1. The document discusses the roles of platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptors and benzodiazepine receptors in anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
2. It explains that PAF antagonists like BN52021 that block PAF receptors have been found to produce retrograde amnesia in animal studies by inhibiting long-term potentiation in the hippocampus.
3. In contrast, the anterograde amnesia caused by benzodiazepines is proposed to be mediated through benzodiazepine receptors rather than PAF receptors, as it can be blocked by benzodiazepine receptor antagonists but not PAF antagonists or inhibitors.
by: Dr. Vishal Pawar, MD Pharmacology
All the recent updates regarding antiepileptics, composed into a single ppt presentation to make researching and learning easier
by: Dr. Vishal Pawar, MD Pharmacology
All the recent updates regarding antiepileptics, composed into a single ppt presentation to make researching and learning easier
Epilepsy and antiepileptics. Dr.Ashok Kumar Batham,M.D.,DrAshok Batham
This presentation provides relevant description and classification of epilepsy with easy-to-remember mechanism-based and chemistry-based classifications of Anti-epileptic Drugs (AEDs). General features and salient details of all the Anti-epileptic Drugs (AEDs) are provided that can be used as short-notes. Hopefully, this presentation would be useful to students of medicine, pharmacology, pharmacy, clinical pharmacy, and representatives of pharmaceutical companies.
This lecture is about what is the neostigmine and what are its medical uses, mechanism of action and side effects.
Neostigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor used in the symptomatic treatment of myasthenia gravis by improving muscle tone.
Neostigmine is in the cholinergic family of medications. It works by blocking the action of acetylcholinesterase and therefore increases the levels of acetylcholine.
Neostigmine: Cholinesterase inhibitor = ↑ ACh
Neostigmine is an anticholinesterase inhibitor and inhibits the hydrolysis of acetylcholine by competing with acetylcholine for binding to acetylcholinesterase at the site of cholinergic transmission. By reducing the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, the transmission of nerve impulses is facilitated.
At the end of surgery, neostigmine has been given for the reversal of neuromuscular blocking agents with several adverse effects such as bradycardia and profuse secretion.
Atropine has been used to prevent those side effects of neostigmine.
Side effects titles as review:
.
Nausea, headache, insomnia, dry mouth, dizziness, vomiting, allergic reactions, skin rash, hot flashes, joint pain, stroke, weakness, muscle cramps, frequent urination
Neostigmine is rapidly absorbed after intramuscular injection (IM). Neostigmine binding to human serum albumin is approximately 15 to 25%.
Neostigmine is metabolized in the liver by microsomal enzymes. The apparent excretory half-life of neostigmine is between 24 and 113 minutes.
Presented by: Mohammadsaleh Moallem
In this ppt I mentioned all the imp point related to pain pathway and pain pathophysiology. refrence: essentials of interventional techniques in managing chronic pain (laxmaiah manchikanti)
antidotes and their MOA
An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning. The term ultimately derives from the Greek αντιδιδοναι antididonai, "given against"
Explanation of Preclinical (Animal) Models of Seizure and Epilepsy.
General overview of Seizure and Epilepsy and its current Management. Need to develop newer drugs and Newer models. Current models for Acute Seizure. Kindling explained. PPT contains overview and Protocol.
Epilepsy and antiepileptics. Dr.Ashok Kumar Batham,M.D.,DrAshok Batham
This presentation provides relevant description and classification of epilepsy with easy-to-remember mechanism-based and chemistry-based classifications of Anti-epileptic Drugs (AEDs). General features and salient details of all the Anti-epileptic Drugs (AEDs) are provided that can be used as short-notes. Hopefully, this presentation would be useful to students of medicine, pharmacology, pharmacy, clinical pharmacy, and representatives of pharmaceutical companies.
This lecture is about what is the neostigmine and what are its medical uses, mechanism of action and side effects.
Neostigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor used in the symptomatic treatment of myasthenia gravis by improving muscle tone.
Neostigmine is in the cholinergic family of medications. It works by blocking the action of acetylcholinesterase and therefore increases the levels of acetylcholine.
Neostigmine: Cholinesterase inhibitor = ↑ ACh
Neostigmine is an anticholinesterase inhibitor and inhibits the hydrolysis of acetylcholine by competing with acetylcholine for binding to acetylcholinesterase at the site of cholinergic transmission. By reducing the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, the transmission of nerve impulses is facilitated.
At the end of surgery, neostigmine has been given for the reversal of neuromuscular blocking agents with several adverse effects such as bradycardia and profuse secretion.
Atropine has been used to prevent those side effects of neostigmine.
Side effects titles as review:
.
Nausea, headache, insomnia, dry mouth, dizziness, vomiting, allergic reactions, skin rash, hot flashes, joint pain, stroke, weakness, muscle cramps, frequent urination
Neostigmine is rapidly absorbed after intramuscular injection (IM). Neostigmine binding to human serum albumin is approximately 15 to 25%.
Neostigmine is metabolized in the liver by microsomal enzymes. The apparent excretory half-life of neostigmine is between 24 and 113 minutes.
Presented by: Mohammadsaleh Moallem
In this ppt I mentioned all the imp point related to pain pathway and pain pathophysiology. refrence: essentials of interventional techniques in managing chronic pain (laxmaiah manchikanti)
antidotes and their MOA
An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning. The term ultimately derives from the Greek αντιδιδοναι antididonai, "given against"
Explanation of Preclinical (Animal) Models of Seizure and Epilepsy.
General overview of Seizure and Epilepsy and its current Management. Need to develop newer drugs and Newer models. Current models for Acute Seizure. Kindling explained. PPT contains overview and Protocol.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. AMNESIA(Role of PAF & Benzodiazepine Receptors)
Prof. (Dr.) Kamal Kishore Maheshwari
Department of Pharmacy, M.J.P.
Rohilkhand University, Bareilly-243006
(Uttar Pradesh).
2. Amnesia-It is a severe disruption of memory
without any deficit in intelligence, attention,
perception or judgment (Markowitsch, 1988;
Lucchelli et al., 1997).
3. Classification of Amnesia
Anterograde amnesia-is impairment to
store new memories. Anterograde amnesia is known
to impair memory for facts or events, but it does not affect memory
for skills/habits. Transient global/temporary amnesia is a type of
anterograde amnesia of short duration of one day or less. Certain
drugs such as benzodiazepines and anticholinergics, and electro-
convulsive therapy produce transient amnesia.
There are two major classes of amnesia
i.e. anterograde amnesia and retrograde
amnesia (Squire et al., 2001).
4. Retrograde amnesia-is a failure to
retrieve old memories (Markowitsch, 1988; Lucchelli et al., 1997).
Psychogenic amnesia is a kind of retrograde amnesia and it involves
temporary loss of identity as a consequence of strong psychic pressure.
Anterograde and retrograde amnesia usually occur as a consequence of
injury/disease of CNS. Moreover, psychogenic amnesia occurs in
absence of CNS injury. The conversion of short-term memory into long-
term memory involves the gradual transfer of information from
hippocampus system to neocortex. Retrograde amnesia does not affect
short-term memory but it affect short-term memory converted into long-
term memory.
5. Mechanism of Anterograde & Retrograde amnesia
(Role of PAF receptors and Benzodiazepine receptors in Anterograde & Retrograde amnesia)
6. BN52021, a potent membrane PAF receptor antagonist inhibits PAF induced
glutamate release and induction of COX2 gene. BN50730, another potent
intracellular PAF antagonist also found to inhibit COX2 gene induction. MK801, block
NMDA receptors, which inturn inhibits the increase in intracellular Ca2+. NMDA and
Kynurenic acid reversed memory deficits induced by MK801 in mice. BN52021,
BN50730 and MK801, protect the neuronal cells to damage via COX2 and high
concentration of intracellular Ca2+. WEB2170, a PAF antagonist reduced hypoxic
ischaemic brain swelling in the neonatal rat and also causes lack of LTP. Recently
evaluated that PAF antagonist like BN52021 inhibits apoptosis but not necrosis.
Ginkgo biloba extract, containing ginkgolide B (PAF-antagonist), other ginkgolides
and free radical scavengers, has been known to prevent neurodegeneration during
seizures and hypoxia/ischemia may be due to its direct effects on the cholinergic
system. Results of clinical studies of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGB 761) supported its
neuroprotective effect. Microinjection of PAF antagonists into the hippocampus and
amygdala of rats are reported to produce amnesia in step-down inhibitory avoidance
tasks. Synaptosomal and microsomal PAF receptor antagonists BN52021 and
BN50730 respectively, and WEB2086, 2170 are reported to block LTP formation, in
rat hippocampal CA1 in dentate gyrus and in medial vestibular nuclei. It is also
reported that PAF receptor antagonists reduced LTP in the PAF receptor deficient
mice by reducing glutamate induced neurotoxicity and cell death. Therefore, the PAF
is of significance in cell functions as well as in pathological conditions.
7. Platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists have been reported to impair learning and
memory. Intracerebroventricular injection of PAF attenuates retrograde amnesia
produced by PAF antagonist such as BN52021. Moreover, BN52021 induced amnesia
is also reversed by a non-selective PAF-acetyl-hydrolase (PAF-AH) inhibitor.
Administration of PAF analogue (mc-PAF) into hippocampus (10 min after training),
amygdala (immediately after training), and entorhinal cortex (100 min after training)
has greatly improved retention test performance in habitual task. Administration of
PAF antagonist, BN52021 in the above-mentioned sites and at same time intervals
after training has produced amnesia. Moreover, administration of PAF antagonist
BN52021 into intra-dorsal striatal, region of caudate-putamen, after 2 hours of
training has produced no effect on retention. But administration of mc-PAF and
BN52021 immediately after training has facilitated and impaired the retention
respectively. It suggests the time dependent involvement of PAF in memory process.
The application of BN52021, a PAF antagonist to CA1 region of the hippocampus, has
prevented brief tetanus induced LTP formation. Moreover, PAF antagonists such as
BN52021, BN50370 induced retrograde amnesia, is attenuated by physostigmine
(AchE inhibitor). It may be due to increased concentration of cerebral acetylcholine
and the consequent increase in PAF release.
8. PAF modulates the release of neurotransmitters such as glutamate to facilitate learning
and memory. PAF may act as a retrograde messenger, to induce LTP formation and
PAF analogue has been shown to facilitate process of LTP formation & enhance
learning and memory. PAF analogue (mc-PAF) has greatly improved retention and
PAF antagonist i.e. BN52021 has produced amnesia. PAF antagonists are reported to
produce amnesia in step-down inhibitory avoidance tasks and PAF receptor
antagonists such as BN52021, BN50730, WEB2086 & WEB2170 are reported to
block LTP formation. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of PAF attenuates
retrograde amnesia produced by PAF antagonist such as BN52021. Moreover,
BN52021 induced amnesia is also reversed by a non-selective PAF-acetyl-hydrolase
inhibitor i.e. cigarette smoke extract (CSE). CSE has prevented retrograde amnesia
due to triazolam and brotizolam, where as no such effect has been noted on
anterograde amnesia induced by diazepam, triazolam and brotizolam. Thus retrograde
amnesia observed with triazolam and brotizolam may be mediated through PAF
receptors.
9. The anterograde amnesia produced by alprazolam may be mediated through
benzodiazepines receptors, because it is blocked by a selective benzodiazepines
receptor antagonist such as flumazenil. Moreover, benzodiazepines induced
anterograde amnesia is neither affected by PAF nor by cigarette smoke extract (CSE), a
non-selective PAF-AH inhibitor. It suggests that anterograde amnesia produced by
benzodiazepines is not mediated through PAF receptors. CSE prevent retrograde
amnesia induced by triazolam, brotizolam and BN52021, whereas no such effect was
noted on anterograde amnesia induced by diazepam, triazolam and brotizolam. The
retrograde amnesia observed with BN52021, triazolam and brotizolam may be
mediated through PAF receptors because of PAF-AH inhibitors such as CSE, phenyl
methyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) have prevented their amnesic effect perhaps by
increasing the concentration of PAF. Hence PAF may be an important target site in the
development of retrograde amnesia and play a key role in cognitive processes.