An overview of culture
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Cultural norms are an important concept in discussing acculturation because they define the shared systems of symbols, meanings, and conduct within a cultural group. Acculturation describes the process individuals go through when entering a new host culture, including initial adaptation excitement, hostility toward cultural differences, increased ability to function in the new culture through assimilation, identifying positive and negative aspects of both cultures through adjustment, and eventually integrating the ability to function comfortably in both cultures through biculturalism. Symptoms of culture shock like depression, fatigue, and overemphasis on health may exist as a response to increased anxiety when unfamiliar with a new culture's norms and may vary depending on the stage of acculturation. Uncertainty reduction theory also plays a role as
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Culture1
This document provides an overview of key concepts in anthropology and culture. It defines culture as systems of learned behavior and symbols that are shared within a group and transmitted through enculturation. Culture is integrated and adaptive, shaping natural instincts into specific habits. While all human groups share biological traits, culture allows for diversity and particularity between groups. Anthropology examines both universal patterns and cultural variation to understand human societies.
Cultural anthropology and education
Anthropology, specifically cultural anthropology is one of the foundations of education and the educational system. It greatly effects how the educational system is designed.
Anthropology
This document provides an overview of the field of anthropology and defines key concepts in cultural anthropology. It discusses how anthropology studies human origins, behavior, and development through a holistic and comparative approach. The main subfields of anthropology are then outlined, including biological anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology. Cultural anthropology is defined as the study of contemporary human cultures and how they are shaped by and shape their environments. The document concludes by explaining what culture is, how it is learned and shared, levels of culture, and fundamental cultural variables.
Culture and society
These slides on Culture and Society are about Sociology. These slides help you to get information about different cultures and societies. In these slides you'll find amazing themes with beautiful pictures and some amazing animations. In these slides you'll find different quotes by different scholars and some Quranic verses also. Please rate us if you liked our slides.
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This document discusses cultural anthropology and its importance for missionaries. It explains that culture is the pattern of life by which people order their lives, and is learned from a very young age. Studying anthropology helps understand other cultures, communicate more effectively across cultures, and interpret the Bible in its original cultural contexts. The document outlines some key differences between Western and non-Western cultures, such as views of time, relationships, and the natural world. It emphasizes the importance for missionaries to understand local cultures without imposing their own and presents strategies for overcoming culture shock.
Concept of Anthropology and culture
Anthropology is the study of humans and human behavior and societies. It comes from the Greek words "anthropos" meaning human and "logos" meaning reason or knowledge. Cultural anthropology specifically looks at the aspects of humanity that are learned and shared rather than natural, such as customs, traditions, and other traits that develop in societies. Culture consists of visible components like dress, language, and traditions that are observable as well as hidden components like attitudes, values, and thought processes that are underlying and influence behavior. Culture is shared and passed down between generations in a group.
What is anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans, their societies, and cultures. It takes a holistic and multifaceted approach to understand all aspects of human experience. Anthropologists study humans geographically, historically, biologically, culturally, linguistically, and archaeologically. The goal is to gain a deeper understanding of humans, how and why we vary, our past evolution and societies, and to help avoid misunderstandings between cultural groups.
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Culture1
This document provides an overview of key concepts in anthropology and culture. It defines culture as systems of learned behavior and symbols that are shared within a group and transmitted through enculturation. Culture is integrated and adaptive, shaping natural instincts into specific habits. While all human groups share biological traits, culture allows for diversity and particularity between groups. Anthropology examines both universal patterns and cultural variation to understand human societies.
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Anthropology, specifically cultural anthropology is one of the foundations of education and the educational system. It greatly effects how the educational system is designed.
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This document provides an overview of the field of anthropology and defines key concepts in cultural anthropology. It discusses how anthropology studies human origins, behavior, and development through a holistic and comparative approach. The main subfields of anthropology are then outlined, including biological anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology. Cultural anthropology is defined as the study of contemporary human cultures and how they are shaped by and shape their environments. The document concludes by explaining what culture is, how it is learned and shared, levels of culture, and fundamental cultural variables.
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These slides on Culture and Society are about Sociology. These slides help you to get information about different cultures and societies. In these slides you'll find amazing themes with beautiful pictures and some amazing animations. In these slides you'll find different quotes by different scholars and some Quranic verses also. Please rate us if you liked our slides.
Thanks
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This document discusses culture, norms and values. It defines culture and identifies its five main elements: language, symbols, values, norms, and material objects. It provides examples for each element, such as describing how jeans have taken on different symbolic meanings over time. The document also discusses key concepts like ethnocentricity vs cultural relativism, and theories of culture, such as the Frankfurt School's view of the tyranny of mass consumption in modern culture.
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Applying anthropology chp.3
1. Applied anthropology involves using anthropological data and techniques to identify and solve contemporary social problems.
2. Anthropologists can help address issues in various fields like medicine, education, business, and development by understanding cultural practices and designing culturally-appropriate solutions.
3. Medical anthropologists help address health disparities between groups by identifying key health problems, gathering solutions, and partnering with agencies to implement culturally-sensitive public health programs.
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Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. It examines human cultures, societies, languages, and how humans have evolved over time. There are four main branches of anthropology: cultural anthropology studies existing cultures; archaeology studies past cultures through artifacts; biological anthropology studies human evolution and genetics; and social anthropology examines how humans behave in social groups. Anthropology takes a holistic perspective by considering biological, social, linguistic, and cultural factors that influence human behavior and development.
Anthropology
REFERENCES:
Ember, C. (2007). Anthropology. Singapore: Pearson Educational South Asia.
Ember, C., Ember, M., & Peregrine, P. (2009). Human evolution and culture: Highlights of anthropology. (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Ervin, A. (2005). Applied anthropology: Tools and perspectives for contemporary practice. Boston: Pearson.
Kottak, C. (2011). Anthropology: Appreciating cultural diversity. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
Kottak, C. (2008). Anthropology: The explanation of human diversity. Boston: Mc Graw-Hill.
Launda, R. (2010). Core concepts in cultural anthropology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Nanda, S. (2007). Cultural anthropology. Belmont, California: Walsworth/Thomson Learning.
Introduction to Anthropology
The document introduces the concept of cultural anthropology and discusses how anthropologists study human diversity and culture. It provides examples of cultural variations in practices like marriage, economics, politics, and religion. The goal of anthropologists is to explain both the diversity and similarities between cultures, such as why some societies practice monogamy while others practice polygamy. The document also discusses how anthropologists observe culture by studying people's behavior in the field, at archaeological sites, and through language.
Anthropological and sociological perspective on culture and society..
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Anthropology
I have compiled these notes from different resources. I am hopeful that these notes will help students who are willing to grab information on this subject for civil services exams or university exams. Good Luck
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Introduction to Physical Anthropology
1. Anthropology is defined as the comparative and holistic study of humankind.
2. It is comparative in that it compares cultures across time and space, as well as related species.
3. It is holistic in that it considers all aspects of a culture and how they integrate together.
Chapter 2
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Into to anthropology
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Science of Anthropology
This document provides an overview of the field of anthropology. It defines anthropology as the study of humankind everywhere and throughout time. The key fields of anthropology are discussed as archaeology, physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics. Research methods used by anthropologists are described, including cultural immersion, human ecology studies, archaeological analysis, and linguistic analysis. Physical anthropological research methods focusing on human bones and remains are also summarized. The document contrasts anthropology with other social sciences and discusses concepts like culture, society, evolution, and postmodernism.
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Cultural anthropology is the study of human cultures and societies. It examines how humans shape their material world through activities like tool-making, as well as how they develop complex communication systems and unique systems of beliefs and norms to govern behavior. The document outlines the four main subfields of anthropology - archaeology, biological/physical anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology - and provides examples of how anthropologists study various aspects of human culture and society through methods like participant observation, life histories, and analyzing material artifacts and historical records.
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This document discusses culture, norms and values. It defines culture and identifies its five main elements: language, symbols, values, norms, and material objects. It provides examples for each element, such as describing how jeans have taken on different symbolic meanings over time. The document also discusses key concepts like ethnocentricity vs cultural relativism, and theories of culture, such as the Frankfurt School's view of the tyranny of mass consumption in modern culture.
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This document provides an overview of the field of anthropology. It begins by defining anthropology as the study of human beings and all aspects of human life and culture. It then discusses the main fields of anthropology including cultural, linguistic, archaeological, physical, and forensic anthropology. The document outlines some of the key contributors to the development of anthropology as a field and discusses modern directions in anthropological theory and research. It concludes by noting that anthropology has become a diverse field that examines both traditional and modern cultures around the world.
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This document provides an introduction to the field of anthropology. It defines anthropology as the science of studying humans, including their past, present, future, biology, society, language and culture. It describes the four main subfields of anthropology: sociocultural/cultural anthropology which studies customs and social life; archaeological anthropology which studies human remains and artifacts; biological anthropology which studies human evolution and variation; and linguistic anthropology which studies language in social and cultural contexts. Finally, it notes that anthropology seeks to reliably explain human behavior and cultures through scientific study and fieldwork.
Applying anthropology chp.3
1. Applied anthropology involves using anthropological data and techniques to identify and solve contemporary social problems.
2. Anthropologists can help address issues in various fields like medicine, education, business, and development by understanding cultural practices and designing culturally-appropriate solutions.
3. Medical anthropologists help address health disparities between groups by identifying key health problems, gathering solutions, and partnering with agencies to implement culturally-sensitive public health programs.
Significance of Studying Culture, Society, and Politics
This document discusses the fields of anthropology, sociology, and political science. It defines anthropology as the scientific study of humans, their evolution, societies, and cultures. Sociology is defined as the scientific study of human social behavior and group dynamics. Political science is the study of governments, political activities, and systems. The document outlines some of the main branches and topics within each field, such as physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, social organization in sociology, and public administration in political science. It provides high-level overviews of the goals and scopes of these three related social sciences.
Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. It examines human cultures, societies, languages, and how humans have evolved over time. There are four main branches of anthropology: cultural anthropology studies existing cultures; archaeology studies past cultures through artifacts; biological anthropology studies human evolution and genetics; and social anthropology examines how humans behave in social groups. Anthropology takes a holistic perspective by considering biological, social, linguistic, and cultural factors that influence human behavior and development.
Anthropology
REFERENCES:
Ember, C. (2007). Anthropology. Singapore: Pearson Educational South Asia.
Ember, C., Ember, M., & Peregrine, P. (2009). Human evolution and culture: Highlights of anthropology. (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Ervin, A. (2005). Applied anthropology: Tools and perspectives for contemporary practice. Boston: Pearson.
Kottak, C. (2011). Anthropology: Appreciating cultural diversity. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
Kottak, C. (2008). Anthropology: The explanation of human diversity. Boston: Mc Graw-Hill.
Launda, R. (2010). Core concepts in cultural anthropology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Nanda, S. (2007). Cultural anthropology. Belmont, California: Walsworth/Thomson Learning.
Introduction to Anthropology
The document introduces the concept of cultural anthropology and discusses how anthropologists study human diversity and culture. It provides examples of cultural variations in practices like marriage, economics, politics, and religion. The goal of anthropologists is to explain both the diversity and similarities between cultures, such as why some societies practice monogamy while others practice polygamy. The document also discusses how anthropologists observe culture by studying people's behavior in the field, at archaeological sites, and through language.
Anthropological and sociological perspective on culture and society..
Anthropology studies humans and human behavior and societies in the past and present through various means such as fossils, artifacts, languages, and cultures. Sociology is the scientific study of society, social relationships, interactions, and culture. It analyzes codes, symbols, and other aspects of culture used by people in society. Sociologists can focus on details of specific interactions or larger patterns of interactions within societies. Cultural changes result from cultural diffusion, innovation, or imposition by outside groups. Sociology also examines the dominant culture of powerful groups and subcultures of other groups with differing values.
Ethnocentrism and relativism
Ethnocentrism is judging other cultures based solely on one's own cultural values and standards. It often involves feelings of cultural superiority and contempt for outsiders. Cultural relativism emerged in response and is the principle that cultural practices should be understood within their own cultural context rather than being viewed as absolutely right or wrong. It acknowledges that people are shaped by their own cultures and may have difficulty understanding cultures different than their own.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Anthropology
I have compiled these notes from different resources. I am hopeful that these notes will help students who are willing to grab information on this subject for civil services exams or university exams. Good Luck
Introduction to Cross-Cultural Comparison
Covers the basic principles of cross-ciultural comparison and the techniques of ethnographic fieldwork
Area of Cultural Anthropology
Cultural anthropology is the study of human society and culture. It focuses on social and cultural similarities and differences. Malinowski defined culture as "the handiwork through which man achieves his ends" and Hofstede defined it as "the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group from another." There are several specialized areas of cultural anthropology including social anthropology, which focuses on social structure; psychological anthropology, which examines how culture influences individuals; and medical anthropology, which studies the relationship between culture, health, and disease. Cultural anthropology provides insight into things like social patterns, religion, politics, economics, and the environment across different societies.
Ess antropology
Anthropology is the scientific study of humans, past and present. It is a holistic discipline that employs four main approaches: physical anthropology studies human evolution and biology; archaeology examines human artifacts and remains; linguistics analyzes human language and communication; and cultural anthropology observes contemporary human societies and cultures through methods like ethnography. Together, these subfields aim to understand humankind in all times and places from a broad, multifaceted perspective.
Introduction to Physical Anthropology
1. Anthropology is defined as the comparative and holistic study of humankind.
2. It is comparative in that it compares cultures across time and space, as well as related species.
3. It is holistic in that it considers all aspects of a culture and how they integrate together.
Chapter 2
This document summarizes key sections and concepts from a sociology chapter on cultural diversity. It defines culture as consisting of shared physical objects, beliefs, values, and behaviors. Material culture includes physical objects like cars and books, while nonmaterial culture comprises abstract concepts like beliefs and language. The basic components of culture are identified as technology, symbols, language, values, and norms. The chapter also discusses cultural universals, ethnocentrism, cultural relativism, and how subcultures and countercultures contribute to cultural variation within societies.
Into to anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans, human behavior, and societies in both past and present. It seeks to understand the diversity of humans and how and why they differ physically and culturally. There are four main fields of anthropology: biological anthropology, which studies human populations and evolution using an evolutionary framework; archaeology, which seeks to reconstruct past human cultures; cultural anthropology/ethnography, which aims to understand cultural variation across societies; and linguistic anthropology, which examines human language and communication and how it relates to culture.
Science of Anthropology
This document provides an overview of the field of anthropology. It defines anthropology as the study of humankind everywhere and throughout time. The key fields of anthropology are discussed as archaeology, physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistics. Research methods used by anthropologists are described, including cultural immersion, human ecology studies, archaeological analysis, and linguistic analysis. Physical anthropological research methods focusing on human bones and remains are also summarized. The document contrasts anthropology with other social sciences and discusses concepts like culture, society, evolution, and postmodernism.
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Cosmology
Similar to a culture but emphasizes how/what counts as science, religion, politics,economics,
morality, ethics, nature, and the ultimate truth of the world or universe are all connected
especially in terms of the categorical understandings of a culture.
SapirWhorf Hypothesis
Talks about the influence of language on thought and perception and categorical thinking.
what is “wrong”, “very wrong”, “bad”
"We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native language. The categories and types that
we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer
in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscope flux of impressions which
has to be organized by our minds — and this means largely by the linguistic systems of our
minds. We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely
because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way— an agreement that holds
throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language […] all
observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless
their linguistic backgrounds are similar, or can in some way be calibrated.”
Ex. the idea of empty was equated with safe for these people when in fact the empty containers
were more dangerous because they contained more flammable vapors.
Franz Boas
Commitment to empiricism (emphasis on experience and evidence from observation/experiment
as opposed to basing knowledge on tradition or an innate understanding).
Field research and extended residence, learn Language, social relations with Informants
Emphasized the importance of culturally acquired norms as opposed to biological determinism
Rejected a notion of cultural evolution or stages of cultural evolution of the savage, the
barbarian, and the civilized.
Refuted biological conceptions of race
Boas made some innovations to his study:
◦He learned the local language and talked to people
◦He stayed a long time and participated in the everyday life of people
◦He learned their technologies and way of life
◦He defended Inuit way of life as logical,reasonable and deserving respect
Ethnography the study and systematic recording of human cultures and individual customs
Enlightenment philosophy defended rationality and idea of civilization against
tradition/religion/superstition
Ex. Azande and witchcraft—make rational
Kula (Malinowski shows how this practice make sense to those who could have thought it was
irrational)
In Enlightenment ideas the concept of civilization was considered to be the highest form of
human achievement. One goal of the Enlightenment was to break down tradition or religious
understandings as the ultimate source of truth.
“civilization can be defined as that which advances man's knowledge and virtue”, try to reason
everything.
Emic—from the perspective of the subject or th.
Unit 8. Culture and Identity with special focus on Aruba
This document discusses the concept of culture through several activities and definitions. It explores culture as a dynamic process that is shared, learned, and adaptive. Culture includes both material and non-material aspects. Material culture refers to physical objects like food, clothing, and buildings, while non-material culture includes ideas, beliefs, norms, and religion. The document cautions that stereotyping cultures can lead to overgeneralizations and prejudice, as culture is variable over both time and place. It aims to discuss cultural diversity and change in Aruba through examining elements of Aruban culture.
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This document defines culture and discusses how it is learned and shared within social groups. It also examines how culture can constrain individuals and change over time due to factors like innovation, diffusion of ideas from other groups, acculturation during contact between societies, and revolution. While globalization has increased cultural similarities in some domains, cultural diversity persists and new cultures continue emerging through processes like ethnogenesis.
Sociology Chapter 2
This chapter discusses cultural diversity and conformity. It includes a case study on body rituals among the Nacirema culture. The chapter covers the meaning of culture, cultural variation, and the American value system. It defines culture and its key components, including technology, symbols, language, values, and norms. The chapter also discusses cultural universals, subcultures, countercultures, and processes of cultural change like diffusion and leveling. It identifies core American values like work and individualism and how values have also changed over time with new emphases on environmentalism and self-fulfillment. The chapter concludes with a lab activity having students analyze material culture artifacts.
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This document provides an overview of leadership concepts discussed in Chapter 12. It discusses leadership as an interactive process rather than traits, situational leadership which focuses on flexible behaviors, and successful leadership being dependent on follower maturity and willingness. Transactional leaders focus on rewards and punishment, while transformational leaders appeal to higher needs and ideals. Relationships are central to leadership success. Feminine and masculine leadership styles are discussed, as well as leadership through service, responsibility, change agency, social responsibility, and passion.
Organizational teams (chapter 11)
1. Teams are small groups of 3-9 people who are interdependent and mutually accountable, and are essential for organizational functioning.
2. Effective teams have clear goals and direction, team-based rewards, available resources, and authority to make decisions. Ineffective teams fail to meet needs and have dissatisfied members.
3. Teams can experience misunderstandings due to size, interdependence, and goals. Conflict must be managed to maximize benefits and minimize negatives. Relationship building and leadership strategies help connect teams to their environment.
Peer & co worker communication (chapter 10)
1. The document discusses developing interpersonal relationships in organizations and examines factors like proxemics, relational balance, interpersonal needs, and relational control that influence these relationships.
2. It identifies three types of co-worker relationships: information peer relationships with low disclosure, collegial peer relationships with moderate trust and disclosure, and special peer relationships with high intimacy.
3. The document notes both benefits and potential negatives of workplace relationships, including how telecommuting can impact commitment and how romantic relationships can increase productivity but also cause distractions or favoritism. It provides guidelines organizations use regarding workplace dating policies.
Superior subordinate communication (chapter 9)
Superior-subordinate communication is a critical part of organizational relationships. Communication flows both ways between superiors and subordinates for a variety of reasons, including exchanging information and shaping the relationship. The relationships involve both formal power dynamics and personal elements. Superiors serve as role models and evaluate subordinates, while subordinates provide feedback and complete tasks. Misunderstandings between superiors and subordinates can occur due to differences in understanding or perceptions. Cultural factors also impact superior-subordinate relationships. Effective communication involves maintaining trust, providing feedback, and developing rapport through immediacy and humor.
Socialization of new members (chapter 8)
The document discusses organizational socialization and how it is an interactive process where both the individual and organization influence each other. It defines organizational socialization as the process by which an individual acquires the social knowledge and skills necessary to assume an organizational role. A successful socialization process can lead to outcomes like loyalty and a sense of congruency between one's own values and the organization's values. The key phases of socialization are anticipatory socialization, encounter, and metamorphosis. Throughout, both the individual and organization engage in active agency that shapes the socialization experience.
Gender & emotion in the workplace (chapter 13)
This chapter discusses how gender roles and emotions are experienced in the workplace. It outlines how women have gained greater equity and representation in the workforce and education over time, but still face barriers like the glass ceiling and concrete ceiling. It also examines how family structures have changed, requiring workplaces to implement policies around work-life balance, childcare, and flexible hours. The chapter explores pink collar jobs, discrimination, and sexuality and gender identity issues. It analyzes the rules and expectations around emotional labor and display at work, and how socialization teaches appropriate workplace behaviors and norms. Managing work-life conflict and achieving balance remains a challenge for many working parents.
Critical theory (chapter 6)
This document provides an overview of critical theory and its application to organizational communication. It discusses the following key points:
1. The roots of critical theory in Frankfurt School philosophy and Marxism, and the view that knowledge and power structures in organizations serve to oppress workers.
2. Critical theorists see organizations as sites of domination by powerful groups over subordinate groups. Power dynamics and whose interests are served are important concerns.
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2) Organizational culture is intangible but is reflected in tangible elements like dress code. It affects human behavior by providing frameworks for how members interpret events.
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An overview of culture
- 1. Dr. Lora Helvie-Mason – COMS 332
- 2. Think about it… Why do we consider “cultural norms” an important concept when discussing acculturation? Cultural identity • The identification with and perceived acceptance within a group that has a shared systems of symbols and meanings as well as norms for conduct. Consider also: • Cultures within cultures • Superstitions (practices believed to influence the course of events)
- 4. Race – a large body of people characterized by similarity of descent. Distinctions between and among terms have been made throughout history and continue to change • Chinese were considered of color, Japanese were not, and Vietnamese were white. Think about it… People may be of the SAME race, but of different cultures. Example: Australians and South Africans
- 5. An individual’s first likely response when entering a host culture as a sojourner or immigrant. Five stages of culture shock: 1. Adaptation (new and exciting – “honeymoon”) 2. Acculturation (hostility toward differences) 3. Assimilation (increased ability to function in new culture) 4. Adjustment (identifying the good/bad elements of current and former culture 5. Integration (“biculturalism” – coping, with comfort, in current and former cultures) Length of time varies for each stage.
- 6. “Reverse” culture shock Symptoms of culture shock • Overemphasis on health, safety, cleanliness • Depression • Fatigue • Stress Think about it… Why would such symptoms exist? Would they be more or less common in various stages of culture shock?
- 8. Negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture. (My way is right…everyone else is wrong). Can lead to rejection of knowledge and loss of interpersonal relationships.
- 9. Upon interacting with a person, our chief communication goal is to reduce our uncertainty about that person. Increased anxiety means decreased interactions Think about it… What role does URT play in an intercultural communication course? In study abroad?