local firms from taking
advantage of procurement;
ü Chronic infrastructure deficits (in particular energy), driving up costs of
doing business and affecting productivity;
ü Skills and capacity challenges (skills gap, mismatches and quality; low
spending on R&D);
ü Insufficient monitoring mechanisms
ü Lack of structured dialogues among government, firms and local
communities
8. 4. Examples of tools to support policy objectives:
1. Local content guidelines and decision tree: IGF developing a tool to help better
understand local content policy objectives, tools and legal environment. Also a
pedagogical tool to help in the decision making process, when a country want
to design a local content policy.
1. National supply chain development programme: Tailor-made national
programmes, aimed at (i) supporting the development of local supply chains
and local workforce, (ii) developing in-country industrial capacity, (iii)
supplying the mining industry nationally and beyond, and (iv) creating linkages
between the mining sector and other economic sectors. Such programmes
exist in Chile, Peru, Brazil and now being developed in Ghana.
1. Procurement model (BGR): A supportive tool to help decision makers in
understanding the market size, the demand and opportunities in mining
procurement.
9. Estimates and
analysis
conducted by :
19
19
25
25
25
25
37
47
55
71
86
100
183
192
192
293
337
344
504
0 100 200 300 400 500
Food and beverages
Construction, and related materials and services
Equipment & Plant maintenance & repair
Site related services
Drilling equipment and services
Safety and protective equipment
Environmental services
Analysis and testing
Supply chain services
Geological and exploration services
Tyres
Lime
Explosives and accessories
Electricity
Grinding media
Spare parts and opex equipment
Fuel and lubricants - mining
Other reagents
Fuel and lubricants - power
Total procurement spend by top categories, all 4 countries, 2015, $m
Breakdown per country
(OPEX):
Total (4): US$ 2.66
billion)
For example Ghana’s total GDP for 2015 was
estimated at around US$38 bn.
Gold mining total procurement spend would
equate to around 3 per cent of GDP
13. Further readings:
1. Hufbauer, G. et al. 2013. “Local Content Requirements: Report on a Global
Problem.” Draft June 2013.
2. OECD (2017a). Local Content Policies in Minerals-Rich exporting countries,
Part I.
3. OECD (2017b). Local Content Policies in Minerals-exporting countries, Case
Studies.
4. Ramdoo, I. 2016a. Local content policies in mineral-rich countries. An
Overview. Discussion Paper 193. May 2016. ECDPM, Maastricht.
5. Ramdoo. I. 2016b. Local content, trade and investment: Is there policy space
left for linkages development in resource-rich countries? Discussion paper
205. December 2016, ECDPM. Maastricht.
6. Stone, S., J. Messent and D. Flaig (2015), "Emerging Policy Issues:
Localisation Barriers to Trade", OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 180, OECD
Publishing, Paris