This document summarizes research on using Raman spectroscopy and turbidity measurements to monitor polymorphic form conversion during crystallization of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). In-situ Raman spectroscopy was used to develop a phase diagram showing the stable form over a range of conditions and monitor kinetics of conversions between forms. Turbidity measurements effectively detected form changes during scale-up and provided comparable induction times to laboratory data. The combined use of these process analytical technologies enabled control of crystal form during development and scale-up of the crystallization process.
This document provides specifications for a diode emitter. It begins with an image and description of the TSUS4300 infrared emitting diode in a clear plastic package. Key features listed include high radiant power and intensity, low forward voltage, suitability for DC and pulse operation, and a standard 3mm package size. Applications mentioned are infrared remote control systems and reflective sensors. The document concludes with absolute maximum ratings for the diode.
This document investigates the effect of cementite particles on microstructure refinement and formation of high angle boundaries in low carbon steel. Warm deformation tests were conducted on a 0.16C steel and an ultra-low carbon steel up to a strain of 5 at 685°C and 0.1 s-1 strain rate. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis showed that cementite precipitation and ferrite recrystallization led to the formation of high angle boundaries and grain refinement during subcritical deformation. Flow stress was higher for the 0.16C steel due to cementite particles anchoring grain boundaries.
The document discusses the benefits of contracting with CDT (Confluence Discovery Technologies) for drug discovery services. CDT has expertise across multiple areas relevant to drug discovery including computational chemistry, medicinal chemistry & synthesis, mechanistic enzymology, cellular biology & pathway interrogation, assay development & validation, and biomarker development. Key benefits highlighted include CDT's problem solving abilities, experienced drug discovery team, broad technology base, and ability to serve as a collaborative partner throughout the drug discovery process from target identification through IND filing and beyond.
This document compares the costs of different cervical cancer screening models in Manitoba over five years. It finds that models using HPV testing as the primary screening method have the lowest overall costs and costs per specimen. The largest cost savings are from reduced labor needs, fewer unnecessary colposcopy referrals due to HPV testing's higher predictive value, and longer routine screening intervals. HPV testing could also reduce cervical cancer incidence and associated hospital treatment costs by around half compared to conventional cytology alone. While limitations exist, HPV testing appears to be the most cost-effective primary screening strategy according to this analysis.
The document compares various plastic materials across several key properties including operating temperature ranges, tensile strength, compressive strength, coefficient of friction, impact strength, moisture absorption, and cost. It also lists contact information for several plastic manufacturers.
Natalia Restrepo-Coupe_Remotely-sensed photosynthetic phenology and ecosystem...TERN Australia
This document discusses using remotely sensed data and tower eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements to study phenology and ecosystem productivity. It notes that flux tower data can help validate remote sensing phenology products by determining if they correctly capture dates of green-up, peak growing season, end of season, and season length. The document also aims to better understand what vegetation indices mean quantitatively and their biome-specific relationships to in-situ ecosystem behavior and capacity. Improving this understanding could lead to more robust land surface models informed by remote sensing.
The document summarizes Bogota's integrated public transport system called SITP. Key points:
1. SITP integrates Transmilenio BRT network and regular buses into a unified system with centralized regulation, integrated fares, and technology improvements.
2. SITP is being gradually implemented, with operation concessions awarded and technology upgrades in progress.
3. Expected impacts include more efficient operations, improved air quality from newer buses, and reduced travel times. Exposure to pollution is also expected to decrease.
4. Main challenges include negotiating contracts, improving environmental performance over time, ensuring accessibility, and adapting as demand grows.
Parker is the world's leading manufacturer of motion and control technologies. In 2006, Parker achieved record financial results including $9.4 billion in sales, a 16.3% increase over 2005. Net income increased 19.7% to $638.3 million. Cash flow from operations reached a record $954.6 million. Parker's diversification across hundreds of markets, 57,000 employees, and 417,000 customers helps drive consistent growth and mitigate risks from economic cycles.
This document provides specifications for a diode emitter. It begins with an image and description of the TSUS4300 infrared emitting diode in a clear plastic package. Key features listed include high radiant power and intensity, low forward voltage, suitability for DC and pulse operation, and a standard 3mm package size. Applications mentioned are infrared remote control systems and reflective sensors. The document concludes with absolute maximum ratings for the diode.
This document investigates the effect of cementite particles on microstructure refinement and formation of high angle boundaries in low carbon steel. Warm deformation tests were conducted on a 0.16C steel and an ultra-low carbon steel up to a strain of 5 at 685°C and 0.1 s-1 strain rate. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis showed that cementite precipitation and ferrite recrystallization led to the formation of high angle boundaries and grain refinement during subcritical deformation. Flow stress was higher for the 0.16C steel due to cementite particles anchoring grain boundaries.
The document discusses the benefits of contracting with CDT (Confluence Discovery Technologies) for drug discovery services. CDT has expertise across multiple areas relevant to drug discovery including computational chemistry, medicinal chemistry & synthesis, mechanistic enzymology, cellular biology & pathway interrogation, assay development & validation, and biomarker development. Key benefits highlighted include CDT's problem solving abilities, experienced drug discovery team, broad technology base, and ability to serve as a collaborative partner throughout the drug discovery process from target identification through IND filing and beyond.
This document compares the costs of different cervical cancer screening models in Manitoba over five years. It finds that models using HPV testing as the primary screening method have the lowest overall costs and costs per specimen. The largest cost savings are from reduced labor needs, fewer unnecessary colposcopy referrals due to HPV testing's higher predictive value, and longer routine screening intervals. HPV testing could also reduce cervical cancer incidence and associated hospital treatment costs by around half compared to conventional cytology alone. While limitations exist, HPV testing appears to be the most cost-effective primary screening strategy according to this analysis.
The document compares various plastic materials across several key properties including operating temperature ranges, tensile strength, compressive strength, coefficient of friction, impact strength, moisture absorption, and cost. It also lists contact information for several plastic manufacturers.
Natalia Restrepo-Coupe_Remotely-sensed photosynthetic phenology and ecosystem...TERN Australia
This document discusses using remotely sensed data and tower eddy covariance CO2 flux measurements to study phenology and ecosystem productivity. It notes that flux tower data can help validate remote sensing phenology products by determining if they correctly capture dates of green-up, peak growing season, end of season, and season length. The document also aims to better understand what vegetation indices mean quantitatively and their biome-specific relationships to in-situ ecosystem behavior and capacity. Improving this understanding could lead to more robust land surface models informed by remote sensing.
The document summarizes Bogota's integrated public transport system called SITP. Key points:
1. SITP integrates Transmilenio BRT network and regular buses into a unified system with centralized regulation, integrated fares, and technology improvements.
2. SITP is being gradually implemented, with operation concessions awarded and technology upgrades in progress.
3. Expected impacts include more efficient operations, improved air quality from newer buses, and reduced travel times. Exposure to pollution is also expected to decrease.
4. Main challenges include negotiating contracts, improving environmental performance over time, ensuring accessibility, and adapting as demand grows.
Parker is the world's leading manufacturer of motion and control technologies. In 2006, Parker achieved record financial results including $9.4 billion in sales, a 16.3% increase over 2005. Net income increased 19.7% to $638.3 million. Cash flow from operations reached a record $954.6 million. Parker's diversification across hundreds of markets, 57,000 employees, and 417,000 customers helps drive consistent growth and mitigate risks from economic cycles.
- FCX reported a net loss of $13.9 billion for 4Q08 due to impairment charges of $17.6 billion related to lower copper and molybdenum prices and revised mine plans.
- To address current market conditions, FCX is aggressively reducing costs, capital spending, and volumes while preserving resources and growth opportunities.
- Despite near-term challenges, FCX's reserves increased by 12.8 billion pounds of copper to 102 billion pounds in 2008 due to exploration success, and the Phelps Dodge acquisition remains strategically and financially beneficial.
- The document provides details of the candidate's work experience, education, skills and research publications.
- It lists the candidate's positions at Dow Chemicals and Ansys Software as a senior research engineer and senior technical support respectively.
- The candidate holds a Ph.D from IIT Bombay and has published research on modeling of rotary cement kilns and coupled CFD-DEM simulations for two phase flows.
- Key skills include mathematical modeling using CFD, DEM and lower order models, FORTRAN programming and use of commercial simulation software.
The document discusses the growth of online video between 2006-2010. It notes that the number of people streaming videos in the US increased from around 120 million in 2006 to over 160 million in 2010. Additionally, the number of videos streamed grew from 63 billion to over 441 billion during this period. The amount spent on online video advertising also increased dramatically, from $324 million in 2006 to $1.44 billion in 2010.
This document discusses how cost curves can be used as a business communication tool. It provides examples of cost curves showing the relative cost positions and profitability of competitors within different industries. Cost curves visually depict variables like production costs, price ranges, market share and margins in a simple way that is more impactful than words alone. The document encourages using a provided Excel macro to easily create cost curves for strategic business presentations and analysis.
Genome Wide Methodologies and Future PerspectivesBrian Krueger
This document discusses the history and evolution of genetic linkage and genome-wide association studies. It describes early linkage studies in model organisms that helped understand human genetics. Genome-wide association studies aim to find genetic variants associated with traits using SNPs, insertions/deletions, and copy number variations. Large projects like the Human Genome Project and HapMap Project helped provide reference genomes and map common variants. While initial GWAS had limitations, advances like whole genome sequencing and the 1000 Genomes Project have facilitated more comprehensive studies of genome-wide variation. Second generation sequencing technologies also increased throughput for sequencing.
Yara reported strong financial results and cash flow in the third quarter of 2012. Increased sales volumes for nitrates and NPK fertilizers outside of Europe led to higher prices. Recent expansions at Qafco and the restart of Lifeco were finalized. Yara has a strong balance sheet. The company generates value from both commodity and value-added fertilizer products. Upgrading and distribution make up a major part of Yara's contribution and profits. Yara provided sensitivities showing impacts of price changes in urea, natural gas, and other commodities. Several financial scenarios were presented based on different price assumptions.
Objective Capital Precious Metals, Diamonds and Gemstones Investment Summit
Focus on Gold: Challenges of gold mining in the US – reopening the Drumlummon Mine in Montana
20 May 2010
by David Wilson - Societe Generale
Energy scenario and water productivity of maize based CS under CA practices i...Joanna Hicks
This document discusses the challenges facing South Asian agriculture, including climate change, low resource use efficiency, and land degradation. It presents data showing yield gaps in major cereal crops like maize in the region. Conservation agriculture practices like zero-tillage and permanent beds can help increase water and energy productivity of maize-based cropping systems compared to conventional tillage. Studies from India show adoption of conservation agriculture has led to increased maize production and productivity over time. Further identification of climate-resilient crop varieties and refinement of practices are needed for wide-scale adoption of conservation agriculture in South Asia.
This document provides a summary of a panel discussion on the precious metals market outlook:
- The platinum market is currently in surplus but rising mining costs and an improving automotive sector outlook should support prices. South Africa remains the primary platinum producer.
- ETF investment has absorbed over 300,000 ounces of platinum so far in 2010, augmenting demand by around 15%. Speculative platinum positions on NYMEX reached a record in mid-April.
- Emission control demand, particularly from China's growing automotive sector, remains key to platinum demand. Jewelry is the second largest end-use. Palladium benefits more than platinum from China's automotive growth given gasoline
Palestra realizada pelo Instituto de Estudos Avançados da USP, Polo Ribeirão Preto. Mais informações: http://www.iearp.blogspot.com.br/2012/08/eletronica-organica-uma-nova-fronteira.html
Automatic extraction and manual validation of a hierarchical English-Swedish ...Jody Foo
Several methods can be applied to create a set of validated terms from existing documents. In this paper we describe an automatic bilingual term candidate extraction method, and the validation process used to create a hierarchical patent terminology. The process described was used to extract terms from patent texts, commissioned by the Swedish Patent Office with the purpose of using the terms for machine translation. Information on the correct linguistic inflection patterns and hierarchical partitioning of terms based on their use are of utmost importance.
The process contains six phases, 1) Analysis of the source material and system configuration; 2) Term candidate extraction; 3) Term candidate filtering and initial linguistic validation; 4) Manual validation by domain experts; 5) Final linguistic validation; and 6) Publishing the validated terms.
Input to the extraction process consisted of more than 91.000 patent document pairs in English and Swedish, 565 million words in English and 450 million words in Swedish. The English documents were supplied in EBD SGML format and the Swedish documents were supplied in OCR processed scans of patent documents. After grammatical and statistical analysis, the documents were word aligned. Using the word aligned material, candidate terms were extracted based on linguistic patterns. 750,000 term candidates were extracted and stored in a relational database. The term candidates were processed in 8 months resulting in 181.000 unique validated term pairs which were then exported into several hierarchically organized OLIF files.
The document summarizes a citizen campaign called "Mission 10Vi Pass" aimed at improving traffic discipline in Pune, India. Over 120 volunteers from Cummins India and 30 MBA students participated in awareness activities at busy intersections on selected days in March 2010. The volunteers educated commuters about traffic rules under guidance of the police. Their efforts were appreciated by commuters and police, though some challenges remained around sustaining enforcement and avoiding confrontations.
SANDPIPER has the products you require, the guarantee to back up those products and the service to meet all of your needs. SandPiper Air-operated Double Diaphragm (AODD) Pumps at our new Savli, Vadodara facility. For More Information Visit: http://www.idexindia.in/sandpiper-pump/
Raman spectroscpy presentation by zakia afzalzakia afzal
This document discusses Raman spectroscopy. It begins by explaining the Raman effect and how Raman scattering results in energy shifts from the excitation wavelength. It then describes the basic components of a Raman spectrometer and how Raman spectra are produced. Finally, it discusses several types of Raman spectroscopy techniques and how selection rules determine whether vibrational modes are Raman active or infrared active. In summary, the document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy, including the underlying principles, instrumentation, and applications.
This document outlines an experiment using Raman spectroscopy to analyze acetic acid and acetate ion, as well as water-ethanol mixtures. It first provides background on the discovery of Raman scattering by C.V. Raman. The experiment observed a red-shift in the acetic acid spectrum after deprotonation to acetate ion. Water-ethanol mixtures showed blue-shifted peaks as water disrupted the ethanol structure. Future directions discussed using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for chemical surface analysis.
Infrared spectroscopy uses infrared light to analyze molecular vibrations in gases, liquids, and solids. The technique involves passing infrared light through samples and measuring the absorption of specific wavelengths, which produces a spectrum that can identify functional groups and molecular structures based on their characteristic vibrational frequencies. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy improves on previous IR methods by using an interferometer to obtain an infrared spectrum over a wide spectral range.
Sir CV Raman was an Indian physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his work on the Raman effect. He discovered that when light scatters from molecules, a small fraction of the light shifts to different wavelengths, which is now known as Raman scattering. Raman made many contributions in areas like X-ray diffraction, optics, and colloidal solutions. Raman spectroscopy uses the Raman effect to study materials by analyzing the scattering of monochromatic light. It provides a molecular fingerprint to identify compounds and detect molecular impurities. Both Raman and infrared spectroscopy are useful techniques to analyze materials, but Raman spectroscopy has advantages like avoiding interference from solvents and being able to detect IR-inactive modes.
Raman spectroscopy is a technique that analyzes the scattering of monochromatic light, such as from a laser, after its interaction with molecular vibrations. Most light is elastically scattered, but a small amount is scattered at optical frequencies that are different from the incident light. This provides a fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. Raman spectroscopy is useful for chemical analysis and is non-destructive. It can identify materials through glass or plastic and does not require complex sample preparation.
- FCX reported a net loss of $13.9 billion for 4Q08 due to impairment charges of $17.6 billion related to lower copper and molybdenum prices and revised mine plans.
- To address current market conditions, FCX is aggressively reducing costs, capital spending, and volumes while preserving resources and growth opportunities.
- Despite near-term challenges, FCX's reserves increased by 12.8 billion pounds of copper to 102 billion pounds in 2008 due to exploration success, and the Phelps Dodge acquisition remains strategically and financially beneficial.
- The document provides details of the candidate's work experience, education, skills and research publications.
- It lists the candidate's positions at Dow Chemicals and Ansys Software as a senior research engineer and senior technical support respectively.
- The candidate holds a Ph.D from IIT Bombay and has published research on modeling of rotary cement kilns and coupled CFD-DEM simulations for two phase flows.
- Key skills include mathematical modeling using CFD, DEM and lower order models, FORTRAN programming and use of commercial simulation software.
The document discusses the growth of online video between 2006-2010. It notes that the number of people streaming videos in the US increased from around 120 million in 2006 to over 160 million in 2010. Additionally, the number of videos streamed grew from 63 billion to over 441 billion during this period. The amount spent on online video advertising also increased dramatically, from $324 million in 2006 to $1.44 billion in 2010.
This document discusses how cost curves can be used as a business communication tool. It provides examples of cost curves showing the relative cost positions and profitability of competitors within different industries. Cost curves visually depict variables like production costs, price ranges, market share and margins in a simple way that is more impactful than words alone. The document encourages using a provided Excel macro to easily create cost curves for strategic business presentations and analysis.
Genome Wide Methodologies and Future PerspectivesBrian Krueger
This document discusses the history and evolution of genetic linkage and genome-wide association studies. It describes early linkage studies in model organisms that helped understand human genetics. Genome-wide association studies aim to find genetic variants associated with traits using SNPs, insertions/deletions, and copy number variations. Large projects like the Human Genome Project and HapMap Project helped provide reference genomes and map common variants. While initial GWAS had limitations, advances like whole genome sequencing and the 1000 Genomes Project have facilitated more comprehensive studies of genome-wide variation. Second generation sequencing technologies also increased throughput for sequencing.
Yara reported strong financial results and cash flow in the third quarter of 2012. Increased sales volumes for nitrates and NPK fertilizers outside of Europe led to higher prices. Recent expansions at Qafco and the restart of Lifeco were finalized. Yara has a strong balance sheet. The company generates value from both commodity and value-added fertilizer products. Upgrading and distribution make up a major part of Yara's contribution and profits. Yara provided sensitivities showing impacts of price changes in urea, natural gas, and other commodities. Several financial scenarios were presented based on different price assumptions.
Objective Capital Precious Metals, Diamonds and Gemstones Investment Summit
Focus on Gold: Challenges of gold mining in the US – reopening the Drumlummon Mine in Montana
20 May 2010
by David Wilson - Societe Generale
Energy scenario and water productivity of maize based CS under CA practices i...Joanna Hicks
This document discusses the challenges facing South Asian agriculture, including climate change, low resource use efficiency, and land degradation. It presents data showing yield gaps in major cereal crops like maize in the region. Conservation agriculture practices like zero-tillage and permanent beds can help increase water and energy productivity of maize-based cropping systems compared to conventional tillage. Studies from India show adoption of conservation agriculture has led to increased maize production and productivity over time. Further identification of climate-resilient crop varieties and refinement of practices are needed for wide-scale adoption of conservation agriculture in South Asia.
This document provides a summary of a panel discussion on the precious metals market outlook:
- The platinum market is currently in surplus but rising mining costs and an improving automotive sector outlook should support prices. South Africa remains the primary platinum producer.
- ETF investment has absorbed over 300,000 ounces of platinum so far in 2010, augmenting demand by around 15%. Speculative platinum positions on NYMEX reached a record in mid-April.
- Emission control demand, particularly from China's growing automotive sector, remains key to platinum demand. Jewelry is the second largest end-use. Palladium benefits more than platinum from China's automotive growth given gasoline
Palestra realizada pelo Instituto de Estudos Avançados da USP, Polo Ribeirão Preto. Mais informações: http://www.iearp.blogspot.com.br/2012/08/eletronica-organica-uma-nova-fronteira.html
Automatic extraction and manual validation of a hierarchical English-Swedish ...Jody Foo
Several methods can be applied to create a set of validated terms from existing documents. In this paper we describe an automatic bilingual term candidate extraction method, and the validation process used to create a hierarchical patent terminology. The process described was used to extract terms from patent texts, commissioned by the Swedish Patent Office with the purpose of using the terms for machine translation. Information on the correct linguistic inflection patterns and hierarchical partitioning of terms based on their use are of utmost importance.
The process contains six phases, 1) Analysis of the source material and system configuration; 2) Term candidate extraction; 3) Term candidate filtering and initial linguistic validation; 4) Manual validation by domain experts; 5) Final linguistic validation; and 6) Publishing the validated terms.
Input to the extraction process consisted of more than 91.000 patent document pairs in English and Swedish, 565 million words in English and 450 million words in Swedish. The English documents were supplied in EBD SGML format and the Swedish documents were supplied in OCR processed scans of patent documents. After grammatical and statistical analysis, the documents were word aligned. Using the word aligned material, candidate terms were extracted based on linguistic patterns. 750,000 term candidates were extracted and stored in a relational database. The term candidates were processed in 8 months resulting in 181.000 unique validated term pairs which were then exported into several hierarchically organized OLIF files.
The document summarizes a citizen campaign called "Mission 10Vi Pass" aimed at improving traffic discipline in Pune, India. Over 120 volunteers from Cummins India and 30 MBA students participated in awareness activities at busy intersections on selected days in March 2010. The volunteers educated commuters about traffic rules under guidance of the police. Their efforts were appreciated by commuters and police, though some challenges remained around sustaining enforcement and avoiding confrontations.
SANDPIPER has the products you require, the guarantee to back up those products and the service to meet all of your needs. SandPiper Air-operated Double Diaphragm (AODD) Pumps at our new Savli, Vadodara facility. For More Information Visit: http://www.idexindia.in/sandpiper-pump/
Raman spectroscpy presentation by zakia afzalzakia afzal
This document discusses Raman spectroscopy. It begins by explaining the Raman effect and how Raman scattering results in energy shifts from the excitation wavelength. It then describes the basic components of a Raman spectrometer and how Raman spectra are produced. Finally, it discusses several types of Raman spectroscopy techniques and how selection rules determine whether vibrational modes are Raman active or infrared active. In summary, the document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy, including the underlying principles, instrumentation, and applications.
This document outlines an experiment using Raman spectroscopy to analyze acetic acid and acetate ion, as well as water-ethanol mixtures. It first provides background on the discovery of Raman scattering by C.V. Raman. The experiment observed a red-shift in the acetic acid spectrum after deprotonation to acetate ion. Water-ethanol mixtures showed blue-shifted peaks as water disrupted the ethanol structure. Future directions discussed using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for chemical surface analysis.
Infrared spectroscopy uses infrared light to analyze molecular vibrations in gases, liquids, and solids. The technique involves passing infrared light through samples and measuring the absorption of specific wavelengths, which produces a spectrum that can identify functional groups and molecular structures based on their characteristic vibrational frequencies. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy improves on previous IR methods by using an interferometer to obtain an infrared spectrum over a wide spectral range.
Sir CV Raman was an Indian physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his work on the Raman effect. He discovered that when light scatters from molecules, a small fraction of the light shifts to different wavelengths, which is now known as Raman scattering. Raman made many contributions in areas like X-ray diffraction, optics, and colloidal solutions. Raman spectroscopy uses the Raman effect to study materials by analyzing the scattering of monochromatic light. It provides a molecular fingerprint to identify compounds and detect molecular impurities. Both Raman and infrared spectroscopy are useful techniques to analyze materials, but Raman spectroscopy has advantages like avoiding interference from solvents and being able to detect IR-inactive modes.
Raman spectroscopy is a technique that analyzes the scattering of monochromatic light, such as from a laser, after its interaction with molecular vibrations. Most light is elastically scattered, but a small amount is scattered at optical frequencies that are different from the incident light. This provides a fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. Raman spectroscopy is useful for chemical analysis and is non-destructive. It can identify materials through glass or plastic and does not require complex sample preparation.
This document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy. It begins by defining spectroscopy as the study of how atoms and molecules interact with light. It then describes Raman scattering, which was discovered by C.V. Raman in 1928 and involves a change in frequency of scattered light that depends on the chemical structure of molecules. The rest of the document discusses key aspects of Raman spectroscopy such as Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering, the relationship between Raman and infrared spectroscopy, and applications of Raman spectroscopy such as molecular identification and quantification.
Raman spectroscopy is a technique that uses laser light to identify the chemical structure of materials. It has various applications in areas like pharmaceuticals, materials science, gemology, and forensics. The document outlines the principle of Raman spectroscopy, describes Raman instrumentation, discusses its strengths and limitations, and provides examples of its applications. It also discusses challenges like weak signals and spatial resolution that new techniques like surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy are helping to address, broadening Raman spectroscopy's potential.
IBM Storwize V7000 Ultimate Performance EngOleg Korol
The IBM Storwize V7000 was able to achieve 53,000 IOPS with an average response time of 11ms in synthetic SPC-1 testing using 240 HDDs. This document examines whether similar real-world performance can be achieved on a Storwize V7000 supporting a production database workload consisting of OLTP and OLAP applications across 208 HDDs, without using SSDs. Charts of disk usage and response times over a day show the Storwize V7000 supporting over 50,000 IOPS and average response times under 5ms.
The document discusses improving I/O scalability in the Xen virtualization platform. It explores optimizations to the virtual network interface (VNIF) and reducing virtual-to-physical device assignment (VT-d) overhead. It also examines using single-root I/O virtualization (SR-IOV) and processing interrupts on a per-CPU vector to improve I/O performance and scalability. Charts are presented showing the benefits of these techniques for network throughput and CPU utilization.
Session1 cdm eligibility of prosol (amel bida, rcreee)RCREEE
The document summarizes a regional workshop on solar thermal applications held in Cairo, Egypt in March 2009. It discusses Egypt's eligibility for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects under the Kyoto Protocol and highlights two potential CDM projects involving Egypt's PROSOL program: (1) a 450,000 square meter residential solar water heating project called PROSOL II, and (2) a 90,000 square meter commercial solar water heating project called PROSOL Collectif. The document provides details on each project's approval status, anticipated greenhouse gas reductions, and socioeconomic benefits.
Q-Learning and Pontryagin's Minimum PrincipleSean Meyn
This document discusses using Q-learning to find optimal control policies for nonlinear systems with continuous state spaces. It outlines a 5-step approach: 1) Recognize the fixed point equation for the Q-function, 2) Find a stabilizing policy that is ergodic, 3) Use an optimality criterion to minimize the Bellman error, 4) Use an adjoint operation, and 5) Interpret and simulate the results. As an example, it applies these steps to the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem and approximates the Q-function. The goal is to seek the best approximation within a parameterized function class.
The document describes the PULP protocol, a hybrid push-pull protocol for disseminating messages from multiple sources across a network. It uses an initial exponential growth phase using push to quickly inform nodes, followed by a quadratic shrinking pull phase to limit redundant messages. Nodes maintain message histories and trading windows to drive useful pulls. Evaluation shows the protocol achieves high coverage with low latency and bandwidth costs, and adapts well to changes in message frequency and network churn.
Reference ranges for cardiovascular indices for adolescents derived using the Ultrasonic Cardiac Output Monitor (USCOM).
Cattermole GN, Ho GYL, Mak PSK, Graham CA, Rainer TH.
July 2011
This document describes a system for multiuser pre-equalized pre-rake ultra-wideband communications. It introduces pre-rake transmission and a multi-input single-output pre-equalized pre-rake system. The system model includes a central transmitter with multiple antennas, pre-equalizing filters, spreading codes, and pre-rake filters. The problem of optimizing the pre-equalization filters to minimize mean-square error under a total power constraint is formulated. This problem is shown to be a convex quadratically constrained quadratic program. Results demonstrate the system's ability to achieve quality of service constraints with minimal power budgets according to numerical simulations.
BusinessVibes organized Textile webinars to showcase industry trends and growth updates from textile industry experts and chiefs at prominent associations at Textile Machinery Manufacturers Association (TMMA), Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Associations (BGMEA), Bombay Textile Research Association (BTRA) and Towel Manufacturers Associaiton of Pakistan
- The document was the earnings call transcript from Quepasa Corporation for the first quarter of 2012, discussing key metrics and financial results.
- Registered users, visits, and pageviews all continued to increase quarter-over-quarter. Adjusted EBITDA was $672,937 for Q1 2012 compared to $10,430 in Q1 2011.
- Management highlighted continued growth in the company's core social networking platform, which was being rebranded from myYearbook to MeetMe.
This document appears to be an action plan or report from 2015 that includes the following elements:
- Charts and graphs showing GDP, population, education, and technology trends over time for a particular country or region.
- Data on GDP, income, education performance on tests, and ICT adoption from 2005-2015.
- Mentions a goal to increase ICT use in education by 2021.
- Compares the country or region to OECD averages on various education and technology metrics.
This document provides an overview of the URM pavement system and its benefits over traditional pavement repair methods. The URM system allows for quick road repairs within 20 minutes that last over 2 years, significantly reducing costs by up to 77% over the lifetime of the pavement compared to usual repair methods. It also reduces traffic disruptions by 58%, lowers social costs like traffic jams by prolonging pavement life, and has environmental benefits with zero industrial waste production. The URM system is suitable for highways, urban roads, and other roadways.
This document discusses induction lighting and energy systems. It presents induction lighting as a 3-legged stool approach that provides benefits for the lighting environment, energy savings, and operational savings. Induction lights have an ultra-long life compared to other light sources like HPS and metal halide. Case studies show induction lighting installations in freezers, underpasses, docks, soffits, and parking lots. The document also presents energy systems for areas like pick modules, conveyors, and distribution centers that provide additional energy savings.
This document summarizes the promises and pitfalls of tier pricing for scientific research journals. It discusses how online publishing requires a different pricing model than print due to varying usage levels across institutions. Tier pricing aims to reduce costs for smaller institutions but poses challenges, such as disproportionately increasing prices for top institutions or requiring complex administration. Transparency is important to ensure tier pricing is not used simply to increase overall revenue. Overall, tier pricing systems must balance fairness across institution sizes with maintaining affordability.
Broadband penetration and GDP per capita are positively correlated across OECD countries. Countries with higher GDP per capita tend to have higher broadband penetration, with a simple correlation of 0.64. The graph shows broadband subscribers per 100 inhabitants on the y-axis and GDP per capita in USD PPP on the x-axis, demonstrating that as GDP increases, so too does broadband access.
Broadband penetration and GDP per capita are positively correlated across OECD countries. Countries with higher GDP per capita in 2006 tended to have higher broadband penetration rates in December 2007, with a simple correlation of 0.64. Broadband penetration rates ranged from less than 5 subscribers per 100 inhabitants to over 35, while GDP per capita ranged from under $10,000 to over $90,000.
The document discusses the author's interest in fish in the Mekong River from a food-poverty-environment perspective and questions around fish yields, demands, threats and research gaps. It notes that fish provide important food and livelihoods but yields are unclear and may be threatened by dams and other changes, and more study is needed on trends, demands, sustainability and management opportunities.
ACG European Capital Tour: Investing pitfalls / lessons learned and big succe...ACGEU
The document summarizes a presentation by Alvarez & Marsal on opportunities in the European market. It discusses 1) the current state of the European sovereign debt crisis and its impact on private equity and distressed markets, 2) middle market opportunities including financial institutions selling non-performing assets and distressed debt investing, and 3) potential pitfalls for private equity investors to avoid. The presentation also reviews M&A trends and outlook by country and sector. Key takeaways are the availability of portfolio and corporate carve-out deals, and the need for private equity investors to thoroughly understand business fundamentals and have contingencies planned.
The document discusses the energy-water nexus and its implications for Texas. It notes that fresh water is a limited resource, with only 2.5% being fresh water and the majority locked up in ice or snow. Meeting future fresh water and electricity demands will be challenging given population growth and climate change impacts. Texas withdraws more fresh water than any other state, with the majority used for irrigation and thermoelectric power generation, both of which are energy intensive. This interdependence of energy and water systems will impact Texas' future water security and sustainability.
Similar to American Pharmaceutical Review Barnes Et Al (20)
1. In Process Monitoring of Polymorphic Form Conversion by Raman Spectroscopy
and Turbidity Measurements
Susan Barnes, Jason Gillian, Ann Diederich, Delphi Burton, Darryl Ertl
Foreword
The aim of pharmaceutical development is to design superior active pharmaceutical
ingredients (APIs) with robust manufacturing processes that consistently deliver product
of pre-defined quality and performance. Quality cannot be tested into products; it should
be built-in or should be by design.1 The information and knowledge gained from
research and development studies as well as manufacturing experience, provide scientific
understanding to enable determination of the design space, product specifications, and
manufacturing controls.2 Process Analytical Technologies (PAT) are systems for
designing, analyzing, and controlling pharmaceutical manufacturing processes allowing
timely measurements of critical quality and performance attributes of raw and in-process
materials. Incorporating PAT into quality by design (QbD) encompasses the use of
scientifically based process optimization, appropriate sensor technologies, statistical tools
(chemometrics), feedback process control strategies and knowledge management tools to
ensure production of final high quality products at manufacturing.
Introduction
Crystallization of APIs is a common unit operation used to stabilise and purify process
intermediates and finished products. This procedure allows firm control of crystal size
distribution, morphology and polymorphic form, which are often critical quality attributes
of a drug substance. 3 Taking a QbD approach to producing the final particle forming step
is central to form control and critical to ensure product stability, safety, efficacy and
performance at secondary manufacturing.
Historically, form identification has been achieved using off-line techniques such as
XRPD, NMR, DSC and FTIR. 3, 4 Off-line methods provide no continuous information on
the process, often involve sampling delays and can alter the processing history. More
recently process analytical technologies (PAT) such as near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy
5, 6
and Raman spectroscopy7-9 have been realized as techniques for characterization of
crystal form and conversion kinetics. Tools, such as FBRM, are also being utilized for
monitoring of particle size distribution. 10-12
This article details the application of fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy for in-situ
measurement of a form transformation during a final crystallization and isolation step.
Data were acquired in order to develop an understanding of the design space for the
process over a range of operating conditions. In alignment with the goals of the PAT
framework and the quality by design tenet, this knowledge has enabled scale-up of a
robust crystallization that consistently ensures a pre-defined form and product quality.
2. Case Study
The desired form of the API is an anhydrate (Form A). Research has been conducted to
develop a cooled seeded crystallization intended to isolate the anhydrate form of the API
in a methanol-water solvent system. During this work, a monohydrate and two distinct
methanol solvate forms (M1 and M2) were also identified. Distinct differences in crystal
size and morphology were observed between the four forms (Figure 1). These differences
can affect processability at secondary manufacturing and product bioavailability.
Each crystal form was found to have a very distinctive powder X-ray diffraction pattern
and off-line FTIR and Raman spectra. Preliminary work indicated that the final form
recovered from this process was governed by the methanol-water solvent ratio, batch
isolation temperature and hold time after seeding. Induction of a form conversion from
the anhydrate to the methanol solvate was seen in batches with extended holds over a
range of isolation temperatures. Consequently, determination of the maximum hold time
before occurrence of an undesirable form conversion was paramount to the design of a
robust process.
Figure 1: Optical microscope images of the monohydrous, anhydrous and methanol
solvate forms of the API
In-situ Raman spectroscopy was utilized to develop a phase diagram for identification of
the most stable form over a wide range of operating conditions. Other additional
experiments involving in-situ monitoring were designed to determine form and induction
time as a function of isolation temperature, cooling rate and solvent ratio. All in-situ data
was supported by optical microscopy, XRPD and DATR.
One major advantage of utilizing Raman for this application was the low sensitivity of
the technique to water. Spectra of slurries of all four crystal forms showed very distinct
features with good separation from the solvent bands, making Raman an excellent
qualitative technique for form discrimination. In-situ data were acquired from slurries of
the API in methanol-water with an 18” long, ½ diameter short focus immersion optic,
interfaced with a port in the top of a 1 L JLR. Initial data analysis was conducted by
simple integration of bands associated with each form, allowing mapping of the
transformation kinetics and end point determination.
3. Figure 2: MCR analysis of in-situ Raman data acquired from conversion of the anhydrate
to the methanol solvate form of an API in methanol at 25 o C
A B
80 80000
70 Anhydrate, 25 C 70000
PC 1 PC 2 Peak area
60000
60
50000
Integrated peal area (arb)
50
40000
Integrated area (au)
PC (arb)
40
arb units
30000
C Methanolate 1, 25C
30 20000
15
10 10000
20
5 0
0 10
-10000
-5
0 -20000
-10 0 500 1000 1500 2000
-10 -30000
-15
1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 Time (minutes)
Time (minutes)
Raman Shift (1/cm)
Figure 2A shows a waterfall plot of in-situ Raman data acquired from the anhydrate
slurried in methanol at 25 o C. The objective of the experiment was to determine an
induction time for conversion of the batch to the solvate during an extended hold at a 25 o
C isolation temperature.
The waterfall plot, presented as a function of hold time, shows notable changes in the
spectral features in the fingerprint region (1250 – 1080 cm-1). The integrated area of the
feature at 1148 cm-1, ascribed to the first methanolate form (M1), was used to map the
form conversion over time (Figure 2B). Data were acquired over a 2 day period and
showed a form conversion induction time of 13.5 hours and a total conversion time of 10
hours. A subsequent approach to analyzing the spectral data, which moves away from
relying on the presence of isolated bands to profile kinetics, is the application of
Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR).13, 14 Figure 2B is an overlay of the integrated peak
area plot with the profiles of first two MCR components calculated from analysis of the
spectral region (1250 – 1080 cm-1). Data were pre-processed by baseline correction and
calculation of the 1st derivative. Excellent agreement can be observed between the peak
area profile and the component profiles. Analysis of the estimated spectral profiles
(Figure 2C) showed strong similarities with the 1st derivative spectra of the anhydrate
and M1 respectively which gives confidence that the correct profiles were extracted from
the data.
A further range of experiments were conducted to determine the effect of isolation
temperature and hold time on final form. Figure 3 presents results from four such
experiments in a 4:1 methanol-water solvent system. The anhydrate was slurried and held
for extended periods of time Methanol-water at four different isolation temperatures (0, 2,
10 and 20 o C).
Figure 3: Form conversion induction time for as a function of isolation temperature
4. Raman data from each experiment were used to identify form, induction time and total
conversion time (Shown in Table). The data showed that lowering the temperature had
the effect of significantly reducing the time at which the slurries could be held before
isolation. Raman data showed that the first methanolate form was the more stable form at
20 o C, whereas M2 was more stable between 0-10 o C. In-situ monitoring proved to be an
invaluable tool for acquiring continuous process data and removed the need for laborious
off-line testing over long periods of time (up to 25 hours). Real-time identification of
form by Raman was confirmed by off-line analysis of the isolated material.
Figure 4: Phase diagram showing thermodynamic stability of each form of the API as a
function of solvent composition and slurry temperature
Figure 4 is an experimental phase diagram showing the thermodynamic stability of each
form of the API as a function of solvent composition and slurry temperature. Full
development of the phase diagram led to selection of an operating region where the
desired form is the most stable allowing development of a cooled seeded crystallization
to reproducibly produce the desired form. Combined with kinetic data on the form change
induction times over a range of temperatures, the data set allowed selection of an
acceptable temperature for material to be isolated following the crystallization. This
information is invaluable, especially at scale-up, where hold times before material
isolation can become much longer than those typically seen in the laboratory.
Scale-up to Pilot Plant
5. Although shown to be a key tool for in-situ analysis of form on the laboratory scale,
Raman spectroscopy is currently not available for analysis of the crystallization process
at the pilot plant used for scale up of this particular process. Since in-situ analysis of this
process on scale was desired because of concerns over the scale-up effect on induction
time, an alternative PAT technique was assessed and pursued.
Figure 5 shows results from the application of Raman spectroscopy and turbidity
measurements to monitor a cooled, seeded crystallization of the anhydrate in 4:1,
methanol-water (Figure 5A). Further data were collected to monitor the form change of
the anhydrate to the methanol solvate on extended hold at an isolation temperature of 0 o
C. Whilst Raman is sensitive to the change in the molecular structure of the API on form
transformation, turbidity data is sensitive to alteration in light scattering properties of the
slurry as result of the change in particle size, morphology and distribution during
conversion. The profiles from both data sets determined that after an induction time of 9
hours the second methanolate was formed with a total conversion time of 8.5 hours. In
the case of the Raman data, the integrated area of feature at 1200 cm-1 associated with the
structure of M2 (Figure 5B) was used to profile the conversion kinetics. Excellent
agreement was seen between the profiles of both data sets. Final form and complete
conversion was confirmed by XRPD, FTIR and optical microscopy (Figure 5C).
Figure 5: In-situ Raman and Turbidity data from analysis of a seeded cooled
crystallization and subsequent form conversion on hold at isolation temperature
Although not a molecular specific technique for form identification the sensitivity of the
turbidity measurement makes it a powerful technique for in-situ detection of form
transformation, especially when coupled with offline spectroscopic analysis.
In-situ turbidity measurements were implemented as part of a 50 L pilot plant campaign
to follow the crystallization of the API in the selected solvent system and to monitor for
form transformation before isolation. Several batches on 50 L scale were run to test the
edges of the design space using extended hold periods to determine the maximum
induction times on scale. Induction times at isolation temperature were shown to be
comparable to those determined at laboratory scale which provided promising data for
further scale up of the process to pilot plant.
6. Summary
In summary, in-situ Raman spectroscopy is an effective technique for identification of
polymorphic form and form conversion kinetics. In-line Raman was used extensively on
the laboratory scale for development of the phase diagram the most stable form of the
API as a function of solvent composition and slurry temperature. In-situ data acquisition
reduced the requirement for off-line sampling which was time consuming, required
sample preparation and ran the risk of altering the processing history of the material. On-
scale, in-situ turbidity measurements were an effective tool for detection of form
transformation during hold at batch isolation temperature. Turbidity is a technique which
is simple and cost effective to implement on scale. Although turbidity is an inferential
measurement, combined with one off-line sampling for confirmation of final form, it has
been demonstrated to be a powerful technology for detection of form transformation in
this system.
Acknowledgements
The Authors would like to acknowledge our colleagues Duncan Thompson and Thomas
Thurston for their assistance with the MCR data analysis aspect of the work presented
here. Thank you also to Charles Goss, Gregory Gervasio and the staff of the Process
Engineering group at Upper providence for assistance with implementation of in-situ
turbidity for measurement for form conversion on scale-up.
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Author Biographies
Dr Susan Barnes is a Principal Scientist at GlaxoSmithKline within the Process Analytical Technologies
and chemometrics group. She received her BS in Chemistry and PhD in Mechanical Engineering from
the University of Bradford in the UK. Prior to Joining GSK, she was a Guest Research Scientist in the
Combinatorial Methods Group in the Polymers Division of the National Institute of Standards and
Technologies. Her research interests include the implementation of in-situ spectroscopic techniques for
process understanding and control. She has authored over 15 peer reviewed publications and conference
proceedings.
Dr Jason Gillian is a Principal Scientist at GlaxoSmithKline within the Particle Sciences Group in
Chemical Development. Prior to joining GSK, he was a Senior Engineer within Merck Manufacturing
Division for the commissioning, control and optimization of new processes in organic process
development. Dr Gillian received his BS in Chemical Engineering from Virginia Tech, and was awarded
his MS and PhD in Chemical Engineering from University of Virginia.
Ann Diederich is an Investigator at GlaxoSmithKline within the Particle Sciences group in Chemical
Development. She received her Bachelor degree in Chemistry from Ohio State University and her MS
degree in Organic Chemistry from Texas A&M University. After spending the initial 9 years with the
company in the Synthetic Chemistry, with an emphasis on process development and scale-up, Ann has
8. been specializing in Particle Sciences for the last 8 years. Ann has 6 papers and 6 patents accredited to
her name.
Delphilia Burton is an Engineer at GlaxoSmithKline within the Process Engineering Group in Chemical
Development. She received her BS and MS in Chemical and Biochemical Engineering from University
of Maryland, Baltimore County, where her research primarily focused on small scale bioseparations, and
down stream protein processing.
Darryl Ertl is the manager of the Process Analytical Technology and Chemometrics group at
GlaxoSmithKline in Chemical Development. Prior to joining GSK he worked at Bristol-Myers Squibb
where he was responsible for implementing a world wide initiative for raw material identification using
NIR spectroscopy and at Eastman Kodak where he applied numerous in-situ technologies to
manufacturing processes for process control. Darryl received his BS degree in Chemistry from the
University of Brockport.