08 kuhnlenz first results of the kosina projectleann_mays
The KOSINA project developed technical concepts and geological and numerical models for a potential radioactive waste repository in bedded salt formations in Germany. Generic geological models were constructed for two types of bedded salt - flat-bedded salt and salt pillow structures. Material parameters were compiled for numerical modeling. Preliminary calculations were performed to model temperature distribution and displacement. Repository concepts and designs were developed for horizontal borehole and drift disposal options in flat-bedded salt. An interim report presented the basic data, requirements, geological models, and outline of a safety demonstration concept.
16 lbnl deep borehole research summary dobson lbnlleann_mays
The document summarizes research being conducted at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) related to deep borehole disposal of nuclear waste. It discusses 6 projects: 1) modeling the geologic framework for deep boreholes, 2) measuring permeability in fractured rock cores, 3) seismic imaging of fractures, 4) modeling thermal, hydrologic, chemical processes, 5) laboratory experiments on borehole damage zones and seals, and 6) modeling seals and the disturbed zone using thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling. The research aims to further scientific understanding of deep borehole disposal concepts through field data collection, lab experiments, and computational modeling.
This document summarizes the progression of complexity in geomechanical modeling of salt caverns and salt repositories. Early models used simplified geometries and creep properties based on limited data to predict long-term behavior. As sites age and experience transient issues, models have incorporated detailed geometries, heterogeneous properties calibrated to observed behavior, and the ability to model short-term responses to stress changes. The document compares modeling of the more homogeneous West Hackberry salt dome site to the more complex Bryan Mound site with heterogeneous salt and cavern geometries influenced by impurities.
This document summarizes and provides commentary on the paper "Deformation assisted fluid percolation in salt" by Ghanbarzadeh et al. It notes that while the paper presents interesting observations, the experimental samples and conditions do not realistically represent natural rock salt. It questions whether the proposed dihedral angle threshold for permeability is valid given experimental uncertainties. The document concludes that salt's low permeability is adequately explained by existing geomechanical criteria, and the paper does not undermine the integrity of salt as a potential nuclear waste repository host rock.
Data acquisition and Log Evaluation in a High-Density Cesium Formate Fluid John Downs
1) The document discusses evaluating well logs in high density cesium formate drilling mud. Cesium formate mud poses challenges for log evaluation due to its high density, electrical conductivity, and nuclear properties.
2) A novel method is presented to correct density logs measured in cesium formate mud. It uses the linear relationship between measured density and photoelectric effect to calculate the invaded zone saturation and true formation density.
3) The method involves using photoelectric measurements to correct the measured density log and calculate saturation of the invaded zone, then applying density-porosity relationships to obtain the final porosity measurement.
The document summarizes a presentation on further important topics in rock salt geomechanics for radioactive waste repositories. It discusses three main topics: (1) how salt deforms in the long term, (2) integrity analysis of salt as a barrier, and (3) consolidation of crushed salt backfill. It provides updates on recent progress and remaining issues, including experimental work and modeling efforts. Key ongoing activities include the BMWI joint project WEIMOS and a DAEF initiative for improved modeling of crushed salt consolidation through international collaboration.
21 bentonite under high temperature conditions coupled thmc modeling and expe...leann_mays
This document summarizes research on modeling and experimental studies of bentonite clay behavior under high temperature conditions and long-term uranium sorption properties. It discusses:
1) Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical modeling of bentonite alteration over long timescales, validated against data from the FEBEX in situ heating test. The model predicts changes in mineral fractions and stresses.
2) An experiment measuring uranium sorption capacity of bentonite samples from the FEBEX test exposed to 18 years of heating. Preliminary results show lower uranium sorption in the hottest sample, possibly due to differences in accessory minerals rather than clay structure.
3) Planned purification and characterization of the
This document summarizes research on the origin and distribution of hydrocarbons in salt domes. Some key findings include:
- Hydrocarbons are naturally occurring in salt rocks but are heterogeneously distributed in localized streaks and clouds.
- They are only found along grain boundaries, healed fractures, or within anhydrite capillaries connected to boundaries.
- Their origin is both intrasaline (naturally occurring within the salt) and from external source sediments like the Stassfurt carbonate.
- Deformation experiments on salt rocks show that fluids are confined to very limited zones and do not interconnect through the rock, indicating salt is hydraulically tight outside zones of extensive deformation.
08 kuhnlenz first results of the kosina projectleann_mays
The KOSINA project developed technical concepts and geological and numerical models for a potential radioactive waste repository in bedded salt formations in Germany. Generic geological models were constructed for two types of bedded salt - flat-bedded salt and salt pillow structures. Material parameters were compiled for numerical modeling. Preliminary calculations were performed to model temperature distribution and displacement. Repository concepts and designs were developed for horizontal borehole and drift disposal options in flat-bedded salt. An interim report presented the basic data, requirements, geological models, and outline of a safety demonstration concept.
16 lbnl deep borehole research summary dobson lbnlleann_mays
The document summarizes research being conducted at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) related to deep borehole disposal of nuclear waste. It discusses 6 projects: 1) modeling the geologic framework for deep boreholes, 2) measuring permeability in fractured rock cores, 3) seismic imaging of fractures, 4) modeling thermal, hydrologic, chemical processes, 5) laboratory experiments on borehole damage zones and seals, and 6) modeling seals and the disturbed zone using thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling. The research aims to further scientific understanding of deep borehole disposal concepts through field data collection, lab experiments, and computational modeling.
This document summarizes the progression of complexity in geomechanical modeling of salt caverns and salt repositories. Early models used simplified geometries and creep properties based on limited data to predict long-term behavior. As sites age and experience transient issues, models have incorporated detailed geometries, heterogeneous properties calibrated to observed behavior, and the ability to model short-term responses to stress changes. The document compares modeling of the more homogeneous West Hackberry salt dome site to the more complex Bryan Mound site with heterogeneous salt and cavern geometries influenced by impurities.
This document summarizes and provides commentary on the paper "Deformation assisted fluid percolation in salt" by Ghanbarzadeh et al. It notes that while the paper presents interesting observations, the experimental samples and conditions do not realistically represent natural rock salt. It questions whether the proposed dihedral angle threshold for permeability is valid given experimental uncertainties. The document concludes that salt's low permeability is adequately explained by existing geomechanical criteria, and the paper does not undermine the integrity of salt as a potential nuclear waste repository host rock.
Data acquisition and Log Evaluation in a High-Density Cesium Formate Fluid John Downs
1) The document discusses evaluating well logs in high density cesium formate drilling mud. Cesium formate mud poses challenges for log evaluation due to its high density, electrical conductivity, and nuclear properties.
2) A novel method is presented to correct density logs measured in cesium formate mud. It uses the linear relationship between measured density and photoelectric effect to calculate the invaded zone saturation and true formation density.
3) The method involves using photoelectric measurements to correct the measured density log and calculate saturation of the invaded zone, then applying density-porosity relationships to obtain the final porosity measurement.
The document summarizes a presentation on further important topics in rock salt geomechanics for radioactive waste repositories. It discusses three main topics: (1) how salt deforms in the long term, (2) integrity analysis of salt as a barrier, and (3) consolidation of crushed salt backfill. It provides updates on recent progress and remaining issues, including experimental work and modeling efforts. Key ongoing activities include the BMWI joint project WEIMOS and a DAEF initiative for improved modeling of crushed salt consolidation through international collaboration.
21 bentonite under high temperature conditions coupled thmc modeling and expe...leann_mays
This document summarizes research on modeling and experimental studies of bentonite clay behavior under high temperature conditions and long-term uranium sorption properties. It discusses:
1) Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical modeling of bentonite alteration over long timescales, validated against data from the FEBEX in situ heating test. The model predicts changes in mineral fractions and stresses.
2) An experiment measuring uranium sorption capacity of bentonite samples from the FEBEX test exposed to 18 years of heating. Preliminary results show lower uranium sorption in the hottest sample, possibly due to differences in accessory minerals rather than clay structure.
3) Planned purification and characterization of the
This document summarizes research on the origin and distribution of hydrocarbons in salt domes. Some key findings include:
- Hydrocarbons are naturally occurring in salt rocks but are heterogeneously distributed in localized streaks and clouds.
- They are only found along grain boundaries, healed fractures, or within anhydrite capillaries connected to boundaries.
- Their origin is both intrasaline (naturally occurring within the salt) and from external source sediments like the Stassfurt carbonate.
- Deformation experiments on salt rocks show that fluids are confined to very limited zones and do not interconnect through the rock, indicating salt is hydraulically tight outside zones of extensive deformation.
23 international collaboration in disposal research decovalex 2019 birkholzer...leann_mays
The document summarizes the international DECOVALEX project which aims to improve modeling of coupled thermal-hydrological-mechanical-chemical processes in nuclear waste repositories through validation against experimental data. It describes the new DECOVALEX-2019 phase involving seven modeling tasks related to gas flow, fault slip, groundwater recovery, bentonite engineering barriers, heater test upscaling, and excavation damaged zone evolution. The tasks involve collaboration between organizations from multiple countries and compare modeling results to in situ experiments conducted in underground research laboratories in clay and crystalline rock.
The document summarizes Germany's new approach for siting a nuclear waste repository. It outlines a 5 stage process including site selection, mining development, waste emplacement, monitoring, and sealing. Stage 1 involves a 3 phase site selection process by 2031 to identify potential sites and choose a final location. Key organizations involved include the Federal Ministry for the Environment and the new Federal Organization for Nuclear Disposal. The Repository Commission established criteria for assessing potential host rocks like rock salt, claystone, and granite based on factors like isolation ability, safety, and competing land uses. Germany aims to ensure the best possible safety for radioactive waste storage over a period of 1 million years.
Sandia National Laboratories is a federally funded research facility operated by Sandia Corporation for the Department of Energy. The presentation discusses research on fluid flow through rock salt. It summarizes the theory of how pore networks evolve in ductile rocks under pressure and temperature. Laboratory experiments on rock salt samples show that pore connectivity and fluid percolation depend on porosity and dihedral angle as predicted by the theory. Comparison to field data from hydrocarbon wells in salt formations shows generally good agreement between observations and the theoretical model.
This document provides an overview of dielectric logging principles, applications, and examples from Brazilian oilfields. It discusses the physical principles behind dielectric properties and how they are generated by charge alignment in an electric field. It also describes how dielectric tools can be used to quantify water saturation independently of salinity. The document reviews polarization mechanisms, dielectric measurement techniques, and petrophysical models like CRIM that are used to interpret dielectric logs. It provides examples of how dielectric logging has been used in Petrobras fields to evaluate reservoirs with fresh water and heavy oils, and in pre-salt formations to assess residual oil saturation.
The document summarizes the conclusions from three phases of the Joint Project on Constitutive Models for rock salt. Phase III identified needs for further development, including deformation at small stresses, tensile stresses, layer boundaries, and damage reduction. The new WEIMOS project will address these needs through additional laboratory tests, modeling improvements, and simulations to further validate and qualify constitutive models for analyzing long-term salt repository integrity.
This document provides an overview of well log interpretation. It discusses how well logs are used to answer key questions about hydrocarbon-bearing formations like location, quantity, and producibility. The interpretation process involves identifying permeable zones using logs like SP and GR, then using resistivity and porosity logs to locate zones with hydrocarbons. Formations are further evaluated to determine porosity, fluid saturations, and other properties through techniques like density-neutron crossplots, environmental corrections, and determining formation temperature based on geothermal gradient. The goal is to locate potential producing zones and estimate hydrocarbon quantities and recoverability.
Oxidative aging and rheological performance of modified asphalt binderCheng (Wayne) Zhu
Cheng Zhu defended his thesis on evaluating the effect of thermal oxidative aging on the rheological performance of modified asphalt binders. The study characterized the aging kinetics of different modified asphalt binders under oxidative aging conditions using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic shear rheometer testing. Various rheological indices like low-shear viscosity, crossover modulus, and Glover-Rowe parameter were analyzed to quantify the effect of thermal oxidative aging on the binders' rheological properties. Arrhenius kinetics were applied to model the aging reaction rates of the binders at different temperatures.
Using Carbon Isotopes to Monitor CO2 at the CONSOL Energy Inc. Coal Sequestr...Stephen Henry
The use of carbon isotopes is one of the most effective ways of monitoring, verifying and accounting (MVA) for injected CO2 as carbon forms part of the CO2 molecule itself. This study focuses on using carbon isotopes to understand CO2 dissolution, monitor CO2 plume migration, and identify the presence/absence of CO2 leakage into overlying formations and shallow subsurface at the CONSOL Energy Inc. sequestration test site located in Marshall County, West Virginia along the Pennsylvania Fork of Fish Creek. The CO2 gas is being injected, for testing both coal bed methane recovery and carbon sequestration, into the Upper Freeport coal bed at ~1200 feet depth. Ongoing CO2 injection began in 2009, and continuous geochemical environmental monitoring of shallow ground water, Fish Creek, and vadose zone gas began in 2008. In summer 2012 water and gas sampling began for carbon isotopic analysis at or near the test site; water is being sampled and tested from three groundwater monitoring wells, a few domestic groundwater supplies, and Fish Creek. Gas is being sampled and tested from the CO2 injection source gas tank, two deep coal bed methane producing wells, one deep monitoring well, and eight shallow vadose zone monitoring wells. The preliminary data indicate that the CO2 gas used in this sequestration operation has a different isotopic value compared to naturally occurring CO2 in the geologic formations. Initial data indicate that carbon isotopes can be used as an effective “natural built-in tracer” for monitoring the CO2 plume and/or its leakage into overlying shallow aquifers and subsurface.
The document describes a plan to inter-compare the PFLOTRAN and RepoTREND reactive transport codes. The plan involves:
1) A batch waste form simulation to compare radionuclide release from a instantly breaching nuclear waste form.
2) A full simulation of a generic salt repository with a mined drift, shaft, and aquifer to compare breakthrough curves and dose calculations.
3) PFLOTRAN has provided first results for the batch simulation showing radionuclide source terms and cumulative release over time. The next step is setting up the full repository simulation in PFLOTRAN.
The document summarizes experiments conducted as part of the DOPAS project to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of plugs and seals for radioactive waste repositories. Specifically, it discusses experiments conducted by GRS to investigate the chemical-hydraulic and hydro-mechanical behavior of cement-based sealing materials in rock salt. Laboratory experiments were performed on samples of rock salt, salt concrete, and sorel concrete to examine long-term deformation, damage behavior, corrosion processes, and diffusion when exposed to NaCl and MgCl2 brines. Large-scale experiments also studied the combined system of a plug, contact zone, and surrounding rock salt subjected to radial load and axial gas or brine flow. Initial permeability decreased but later increased depending on
15 sobolik comparison of salt cavern and repository sand2016 5102 aleann_mays
This document discusses modeling of salt caverns and repositories. It notes that modeling of salt repositories has focused on understanding design, analysis, operations, and long-term predictions through predictive modeling of mechanical behavior. Validation of these models requires comparison to field data. Modeling of salt caverns has similarly evolved from simple models to more detailed representations incorporating site-specific data in order to better predict operational concerns like subsidence and closure over decades. Lessons from cavern modeling may help improve repository modeling.
This document provides a summary of a presentation given at a workshop in Washington, DC from September 7-9, 2016. The presentation covered several topics relating to shaft seals for nuclear waste repositories, including: testing of crushed salt-clay backfill mixtures; alternative binary salt-clay mixtures; shaft sealing concepts using asphalt and bitumen; an in-situ experiment with MgO concrete; and small-scale tests of bentonite-based sandwich sealing systems. The presentation concluded with next steps around further testing and acknowledged funding support from the German government.
Geophysical well logging uses sensors located in boreholes to measure physical properties of surrounding rocks as a function of depth. Well logs are used to identify geological formations and fluids, correlate between holes, and evaluate reservoir formations. Common logging methods include electrical resistivity, self-potential, nuclear, acoustic, and thermal measurements. The objective is to determine in situ rock and fluid properties, though drilling disturbs the formation. Effective depth of penetration varies between tools and formations. Well logging aims to identify potential reservoirs by determining porosity, permeability, and fluid contents.
The document summarizes an assessment of existing experimental data and constitutive models for predicting the behavior of crushed salt backfill during reconsolidation in a salt repository. It finds that while several thermo-mechanical models have been developed, the experimental database is incomplete, particularly for the low porosity range under relevant conditions. It recommends future work to complete the database through improved experiments and to calibrate and benchmark models against experimental results to enable reliable predictions of long-term behavior and hydraulic properties.
Smart Fractured Reservoir Development StrategiesITE Oil&Gas
The document presents a strategy for smarter assessment of fractured reservoirs using discrete fracture network (DFN) modeling. The strategy integrates geological data to provide a rational description of the fractured rock conditions and connectivity. It provides a scalable approach to understand the effects of natural fracture networks on well trajectories, compartmentalization, completions and hydraulic fracturing. The modeling workflow includes characterizing fractures from well data, building 3D DFN models, simulating hydraulic fracturing and microseismicity, predicting stimulated rock volumes and production, and upscaling to the field scale. This integrated approach can help optimize development and reduce environmental risks.
Modeling CO2 injection into saline aquifers, Gonzalo Zambrano, University of ...Global CCS Institute
The document summarizes research on carbon capture and storage (CCS) being conducted by Dr. Rick Chalaturnyk and his research team at the University of Alberta. Some of the major areas of research include well integrity, reservoir geomechanics processes, risk assessment, and reservoir surveillance. The document provides details on several CCS-related research projects and field tests being carried out to evaluate CO2 injection and storage at sites such as Weyburn and Penn West. Numerical modeling is a key part of the research to simulate CO2 injection and predict fluid movement, trapping mechanisms, and reservoir responses over time.
This document summarizes the RepoTREND code package and its intercomparison with PFLOTRAN for modeling radionuclide transport in a salt repository system. RepoTREND includes modules for modeling near-field processes like canister corrosion and radionuclide mobilization, as well as transport through the near field and far field. It describes initial CLAYPOS and LOPOS models run for the test case, finding generally good agreement with PFLOTRAN results except for Am-241. The LOPOS models with an additional shaft showed increased outflow for some radionuclides but the shaft acts mainly as a sorbing buffer. Suggestions are made to modify the test case for higher model output comparison
The reservoir (rock porosity and permeability)salahudintanoli
Reservoir rock is the one of the important component in petroleum system i.e without it petroleum system is impossible. This presentation contain all necessary information regarding reservoir rock.
The Repoperm project studied the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of compacting crushed salt backfill at low porosities. It found that:
1) Measurement of properties like permeability and constitutive relationships for two-phase flow are possible down to gas permeabilities of 10-15 m2.
2) Presently used models have limits and material parameters depend on the specific test, so predictive capability needs improving.
3) Further research is needed to fully characterize hydro-mechanical behavior, understand permeability under unsaturated conditions, and reconcile results from different test types.
On July 6, 2012, Commerce Resources Corp. (TSXv: CCE) released its National Instrument 43-101 Technical Report entitled "Technical Report on Mineral Resource Update" on its Blue River Tantalum-Niobium Project in British Columbia.
Commerce Resources Corp. (TSXv: CCE, FSE: D7H) is pleased to report that its joint venture partner Canadian International Minerals Inc. (CNSX: CIN) has announced an update on exploration activities at the Carbo Project, northeastern British Columbia. Canadian International has engaged Aeroquest Limited to fly a close spaced AeroTEM III-Radiometric-Mag survey over the Carbo property. Field crews currently are continuing the geological mapping and soil sampling program that began in 2009. A permit application for a minimum 1,000 meter diamond drill program has been submitted to the British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources.
23 international collaboration in disposal research decovalex 2019 birkholzer...leann_mays
The document summarizes the international DECOVALEX project which aims to improve modeling of coupled thermal-hydrological-mechanical-chemical processes in nuclear waste repositories through validation against experimental data. It describes the new DECOVALEX-2019 phase involving seven modeling tasks related to gas flow, fault slip, groundwater recovery, bentonite engineering barriers, heater test upscaling, and excavation damaged zone evolution. The tasks involve collaboration between organizations from multiple countries and compare modeling results to in situ experiments conducted in underground research laboratories in clay and crystalline rock.
The document summarizes Germany's new approach for siting a nuclear waste repository. It outlines a 5 stage process including site selection, mining development, waste emplacement, monitoring, and sealing. Stage 1 involves a 3 phase site selection process by 2031 to identify potential sites and choose a final location. Key organizations involved include the Federal Ministry for the Environment and the new Federal Organization for Nuclear Disposal. The Repository Commission established criteria for assessing potential host rocks like rock salt, claystone, and granite based on factors like isolation ability, safety, and competing land uses. Germany aims to ensure the best possible safety for radioactive waste storage over a period of 1 million years.
Sandia National Laboratories is a federally funded research facility operated by Sandia Corporation for the Department of Energy. The presentation discusses research on fluid flow through rock salt. It summarizes the theory of how pore networks evolve in ductile rocks under pressure and temperature. Laboratory experiments on rock salt samples show that pore connectivity and fluid percolation depend on porosity and dihedral angle as predicted by the theory. Comparison to field data from hydrocarbon wells in salt formations shows generally good agreement between observations and the theoretical model.
This document provides an overview of dielectric logging principles, applications, and examples from Brazilian oilfields. It discusses the physical principles behind dielectric properties and how they are generated by charge alignment in an electric field. It also describes how dielectric tools can be used to quantify water saturation independently of salinity. The document reviews polarization mechanisms, dielectric measurement techniques, and petrophysical models like CRIM that are used to interpret dielectric logs. It provides examples of how dielectric logging has been used in Petrobras fields to evaluate reservoirs with fresh water and heavy oils, and in pre-salt formations to assess residual oil saturation.
The document summarizes the conclusions from three phases of the Joint Project on Constitutive Models for rock salt. Phase III identified needs for further development, including deformation at small stresses, tensile stresses, layer boundaries, and damage reduction. The new WEIMOS project will address these needs through additional laboratory tests, modeling improvements, and simulations to further validate and qualify constitutive models for analyzing long-term salt repository integrity.
This document provides an overview of well log interpretation. It discusses how well logs are used to answer key questions about hydrocarbon-bearing formations like location, quantity, and producibility. The interpretation process involves identifying permeable zones using logs like SP and GR, then using resistivity and porosity logs to locate zones with hydrocarbons. Formations are further evaluated to determine porosity, fluid saturations, and other properties through techniques like density-neutron crossplots, environmental corrections, and determining formation temperature based on geothermal gradient. The goal is to locate potential producing zones and estimate hydrocarbon quantities and recoverability.
Oxidative aging and rheological performance of modified asphalt binderCheng (Wayne) Zhu
Cheng Zhu defended his thesis on evaluating the effect of thermal oxidative aging on the rheological performance of modified asphalt binders. The study characterized the aging kinetics of different modified asphalt binders under oxidative aging conditions using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic shear rheometer testing. Various rheological indices like low-shear viscosity, crossover modulus, and Glover-Rowe parameter were analyzed to quantify the effect of thermal oxidative aging on the binders' rheological properties. Arrhenius kinetics were applied to model the aging reaction rates of the binders at different temperatures.
Using Carbon Isotopes to Monitor CO2 at the CONSOL Energy Inc. Coal Sequestr...Stephen Henry
The use of carbon isotopes is one of the most effective ways of monitoring, verifying and accounting (MVA) for injected CO2 as carbon forms part of the CO2 molecule itself. This study focuses on using carbon isotopes to understand CO2 dissolution, monitor CO2 plume migration, and identify the presence/absence of CO2 leakage into overlying formations and shallow subsurface at the CONSOL Energy Inc. sequestration test site located in Marshall County, West Virginia along the Pennsylvania Fork of Fish Creek. The CO2 gas is being injected, for testing both coal bed methane recovery and carbon sequestration, into the Upper Freeport coal bed at ~1200 feet depth. Ongoing CO2 injection began in 2009, and continuous geochemical environmental monitoring of shallow ground water, Fish Creek, and vadose zone gas began in 2008. In summer 2012 water and gas sampling began for carbon isotopic analysis at or near the test site; water is being sampled and tested from three groundwater monitoring wells, a few domestic groundwater supplies, and Fish Creek. Gas is being sampled and tested from the CO2 injection source gas tank, two deep coal bed methane producing wells, one deep monitoring well, and eight shallow vadose zone monitoring wells. The preliminary data indicate that the CO2 gas used in this sequestration operation has a different isotopic value compared to naturally occurring CO2 in the geologic formations. Initial data indicate that carbon isotopes can be used as an effective “natural built-in tracer” for monitoring the CO2 plume and/or its leakage into overlying shallow aquifers and subsurface.
The document describes a plan to inter-compare the PFLOTRAN and RepoTREND reactive transport codes. The plan involves:
1) A batch waste form simulation to compare radionuclide release from a instantly breaching nuclear waste form.
2) A full simulation of a generic salt repository with a mined drift, shaft, and aquifer to compare breakthrough curves and dose calculations.
3) PFLOTRAN has provided first results for the batch simulation showing radionuclide source terms and cumulative release over time. The next step is setting up the full repository simulation in PFLOTRAN.
The document summarizes experiments conducted as part of the DOPAS project to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of plugs and seals for radioactive waste repositories. Specifically, it discusses experiments conducted by GRS to investigate the chemical-hydraulic and hydro-mechanical behavior of cement-based sealing materials in rock salt. Laboratory experiments were performed on samples of rock salt, salt concrete, and sorel concrete to examine long-term deformation, damage behavior, corrosion processes, and diffusion when exposed to NaCl and MgCl2 brines. Large-scale experiments also studied the combined system of a plug, contact zone, and surrounding rock salt subjected to radial load and axial gas or brine flow. Initial permeability decreased but later increased depending on
15 sobolik comparison of salt cavern and repository sand2016 5102 aleann_mays
This document discusses modeling of salt caverns and repositories. It notes that modeling of salt repositories has focused on understanding design, analysis, operations, and long-term predictions through predictive modeling of mechanical behavior. Validation of these models requires comparison to field data. Modeling of salt caverns has similarly evolved from simple models to more detailed representations incorporating site-specific data in order to better predict operational concerns like subsidence and closure over decades. Lessons from cavern modeling may help improve repository modeling.
This document provides a summary of a presentation given at a workshop in Washington, DC from September 7-9, 2016. The presentation covered several topics relating to shaft seals for nuclear waste repositories, including: testing of crushed salt-clay backfill mixtures; alternative binary salt-clay mixtures; shaft sealing concepts using asphalt and bitumen; an in-situ experiment with MgO concrete; and small-scale tests of bentonite-based sandwich sealing systems. The presentation concluded with next steps around further testing and acknowledged funding support from the German government.
Geophysical well logging uses sensors located in boreholes to measure physical properties of surrounding rocks as a function of depth. Well logs are used to identify geological formations and fluids, correlate between holes, and evaluate reservoir formations. Common logging methods include electrical resistivity, self-potential, nuclear, acoustic, and thermal measurements. The objective is to determine in situ rock and fluid properties, though drilling disturbs the formation. Effective depth of penetration varies between tools and formations. Well logging aims to identify potential reservoirs by determining porosity, permeability, and fluid contents.
The document summarizes an assessment of existing experimental data and constitutive models for predicting the behavior of crushed salt backfill during reconsolidation in a salt repository. It finds that while several thermo-mechanical models have been developed, the experimental database is incomplete, particularly for the low porosity range under relevant conditions. It recommends future work to complete the database through improved experiments and to calibrate and benchmark models against experimental results to enable reliable predictions of long-term behavior and hydraulic properties.
Smart Fractured Reservoir Development StrategiesITE Oil&Gas
The document presents a strategy for smarter assessment of fractured reservoirs using discrete fracture network (DFN) modeling. The strategy integrates geological data to provide a rational description of the fractured rock conditions and connectivity. It provides a scalable approach to understand the effects of natural fracture networks on well trajectories, compartmentalization, completions and hydraulic fracturing. The modeling workflow includes characterizing fractures from well data, building 3D DFN models, simulating hydraulic fracturing and microseismicity, predicting stimulated rock volumes and production, and upscaling to the field scale. This integrated approach can help optimize development and reduce environmental risks.
Modeling CO2 injection into saline aquifers, Gonzalo Zambrano, University of ...Global CCS Institute
The document summarizes research on carbon capture and storage (CCS) being conducted by Dr. Rick Chalaturnyk and his research team at the University of Alberta. Some of the major areas of research include well integrity, reservoir geomechanics processes, risk assessment, and reservoir surveillance. The document provides details on several CCS-related research projects and field tests being carried out to evaluate CO2 injection and storage at sites such as Weyburn and Penn West. Numerical modeling is a key part of the research to simulate CO2 injection and predict fluid movement, trapping mechanisms, and reservoir responses over time.
This document summarizes the RepoTREND code package and its intercomparison with PFLOTRAN for modeling radionuclide transport in a salt repository system. RepoTREND includes modules for modeling near-field processes like canister corrosion and radionuclide mobilization, as well as transport through the near field and far field. It describes initial CLAYPOS and LOPOS models run for the test case, finding generally good agreement with PFLOTRAN results except for Am-241. The LOPOS models with an additional shaft showed increased outflow for some radionuclides but the shaft acts mainly as a sorbing buffer. Suggestions are made to modify the test case for higher model output comparison
The reservoir (rock porosity and permeability)salahudintanoli
Reservoir rock is the one of the important component in petroleum system i.e without it petroleum system is impossible. This presentation contain all necessary information regarding reservoir rock.
The Repoperm project studied the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of compacting crushed salt backfill at low porosities. It found that:
1) Measurement of properties like permeability and constitutive relationships for two-phase flow are possible down to gas permeabilities of 10-15 m2.
2) Presently used models have limits and material parameters depend on the specific test, so predictive capability needs improving.
3) Further research is needed to fully characterize hydro-mechanical behavior, understand permeability under unsaturated conditions, and reconcile results from different test types.
On July 6, 2012, Commerce Resources Corp. (TSXv: CCE) released its National Instrument 43-101 Technical Report entitled "Technical Report on Mineral Resource Update" on its Blue River Tantalum-Niobium Project in British Columbia.
Commerce Resources Corp. (TSXv: CCE, FSE: D7H) is pleased to report that its joint venture partner Canadian International Minerals Inc. (CNSX: CIN) has announced an update on exploration activities at the Carbo Project, northeastern British Columbia. Canadian International has engaged Aeroquest Limited to fly a close spaced AeroTEM III-Radiometric-Mag survey over the Carbo property. Field crews currently are continuing the geological mapping and soil sampling program that began in 2009. A permit application for a minimum 1,000 meter diamond drill program has been submitted to the British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources.
Commerce Resources Corp. (TSXv: CCE) announced that the results from the second hole of the 2010 drilling program at the Eldor Project in Quebec, has further confirmed the potential for a significant new, and large tonnage, rare earth element ("REE") discovery at the Ashram Rare Earth Zone.
Commerce Resources Corp. (TSXv: CCE, FSE: D7H) is pleased to provide an update on the flotation pilot plant currently underway for the Company’s 100% owned Ashram Rare Earth Deposit.
Commerce Resources has initiated the second phase of a pilot plant for its Ashram Rare Earth Deposit, which involves leaching bulk flotation concentrate from the first phase. The objective is to demonstrate the leach process on a continuous basis and evaluate performance. Samples will be collected for further analysis. Previous leach testwork has simplified the process by requiring only a minor pH adjustment. The leach residue will feed a subsequent magnetic separation pilot plant to produce high-grade mineral concentrate for downstream processing. Testwork on the magnetic separation has produced mineral concentrates grading 39% and 54% TREO at recovery rates of 85% and 46%, respectively.
Commerce Resources Corp. announces the completion of the flotation pilot plant, the first phase in a series of related pilot plant tests on material from the Company's 100% owned Ashram Rare Earth Deposit.
This technical report summarizes the results of a mineral resource estimation for the Ashram deposit located on Commerce Resources Corporation's Eldor property in Nunavik, Quebec. Drilling and sampling conducted between 2009 and 2011 was used to develop a geological model and estimate mineral resources. Exploratory data analysis and variography were performed on the analytical data. A block model was constructed and rare earth element and fluoride grades were interpolated using ordinary kriging. Measured, indicated, and inferred mineral resources were estimated based on drill hole spacing and geological continuity. Measured and indicated resources total 206.5 million tonnes grading 1.88% total rare earth oxide and 4.80% fluorine. Inferred resources add an additional
Commerce Resources Corp. (TSXv: CCE) announces the achievement of key metallurgical milestones with the successful completion of a leach mini-pilot plant and the subsequent production of the highest-grade mineral concentrate to date from the Company’s 100% owned Ashram Rare Earth Deposit.
2010-2012 GROUNDWATER PLUME AND SOURCE INVESTIGATION IN CAPPED MSW LANDFILL & CHLORINATED SOLVENT DEEP VERTICAL PROFILING
Kandiyohi County Landfill, SW-79
New London, Minnesota
Additional investigative and possible corrective action measures appeared warranted to remediate volatile organic compound (VOC) contamination in the groundwater at the property lines of a municipal solid waste landfill in West Central Minnesota. This work was required by the Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency (MPCA) in 2010. The landfill owner had to
develop and implement a plan that would define the extent of the plume and establish an effective long term groundwater monitoring system.
The source area of the VOCs appeared to be a 23 acre unlined section of the landfill, called the Old Phase I Disposal Area. Preliminary corrective action discussions included total excavation and relocation of the waste material within the Old Phase I Disposal Area to a new lined space on site. Initial cost estimates ranged from 3 to 4 million dollars to complete the relocation of the waste in this area.
Video available at https://youtu.be/ELoWK4yUfr8
Alnes et al gravity and subsidence monitoringStatoil
This document discusses Statoil's use of seafloor gravimetric and subsidence monitoring above producing reservoirs. It presents the theory of time-lapse gravity monitoring and how changes in reservoir density can be detected. Specifically, it summarizes Statoil's ongoing monitoring projects at the Troll East oil field and Sleipner CO2 storage site, where changes in gravity and seafloor subsidence correlated with gas/oil production and CO2 injection have provided insights into reservoir behavior. The results of monitoring have helped update reservoir simulation models.
formation evaluation for reservoir engineeringmohammedsaaed1
Formation evaluation involves using tools to measure properties of rock and fluid in a wellbore to analyze hydrocarbon reservoirs. Key techniques include mud logging to monitor drilling, coring to obtain samples, open-hole wireline logging to characterize formations, logging while drilling for real-time data, formation testing to obtain pressure and fluid samples, and cased-hole logging for monitoring producing wells. The data is used to evaluate potential fluid flow and recovery from reservoirs.
Propiedades de un reservorio de gas con hidratosGeorge Jim
1) Gas hydrate reservoirs can be characterized using well logs such as resistivity and acoustic logs to determine gas hydrate saturation. More advanced logs like NMR provide insights into pore-scale distribution and reservoir properties.
2) Studies including the Mount Elbert well in Alaska utilized logs like NMR alongside cores and pressure testing to understand gas hydrate occurrence in sediments and obtain properties like porosity, saturation, and permeability.
3) NMR can estimate fluid volumes like free water, clay-bound water, and gas hydrate saturation when combined with density logs, providing a more accurate understanding of gas hydrate reservoirs compared to resistivity alone.
Effect of Sericitization on the Engineering Properties of the Miango Granite ...iosrjce
The effects of sericitizaition on the engineering properties of the Miango Granite porphyry located
in Bassa Local Government Area (L.G.A), Plateau State, Nigeria was carried out. The tests carried out on the
twenty rock samples include; aggregate crushing and impact tests, water absorption, durability tests, specific
gravity and petrographic examination. An average aggregate crushing value of >20% for most of the rock
samples show that the rocks are relatively weak while other tests such as aggregate impact values of 18%-23%,
water absorption of <1%,><12% and specific gravity values are fairly
good. However, thin section studies revealed three distinctive features which greatly influence the physicomechanical
properties: (a) abundant fractures of varying sizes (b) sericitization of the orthoclase/plagioclase
feldspars (c) intergrowth of quartz with plagioclase or orthoclase feldspars. The strength loss of the granite
porphyry could be attributed to the presence of micro-fractures on the rock samples and the sericitization of the
dominant plagioclase and orthoclase feldspars. Geotechnical characterization of the rocks shows that they can
be utilized as roadstone or could be cut and polished and used as facing stones because of slow disintegration to
sulphate attack and the large feldspar phenocrysts in the rock samples
Poster prepared by Menelik Getaneh and Amare Tsigae for the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) Science Workshop, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9–10 July 2013
This document provides an overview of formation evaluation techniques used in petroleum exploration and development. It discusses various logging methods like mud logging, coring, open-hole logging using electrical, nuclear and acoustic tools, logging while drilling, formation testing including wireline formation testing and drill stem testing, and cased-hole logging techniques. The goal of formation evaluation is to detect and quantify oil and gas reserves using measurements taken inside the wellbore and interpret physical properties of rocks and contained fluids.
Full Paper - Ratcheting Uplift of Buried Pipelines in Sand (P. Chitas)Pagkratios Chitas
This document summarizes an experimental study on the ratcheting failure mechanism of buried offshore pipelines in sand. Small-scale laboratory tests were conducted using a pipe section buried in dry silica sand at various densities and embedment depths. Both monotonic and cyclic (load-controlled) pull-out tests were performed to simulate upheaval buckling and ratcheting failure. The test results were analyzed to investigate controlling parameters, validate prediction methods, and determine adequate soil cover required to resist ratcheting. The experimental setup, soil sample preparation, and testing procedure are described in detail.
Ppt 29-03-2017-reservoir characterisation and 3-d static modelling of “awe fi...Toba Awe
The document presents reservoir characterization and 3D static modeling of the Awe Field in the Niger Delta. Key findings include:
1. Petrophysical analysis of two reservoirs, G and I, across five wells found reservoir G has better porosity (29%) and permeability (262.5 mD) than reservoir I (26% porosity, 77.06 mD permeability).
2. 3D seismic interpretation identified faults within the field and mapped reservoir structure. Reservoir G contains two main faults while reservoir I has one minor fault.
3. Static modeling estimated reservoir G has a stock tank oil initially in place of 156 MMSTB while reservoir I contains 127 MMSTB, indicating reservoir G has greater
This document provides an overview of petrophysics and core analysis methods. Petrophysics is the study of physical and chemical rock properties and their interaction with fluids. Key properties include lithology, porosity, water saturation, and permeability. These properties are measured through well logs, core analysis, and seismic data. Core analysis involves taking rock samples from wells and measuring properties like porosity and permeability on plugs taken from the core. The fluid content of cores can indicate hydrocarbon saturation but is altered during retrieval. Routine core analysis involves testing plugs taken along the entire reservoir section.
Stormwater Runoff Treatment and Infiltration via Silica-Sand based Pervious P...civejjour
Stormwater runoff samples were collected from a roadway in Beijing and were analysed for turbidity, pH,
TSS, TDS, COD, TP, TN, as well as metals Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, Cd, and Mn. The results showed that runoff
pollutant concentrations were relatively high. TSS, Zn, Fe, and Al concentrations exceeded the benchmark
values set by USEPA, indicating a high level of concern about impairing receiving water quality and the
need for pollution prevention measures. Also, most pollutant concentrations exceeded the those in
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) study. The collected runoff samples were treated through two
bench-scale facilities composed of sand-based pervious bricks, subbase materials, and two types of
500mm-thick subsoils. The infiltration capacity of the brick is above 0.025 cm/s, and good water retention
and recharge properties was achieved with the help of subbase and subsoils. On the other hand, the
average removal of TSS, TP, and TN reached 81.8%, 64.1%, and 64.4%, respectively. The average
removal rates of Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, and Cd also reached 50%-99.2%. The sand-based pervious brick is
featured with micron-level pores. The paver system significantly reduced stormwater runoff pollutant
concentrations and good removal rates were acheived comparing to many pervious pavers with larger
pores.
Stormwater Runoff Treatment and Infiltration via Silica-Sand based Pervious P...civejjour
Stormwater runoff samples were collected from a roadway in Beijing and were analysed for turbidity, pH,
TSS, TDS, COD, TP, TN, as well as metals Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, Cd, and Mn. The results showed that runoff
pollutant concentrations were relatively high. TSS, Zn, Fe, and Al concentrations exceeded the benchmark
values set by USEPA, indicating a high level of concern about impairing receiving water quality and the
need for pollution prevention measures. Also, most pollutant concentrations exceeded the those in
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) study. The collected runoff samples were treated through two
bench-scale facilities composed of sand-based pervious bricks, subbase materials, and two types of
500mm-thick subsoils. The infiltration capacity of the brick is above 0.025 cm/s, and good water retention
and recharge properties was achieved with the help of subbase and subsoils. On the other hand, the
average removal of TSS, TP, and TN reached 81.8%, 64.1%, and 64.4%, respectively. The average
removal rates of Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, and Cd also reached 50%-99.2%. The sand-based pervious brick is
featured with micron-level pores. The paver system significantly reduced stormwater runoff pollutant
concentrations and good removal rates were acheived comparing to many pervious pavers with larger
pores.
A case study of an empirical evaluation of the effect of landfill leachate on...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a case study that evaluated the effect of landfill leachate on nearby soil in Davanagere, India. Leachate and soil samples were taken from the Davanagere city landfill site. The study found significant concentrations of heavy metals like copper, chromium, iron, and zinc in the soil within 1000m of the landfill. Clayey and silty sand soils retained heavy metals from the leachate. Adsorption isotherm studies showed that heavy metal adsorption by the soils increased with increasing metal concentration in the leachate. The Langmuir and Freundlich models adequately described the adsorption behavior.
SHALES AS SEALS AND UNCONVENTIONAL STORAGE RESERVOIRS robert dilmore doe netlSteve Wittrig
This document provides an overview of a project studying shales as seals and unconventional reservoirs for carbon storage. The project aims to evaluate shale matrix and fracture response to CO2 exposure through experimental and modeling work. This will improve understanding of CO2 injection and storage performance in shales and inform resource assessment and risk analysis. The work involves measuring shale properties like permeability and porosity under CO2 exposure, analyzing how CO2 sorption impacts fracture conductivity, and modeling multi-phase CO2 flow through fractured shale networks. Core samples from South Dakota are being acquired and analyzed to support the experiments and modeling. The results will enhance understanding of shales for carbon storage and sealing capacity predictions.
Part 2 of the overview of sediment management at sites across the Great Lakes. Excellent information about the north harbour section of the Thunder Bay Area of Concern
The objective of this research is to study the possibility of using water based drilling mud waste as
raw material in the production of building brick making. The water based drilling mud wastes from a petroleum
drill hole of Phitsanulok basin, an onshore Tertiary basin located in northern Thailand, had been collected,
dried, ground, and analyzed its chemical composition by XRF and XRD analysis. Dried and ground drilling
mud waste powders were molded into a square shape steel box size 6.5x16x4 cm. to make the building brick
samples and sintered at1000oC, and were then tested according to the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) C67-11 and the Thai Industrial Standard(TIS) 77-2545 B.E. to test their water absorption
and compressive strength. The results of laboratory tests showed that the water absorption percent and the
compressive strength of building brick samples could be met the acceptable limits and was classified into grade
A brick according to the ASTM C67-11 and TIS 77-2545 B.E. standard. Therefore, the reuse of this waste
material in the building industry will contribute to the protection of the environment through great advantages
in waste minimization and beneficial income to the community through the utilization process in building
industry.
Apec workshop 2 presentation 13 r wright apec-gccsi engineering disclipines...Global CCS Institute
Dr. Robert Wright presented on the U.S. Department of Energy's carbon capture and storage (CCS) research and development programs. He discussed multiple R&D areas including CO2 capture from power plants and industrial sources, geological storage of CO2, monitoring and verification technologies, use of CO2 in enhanced oil recovery, and regional infrastructure through partnerships. Large pilot and demonstration projects were highlighted that involve injecting over 1 million tons of CO2 each to validate CCS technologies at commercial scales.
Geopolymer Mortar Production Using Silica Waste as Raw Materialdrboon
This document summarizes a study on producing geopolymer mortar using silica waste as a raw material. Some key findings:
- Silica waste was analyzed and found to contain 71% silicon dioxide, meeting requirements for use in geopolymer production. Leaching tests found heavy metal concentrations within regulatory standards.
- Particle size analysis was performed on silica waste and pure alumina. Silica waste was ground to a smaller particle size to improve quality.
- Mix designs with different ratios of silica waste, pure alumina, sodium hydroxide, and sodium silicate solution were tested. The ratio with 70% silica waste, 10% alumina, and 20% sodium hydroxide
Similar to AMEC Site Visit - July 2010 (Part 1 of 2) (20)
Commerce Resources Corp. reports the results of a prospecting and sampling program completed on the Eldor Property. The results of this program are extremely encouraging, including the highest niobium mineralized sample collected to date from the area: 5.9% Nb2O5.
Commerce Resources Corp. announced that it has closed the second tranche of its previously announced short-form prospectus offering and its non-brokered flow-through private placement.
Commerce Resources Corp. (TSXv: CCE; FSE: D7H) is pleased to announce that it has filed an amended and restated final short form prospectus, amending and restating the short form prospectus dated February 25, 2016, with the securities regulatory authorities in the Provinces of British Columbia, Alberta and Ontario in connection with a best efforts offering of units (the “Units”) of the Company at a reduced price of $0.075 per Unit for gross proceeds of a minimum of $1 million and up to a maximum of $3 million.
Commerce Resources Corp. (TSXv: CCE, FSE: D7H, OTCQX: CMRZF) announces it has been awarded a grant totaling $300,000 from the Fonds de recherche du Québec - Nature et technologie (FRQNT) and the Ministère de l’Énergie et des Ressources naturelles (MERN). These funds will be directed to the optimization of tailings management for the Ashram Rare Earth Element Deposit in Quebec.
Commerce Resources Corp. (TSXv: CCE, FSE: D7H, OTCQX: CMRZF) announces that it has completed a preliminary evaluation of local and regional wind data to the west of Lac LeMoyne, indicating favourable wind speeds for renewable power development as part of the Ashram Rare Earth Project’s energy requirements.
Commerce Resources Corp. (TSXv: CCE, FSE: D7H, OTCQX: CMRZF) announces that it has entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with NorFalco Sales, a division of Glencore Canada Corporation.
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Commerce Resources Corp. (TSXv: CCE) is pleased to announce that a reduction in flowsheet processing steps has been confirmed at the pilot scale for the Company's 100% owned Ashram Rare Earth Deposit.
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Commerce Resources Corp. (TSXv: CCE) announces that it has received the 2015 e3 Plus Award, presented annually by the Association de l'exploration minière du Québec (AEMQ), for its work in advancement of the Ashram Rare Earth Project in Northern Quebec.
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AMEC Site Visit - July 2010 (Part 1 of 2)
1. Commerce Blue River Ta-Nb Project
July 11-16, 2010 AMEC Site Visit:
Geology and Data Verification (Part 1 of 2)
2. Geology and Data Verification (July 2010)
Commerce 2010 Diamond Drilling
Left and Right: 2010 diamond drill operated by R.J. Beaupre Drilling Limited of Princeton B.C.
2
3. Geology and Data Verification (July 2010)
Commerce 2010 Diamond Drilling
Left Rod sloop with HQ rods. North Thompson River valley in background.
Right: Fresh core with Ta-Nb rich carbonatite. The core was properly placed into the boxes.
3
4. Geology and Data Verification (July 2010)
Commerce 2010 Diamond Drilling
Left: 2010 diamond drill core ready for transport from the drill to Commerce’s Blue River field office.
Right: Commerce’s Blue River field office core logging and sampling area.
. 4
5. Geology and Data Verification (July 2010)
Core Sampling Process
5
6. Geology and Data Verification (July 2010)
Specific Gravity Measurement Apparatus
The apparatus is used to measure the specific gravity using the water immersion method. A 20 cm piece of core is first
weighed dry on the triple beam scale, then weighed wet while immersed in relatively clean, room temperature water. Porous
core (fenite rocks) is sealed with an aerosol spray adhesive and then dried prior to immersion in in water to negate a high bias
in the determination. Note cardboard shims used to level the platform.
The formula used to calculate the SG is (dry core weight in air) / (dry core weight in air – core weight in water)
6
7. Geology and Data Verification (July 2010)
Specific Gravity Check Assays
AMEC recommends to use the water immersion method for the 2010 density determination program.
Notes: QQ’ plots for two different field methods for measuring bulk density (y-axis) versus a wax immersion method at an independent umpire laboratory
(x-axis). All data is based on 39 data pairs from 20 cm long whole core samples. The umpire laboratory used a wax coating, water immersion
methodology.
Left: water displacement method versus umpire laboratory QQ’ plot.
Right: Non-wax coated samples with water immersion method versus the umpire laboratory QQ’ plot
The non-wax coated samples with SG determination by water immersion method correlates best with the umpire laboratory results (Right-side plot).
Abbreviations:
DEN2 = a water displacement method using a 2,000 mL ASTM certified graduated cylinder
SG3 = a non-wax coated sample using the water immersion method. Formula = weight dry / (water level after immersion – water level before immersion)
SG4 = a wax coated core sample and determination by the water immersion method. Formula = (weight in air) / (weight in air) – (weight in water)
7
8. Geology and Data Verification (July 2010)
Specific Gravity Check Assays
AMEC recommends to use the water immersion method for the 2010 density determination program (Right-
side plot).
Notes: Scatter plots for two different field methods for measuring bulk density (y-axis) versus a wax immersion method at an independent umpire
laboratory (x-axis). All data is based on 39 data pairs from 20 cm long whole core samples. The umpire laboratory used a wax coating, water immersion
methodology.
Left: water displacement method versus umpire laboratory plot.
Right: Non-wax coated samples with water immersion method versus the umpire laboratory plot
The non-wax coated samples with SG determination by water immersion method correlates best with the umpire laboratory results (Right).
Abbreviations:
DEN2 = a water displacement method using a 2,000 mL ASTM certified graduated cylinder
SG3 = a non-wax coated sample using the water immersion method. Formula = weight dry / (water level after immersion – water level before immersion)
SG4 = a wax coated core sample and determination by the water immersion method. Formula = (weight in air) / (weight in air) – (weight in water)
8
9. Geology and Data Verification (July 2010)
Core Storage Field at Valemount
The quansette hut at the Blue River field office can be locked, has power, and is a multi-purpose building.
Left: Pulp sample storage in labeled plastic pails.
Right: Coarse rejects are stored in their plastic sample bags and returned in rice bags and crates. Samples are stored prior
to shipping for analyses in this same building.
9
10. Geology and Data Verification (July 2010)
Core Storage Field at Valemount
The core storage field is at Valemount, B.C. The core is stored on wood pallets. The area is open to the road and underlain
by dirt and grass. Security can be improved with fencing and fire hazard reduced by laying down gravel. A covered pole barn
or core racks will help maintain the longevity of selected holes.
10
11. Geology and Data Verification (July 2010)
Commerce Legacy Drilling (2005 to 2009)
Left: Collar survey audit (hole F06-04 and F06-05). 4X4 wood posts have been inserted into the former hole where casing has been removed.
Right: Collar survey audit (hole F07-034). Casing has been left in place for some drill holes. Note the steel plate label that has been cemented
into the ground.
. 11
12. Commerce Blue River Ta-Nb Project
Geology and Data Verification (July 2010)
End of Part 1,
Please go to Part 2 of 2.
12