ALUMINIUM BODY PANELS FOR CAR BODIES.docx
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Use of Carbon Fibers in the Automotive Market
Clproduct, a leading global market research firm, has more than once said in its figures about the development of automobilebon fiber showcase.
Composites Technical Article
The document discusses the use of composite materials, specifically carbon fiber reinforced polymers, in automobile design and manufacturing. It provides examples of the Alfa Romeo 4C and BMW i3 which make extensive use of carbon fiber composites. The 4C uses a carbon fiber unit body chassis to keep the curb weight below 900kg while maintaining strength and stiffness. BMW developed a new factory to mass produce carbon fiber body panels for the i3 through resin transfer molding, aiming to lower costs. The use of composites allows for lighter vehicles but recycling remains a challenge due to degradation of materials during the process.
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The document is a statement from the Aluminum Association's Aluminum Transportation Group submitted to the EPA/NHTSA regarding proposed vehicle greenhouse gas emissions and fuel economy standards.
It summarizes four recent studies that support using aluminum to reduce vehicle weight to improve fuel efficiency and lower emissions. It argues that downweighting vehicles with aluminum can be done safely and cost-effectively. It also argues that a size-based compliance approach is appropriate and that downweighting vehicles will have a neutral or positive impact on safety while improving efficiency.
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This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed the design and strength of a truck bumper made of mild steel versus a composite material using finite element analysis. The researchers modeled bumpers made of each material in CAD software and analyzed them for static linear stress and impact stress. Results showed the composite bumper experienced less stress than the mild steel bumper under static and impact loads. Additionally, the composite bumper weighed 74% less than the mild steel bumper. Based on the stress analyses, the researchers concluded a composite bumper would provide better performance than a mild steel bumper due to its higher strength to weight ratio and ability to experience less stress under loading.
Aluminum in Body-in-White Design - Light Metal Age article, October 2015
1) Automakers are focusing on lightweight materials and designs to meet upcoming fuel economy and emissions targets. Aluminum is proving to be effective for weight reduction due to its high strength-to-weight ratio.
2) Aluminum extrusions and higher-strength aluminum alloys allow for further weight savings and part consolidation compared to sheet metal designs.
3) A new high-strength aluminum alloy and hot stamping process can produce strength properties matching advanced high-strength steels, enabling thickness reductions.
Role of composites in automobile industry
Composites are increasingly being used in the automobile industry to reduce weight and improve safety. Some key points:
- Composites allow for more flexible vehicle design while reducing weight compared to metals. This improves fuel efficiency and performance.
- The McLaren F1 was the first production car to use a carbon fiber composite chassis in 1995, starting the use of composites in high-end vehicles.
- Composites provide benefits like crash energy absorption and the ability to create complex 3D parts that improve safety, for example in crumple zones that absorb crash impacts. Their use is expected to grow 75% by 2020 due to these safety benefits.
Composite materials for automotive exteriors
Composite materials have been used in automotive exteriors since the 1930s. They provide benefits like reduced weight, improved strength and design flexibility. Sports cars extensively use carbon fiber composites for their exteriors due to requirements for high strength and stiffness. Composite materials are also used in truck and trailer body panels. While composites provide advantages, challenges remain around manufacturing volumes, repairs and supply chain development.
2010 nov atgnhtsacv_hearing_statement
The document summarizes a statement made by Brian Tucker of Alcoa at a public hearing on a proposed rule to reduce greenhouse gases and fuel consumption from heavy duty vehicles. The statement argues that:
1) The proposed rule should provide more credit for weight reduction in vehicles, not just tires and wheels, through use of lighter materials like aluminum.
2) A study found replacing 3,300 pounds of material with aluminum in Class 8 trucks could save 1,612 gallons of fuel and 18 tons of CO2 annually per truck through increased payload capacity and fuel economy.
3) The proposed rule is missing opportunities to incentivize weight reduction through materials like aluminum in vocational vehicles which could provide additional emissions reductions.
Recommended
Use of Carbon Fibers in the Automotive Market
Clproduct, a leading global market research firm, has more than once said in its figures about the development of automobilebon fiber showcase.
Composites Technical Article
The document discusses the use of composite materials, specifically carbon fiber reinforced polymers, in automobile design and manufacturing. It provides examples of the Alfa Romeo 4C and BMW i3 which make extensive use of carbon fiber composites. The 4C uses a carbon fiber unit body chassis to keep the curb weight below 900kg while maintaining strength and stiffness. BMW developed a new factory to mass produce carbon fiber body panels for the i3 through resin transfer molding, aiming to lower costs. The use of composites allows for lighter vehicles but recycling remains a challenge due to degradation of materials during the process.
2012 jan cafe_testimony
The document is a statement from the Aluminum Association's Aluminum Transportation Group submitted to the EPA/NHTSA regarding proposed vehicle greenhouse gas emissions and fuel economy standards.
It summarizes four recent studies that support using aluminum to reduce vehicle weight to improve fuel efficiency and lower emissions. It argues that downweighting vehicles with aluminum can be done safely and cost-effectively. It also argues that a size-based compliance approach is appropriate and that downweighting vehicles will have a neutral or positive impact on safety while improving efficiency.
IRJET-Review Paper on Design and Analysis of Composite Truck Bumper using Fin...
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed the design and strength of a truck bumper made of mild steel versus a composite material using finite element analysis. The researchers modeled bumpers made of each material in CAD software and analyzed them for static linear stress and impact stress. Results showed the composite bumper experienced less stress than the mild steel bumper under static and impact loads. Additionally, the composite bumper weighed 74% less than the mild steel bumper. Based on the stress analyses, the researchers concluded a composite bumper would provide better performance than a mild steel bumper due to its higher strength to weight ratio and ability to experience less stress under loading.
Aluminum in Body-in-White Design - Light Metal Age article, October 2015
1) Automakers are focusing on lightweight materials and designs to meet upcoming fuel economy and emissions targets. Aluminum is proving to be effective for weight reduction due to its high strength-to-weight ratio.
2) Aluminum extrusions and higher-strength aluminum alloys allow for further weight savings and part consolidation compared to sheet metal designs.
3) A new high-strength aluminum alloy and hot stamping process can produce strength properties matching advanced high-strength steels, enabling thickness reductions.
Role of composites in automobile industry
Composites are increasingly being used in the automobile industry to reduce weight and improve safety. Some key points:
- Composites allow for more flexible vehicle design while reducing weight compared to metals. This improves fuel efficiency and performance.
- The McLaren F1 was the first production car to use a carbon fiber composite chassis in 1995, starting the use of composites in high-end vehicles.
- Composites provide benefits like crash energy absorption and the ability to create complex 3D parts that improve safety, for example in crumple zones that absorb crash impacts. Their use is expected to grow 75% by 2020 due to these safety benefits.
Composite materials for automotive exteriors
Composite materials have been used in automotive exteriors since the 1930s. They provide benefits like reduced weight, improved strength and design flexibility. Sports cars extensively use carbon fiber composites for their exteriors due to requirements for high strength and stiffness. Composite materials are also used in truck and trailer body panels. While composites provide advantages, challenges remain around manufacturing volumes, repairs and supply chain development.
2010 nov atgnhtsacv_hearing_statement
The document summarizes a statement made by Brian Tucker of Alcoa at a public hearing on a proposed rule to reduce greenhouse gases and fuel consumption from heavy duty vehicles. The statement argues that:
1) The proposed rule should provide more credit for weight reduction in vehicles, not just tires and wheels, through use of lighter materials like aluminum.
2) A study found replacing 3,300 pounds of material with aluminum in Class 8 trucks could save 1,612 gallons of fuel and 18 tons of CO2 annually per truck through increased payload capacity and fuel economy.
3) The proposed rule is missing opportunities to incentivize weight reduction through materials like aluminum in vocational vehicles which could provide additional emissions reductions.
2011 duckersurvey
Automakers are accelerating their use of aluminum in vehicles to improve fuel economy and reduce emissions. A new survey found automakers will increase aluminum use from 327 pounds in 2009 to 550 pounds in 2025, doubling its percentage of vehicle curb weight. Aluminum hoods, trunks, and bumpers are driving this growth as automakers seek the fastest, safest, and most cost-effective way to lower vehicle weight as demanded by consumers and regulations.
Widespread adoption of aluminum in the automotive industry: Sustainability ad...
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This document analyzes using aluminum instead of steel for car bodies to improve sustainability. It finds that:
1) Aluminum is lighter than steel, allowing a car with an aluminum body to reduce its weight by 47%, cutting fuel use and emissions.
2) An aluminum body can be manufactured with fewer parts and welding spots compared to steel, lowering production costs.
3) A financial analysis finds the cost savings from less fuel use outweigh the higher material costs of aluminum, with the break-even period ranging from a few years to over 25 years depending on variables like fuel prices and taxes.Global Aluminium Industry - Feb'14
The document provides an overview of the global aluminum industry. It notes that China dominates global aluminum production and consumption, driven by growth in construction and infrastructure. While aluminum production is growing at 3% annually, consumption is growing faster at 4%. The industry faces challenges from price volatility and high inventory levels. Future demand growth is expected to come from emerging markets, as well as increased aluminum usage in construction, transportation, and other industries to boost energy efficiency and sustainability.
Global Aluminium Industry - Feb'14
The document summarizes the global aluminum industry. It notes that China dominates global aluminum production and consumption, driven by growth in construction and infrastructure. While aluminum production is growing at 3% annually, consumption is growing faster at 4% through 2018. Price volatility and high global stockpiles present challenges to the industry. Future demand growth is expected in emerging markets, as well as in automotive, aerospace and green building applications, as aluminum is recyclable and lightweight. Major players are focusing on innovative and low-energy production technologies to reduce costs and environmental impacts.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOBILE WHEEL RIM USING DIFFERENT FILLET RADIUS AND...
The document describes a study on the design and analysis of an automobile wheel rim using different fillet radii and Y-spoke angles. A 3D model of an 8-spoke alloy wheel rim was created in CATIA and imported into ANSYS for structural analysis. The wheel rim was analyzed under a 1000N remote force and 245kPa internal pressure with varying fillet radii from 0 to 5mm and Y-spoke angles from 35 to 55 degrees. The results showed the total deformation was highest without a fillet and lowest with a 5mm fillet. For the Y-spoke angle variation, the total deformation was lowest at 55 degrees. Increasing the fillet radius and optimizing the Y-spoke
Applications of composite materials in automobile
A brief presentation on the applications of composite materials in automobiles by students of Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST)
Materials for automotive body and chassis structure by sandeep mangukiya
The document discusses materials used for automotive body and chassis structures. It outlines key requirements for these materials including lightweight, economic effectiveness, safety, and recyclability. Common materials discussed are steel, aluminum, magnesium, and various composites. Steel remains widely used due to its strength and crashworthiness. Aluminum and magnesium allow for weight reduction but have higher costs. Advanced composites further reduce weight but are also more expensive to produce.
Machining Versus Molding Tolerances in Manufacturing Automotive Sealing Systems
The automotive industry has been at the forefront of converting traditional metal parts to plastics. The latter surely offer greater design freedom, opportunity for consolidation, fewer assembly operations, reduced secondary finishing, weight reduction, lower total system costs, a range of properties tailored to specific applications, the ability to withstand temperatures, immunity to most chemicals and corrosive environments. They offer processing in many colors, electrical non-conductivity (insulation from electrical shocks), good thermal breaks (“warmth-to-the-touch”), and low sound transmission (tendency to muffle noise). Nonetheless, plastics have only tapped an estimated 15% of their tremendous potential to replace metals. This is particularly to increase with newer high-performance plastics, increasing sophistication in alloying and blending technologies, and use of computer-aided design and engineering (CAD/CAE) systems. The latter enable engineers to visualize complex parts and molding tools more effectively and faster than ever before. This article identifies fundamental steps and requirements to conduct an efficient and successful conversion of metallic parts to plastics, reviewing the replacement design process from concept to production; an under-the-hood rear retainer for Ford Motor Company is detailed as a case study.
Custom license plate frames and logos
Carbon fiber brings in a host of benefits of which the prominent is its uncontended quality and strength. The fact that It is stronger and lighter than aluminum and steel makes it one of the most preferred material by the automakers for making auto parts and automobile accessories also include custom license plate frames and logos.
A290109
The document discusses conducting a side pole impact test simulation using ANSYS software to analyze three materials - mild steel, aluminum alloy AA6060T4, and hot press formed Usibor 1500P - for a B-pillar panel. The simulation found that Usibor 1500P absorbed the most energy at 414.07 kJ/kg and allowed for 53.27% weight reduction compared to the benchmark mild steel. Aluminum AA6060T4 absorbed 299.52 kJ/kg and reduced weight by 51.54% compared to mild steel. The document provides background on B-pillar design, crashworthiness, hot press forming process, and the study's methodology for material selection and finite element analysis simulation.
Global Automotive Lightweight Materials 2014: Multi Material Supply & Manufac...
This year, the internationally renowned Global Automotive Lightweight Materials (GALM) Initiative returns to London.with the mission of:
- Supporting the delivery of aggressive lightweighting by securing the global supply base for aluminium, magnesium, high strength steel and composites
- Integrating joining and forming technologies for multi-material manufacturing to enable commercially feasible, high volume, lightweight vehicle manufacturing on a global platform.
MAGNESIUM IN E-MOBILITY APPLICATIONS
Meridian Lightweight Technologies is a global leader in magnesium die casting with 7 manufacturing sites worldwide. They produce lightweight magnesium components for automotive applications. Magnesium provides a strength-to-weight ratio advantage over aluminum and plastics. Meridian sees opportunities for magnesium in electric vehicle housings, enclosures, and large body structures to enable vehicle lightweighting and increased range. Examples of their magnesium components in EVs include motor housings, battery housings, charger housings, and a front-end module.
carbon composites for automotive
The document discusses the use of carbon composites in automotive manufacturing. It provides background on carbon composites, describing their properties like high strength and lightweight. It then covers manufacturing methods for carbon composites and their advantages over steel and other metals for automotive bodies. The document recommends carbon composites can reduce vehicle weight by 25-60% and be used in parts like chassis, doors and seats to enable fuel efficiency and safety.
Design and High Volume Manufacture of an Affordable Advanced Composite Automo...
The document describes the design of an advanced composite automotive body structure for the Hypercar Revolution concept vehicle. Key points:
- The carbon fiber composite body structure is 57% lighter than a conventional steel structure, weighing just 187 kg, while providing superior crash protection and stiffness.
- The large passenger safety cell uses an advanced composite design that allows for a novel high-volume manufacturing process to make it affordable.
- The safety cell features extensive part consolidation and integration of functions to simplify assembly and tooling while minimizing materials. It has only 14 major parts compared to over 60 for a conventional body.
- This lightweight composite body, combined with other lightweighting throughout the vehicle, results in an overall weight reduction
Plastic proliferation of IC6 engine
The document discusses the proliferation of plastics in internal combustion engines. It began when Henry Ford first used plastics for components like horn buttons and gears in his cars. Later, Matty Holtzberg experimented with plastic pistons and connecting rods and founded Polimotor to develop plastic-intensive engines using materials like Torlon, which can withstand high temperatures. The purpose is to reduce weight and improve fuel efficiency, with potential savings of 1-2% per 100 pounds reduced. However, some plastics emit gases that can irritate drivers.
GALMUS15 Brochure_NEW
This document provides information about a three-day automotive conference on lightweight materials to be held August 18-20, 2015 in Detroit, Michigan. The conference will cover multi-material joining, forming and design of composites and lightweight metals for vehicle architectures. It will include OEM case studies and presentations from experts in the automotive and materials industries. Attendees will learn about the latest advances in mixed material joining techniques, composite design and recycling, corrosion mitigation, and lightweighting beyond just the body-in-white area. There will also be a display of innovative vehicle BIWs (body-in-white) from manufacturers like Tesla, Range Rover, Ford, and Lotus.
Electric vehicles and China´s chemical industry
The trend towards electric vehicles - which receive strong government support in China - pushes the demand for a number of materials provided by the chemical industry, e.g., in the area of plastics, battery materials and lubricants.
Global Automotive Lightweight Materials Detroit 2015: Brochure
This Year Providing Unprecedented Detail On...
COMPOSITES, JOINING, MULTI-MATERIAL DESIGN AND RECYCLING INNOVATION
Increasing pressure from consumers and stronger carbon emission regulations are driving every large-scale OEM in the US to explore the latest materials and manufacturing advances to reduce vehicle weight. The focus now is on minimizing the costs that will help scale up the adoption of lightweight materials.
To deliver the next generation of lightweight vehicles OEMs are critically racing to reduce the costs and cycle times of carbon-fiber composites, aluminium and magnesium. From design modelling and corrosion mitigation to recycling, technology is advancing at break-neck speed and each year OEMs must remain ahead of the learning curve to remain competitive on the forecourt.
Our Markets - Automotive
Constellium is a leading global supplier of aluminium solutions to the automotive industry. It produces rolled aluminium sheets and extruded structural components that help automakers create lighter, safer vehicles. Some key points:
- Securalex alloys absorb more crash energy than steel while being 30% lighter, enhancing safety.
- An aluminium engine rail for the BMW X5 saved 5kg over steel.
- Electric vehicles use 3-5 times more aluminium than gas-powered cars for battery enclosures and other applications, driving future demand.
Global Aluminium Industry - Feb'14
This document provides an overview of the global aluminium industry. It discusses key trends such as rising global production and consumption of aluminium from 2012-2018. China dominates the industry as the largest producer and consumer. The document also outlines opportunities in the industry such as growth in the Middle East and new application areas, as well as challenges around price volatility, high inventory levels, and high energy costs. The way forward discusses continued demand growth, especially in emerging markets, and the need for innovative production technologies to reduce energy usage and environmental impacts.
postive practices to prevent psychological illness.docx
postive practices to prevent psychological illness.
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postive practices to prevent psychological illness in adulthood
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2011 duckersurvey
Automakers are accelerating their use of aluminum in vehicles to improve fuel economy and reduce emissions. A new survey found automakers will increase aluminum use from 327 pounds in 2009 to 550 pounds in 2025, doubling its percentage of vehicle curb weight. Aluminum hoods, trunks, and bumpers are driving this growth as automakers seek the fastest, safest, and most cost-effective way to lower vehicle weight as demanded by consumers and regulations.
Widespread adoption of aluminum in the automotive industry: Sustainability ad...
Widespread adoption of aluminum in the automotive industry: Sustainability ad...Yomna Mahmoud Ibrahim Hassan
This document analyzes using aluminum instead of steel for car bodies to improve sustainability. It finds that:
1) Aluminum is lighter than steel, allowing a car with an aluminum body to reduce its weight by 47%, cutting fuel use and emissions.
2) An aluminum body can be manufactured with fewer parts and welding spots compared to steel, lowering production costs.
3) A financial analysis finds the cost savings from less fuel use outweigh the higher material costs of aluminum, with the break-even period ranging from a few years to over 25 years depending on variables like fuel prices and taxes.Global Aluminium Industry - Feb'14
The document provides an overview of the global aluminum industry. It notes that China dominates global aluminum production and consumption, driven by growth in construction and infrastructure. While aluminum production is growing at 3% annually, consumption is growing faster at 4%. The industry faces challenges from price volatility and high inventory levels. Future demand growth is expected to come from emerging markets, as well as increased aluminum usage in construction, transportation, and other industries to boost energy efficiency and sustainability.
Global Aluminium Industry - Feb'14
The document summarizes the global aluminum industry. It notes that China dominates global aluminum production and consumption, driven by growth in construction and infrastructure. While aluminum production is growing at 3% annually, consumption is growing faster at 4% through 2018. Price volatility and high global stockpiles present challenges to the industry. Future demand growth is expected in emerging markets, as well as in automotive, aerospace and green building applications, as aluminum is recyclable and lightweight. Major players are focusing on innovative and low-energy production technologies to reduce costs and environmental impacts.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOBILE WHEEL RIM USING DIFFERENT FILLET RADIUS AND...
The document describes a study on the design and analysis of an automobile wheel rim using different fillet radii and Y-spoke angles. A 3D model of an 8-spoke alloy wheel rim was created in CATIA and imported into ANSYS for structural analysis. The wheel rim was analyzed under a 1000N remote force and 245kPa internal pressure with varying fillet radii from 0 to 5mm and Y-spoke angles from 35 to 55 degrees. The results showed the total deformation was highest without a fillet and lowest with a 5mm fillet. For the Y-spoke angle variation, the total deformation was lowest at 55 degrees. Increasing the fillet radius and optimizing the Y-spoke
Applications of composite materials in automobile
A brief presentation on the applications of composite materials in automobiles by students of Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST)
Materials for automotive body and chassis structure by sandeep mangukiya
The document discusses materials used for automotive body and chassis structures. It outlines key requirements for these materials including lightweight, economic effectiveness, safety, and recyclability. Common materials discussed are steel, aluminum, magnesium, and various composites. Steel remains widely used due to its strength and crashworthiness. Aluminum and magnesium allow for weight reduction but have higher costs. Advanced composites further reduce weight but are also more expensive to produce.
Machining Versus Molding Tolerances in Manufacturing Automotive Sealing Systems
The automotive industry has been at the forefront of converting traditional metal parts to plastics. The latter surely offer greater design freedom, opportunity for consolidation, fewer assembly operations, reduced secondary finishing, weight reduction, lower total system costs, a range of properties tailored to specific applications, the ability to withstand temperatures, immunity to most chemicals and corrosive environments. They offer processing in many colors, electrical non-conductivity (insulation from electrical shocks), good thermal breaks (“warmth-to-the-touch”), and low sound transmission (tendency to muffle noise). Nonetheless, plastics have only tapped an estimated 15% of their tremendous potential to replace metals. This is particularly to increase with newer high-performance plastics, increasing sophistication in alloying and blending technologies, and use of computer-aided design and engineering (CAD/CAE) systems. The latter enable engineers to visualize complex parts and molding tools more effectively and faster than ever before. This article identifies fundamental steps and requirements to conduct an efficient and successful conversion of metallic parts to plastics, reviewing the replacement design process from concept to production; an under-the-hood rear retainer for Ford Motor Company is detailed as a case study.
Custom license plate frames and logos
Carbon fiber brings in a host of benefits of which the prominent is its uncontended quality and strength. The fact that It is stronger and lighter than aluminum and steel makes it one of the most preferred material by the automakers for making auto parts and automobile accessories also include custom license plate frames and logos.
A290109
The document discusses conducting a side pole impact test simulation using ANSYS software to analyze three materials - mild steel, aluminum alloy AA6060T4, and hot press formed Usibor 1500P - for a B-pillar panel. The simulation found that Usibor 1500P absorbed the most energy at 414.07 kJ/kg and allowed for 53.27% weight reduction compared to the benchmark mild steel. Aluminum AA6060T4 absorbed 299.52 kJ/kg and reduced weight by 51.54% compared to mild steel. The document provides background on B-pillar design, crashworthiness, hot press forming process, and the study's methodology for material selection and finite element analysis simulation.
Global Automotive Lightweight Materials 2014: Multi Material Supply & Manufac...
This year, the internationally renowned Global Automotive Lightweight Materials (GALM) Initiative returns to London.with the mission of:
- Supporting the delivery of aggressive lightweighting by securing the global supply base for aluminium, magnesium, high strength steel and composites
- Integrating joining and forming technologies for multi-material manufacturing to enable commercially feasible, high volume, lightweight vehicle manufacturing on a global platform.
MAGNESIUM IN E-MOBILITY APPLICATIONS
Meridian Lightweight Technologies is a global leader in magnesium die casting with 7 manufacturing sites worldwide. They produce lightweight magnesium components for automotive applications. Magnesium provides a strength-to-weight ratio advantage over aluminum and plastics. Meridian sees opportunities for magnesium in electric vehicle housings, enclosures, and large body structures to enable vehicle lightweighting and increased range. Examples of their magnesium components in EVs include motor housings, battery housings, charger housings, and a front-end module.
carbon composites for automotive
The document discusses the use of carbon composites in automotive manufacturing. It provides background on carbon composites, describing their properties like high strength and lightweight. It then covers manufacturing methods for carbon composites and their advantages over steel and other metals for automotive bodies. The document recommends carbon composites can reduce vehicle weight by 25-60% and be used in parts like chassis, doors and seats to enable fuel efficiency and safety.
Design and High Volume Manufacture of an Affordable Advanced Composite Automo...
The document describes the design of an advanced composite automotive body structure for the Hypercar Revolution concept vehicle. Key points:
- The carbon fiber composite body structure is 57% lighter than a conventional steel structure, weighing just 187 kg, while providing superior crash protection and stiffness.
- The large passenger safety cell uses an advanced composite design that allows for a novel high-volume manufacturing process to make it affordable.
- The safety cell features extensive part consolidation and integration of functions to simplify assembly and tooling while minimizing materials. It has only 14 major parts compared to over 60 for a conventional body.
- This lightweight composite body, combined with other lightweighting throughout the vehicle, results in an overall weight reduction
Plastic proliferation of IC6 engine
The document discusses the proliferation of plastics in internal combustion engines. It began when Henry Ford first used plastics for components like horn buttons and gears in his cars. Later, Matty Holtzberg experimented with plastic pistons and connecting rods and founded Polimotor to develop plastic-intensive engines using materials like Torlon, which can withstand high temperatures. The purpose is to reduce weight and improve fuel efficiency, with potential savings of 1-2% per 100 pounds reduced. However, some plastics emit gases that can irritate drivers.
GALMUS15 Brochure_NEW
This document provides information about a three-day automotive conference on lightweight materials to be held August 18-20, 2015 in Detroit, Michigan. The conference will cover multi-material joining, forming and design of composites and lightweight metals for vehicle architectures. It will include OEM case studies and presentations from experts in the automotive and materials industries. Attendees will learn about the latest advances in mixed material joining techniques, composite design and recycling, corrosion mitigation, and lightweighting beyond just the body-in-white area. There will also be a display of innovative vehicle BIWs (body-in-white) from manufacturers like Tesla, Range Rover, Ford, and Lotus.
Electric vehicles and China´s chemical industry
The trend towards electric vehicles - which receive strong government support in China - pushes the demand for a number of materials provided by the chemical industry, e.g., in the area of plastics, battery materials and lubricants.
Global Automotive Lightweight Materials Detroit 2015: Brochure
This Year Providing Unprecedented Detail On...
COMPOSITES, JOINING, MULTI-MATERIAL DESIGN AND RECYCLING INNOVATION
Increasing pressure from consumers and stronger carbon emission regulations are driving every large-scale OEM in the US to explore the latest materials and manufacturing advances to reduce vehicle weight. The focus now is on minimizing the costs that will help scale up the adoption of lightweight materials.
To deliver the next generation of lightweight vehicles OEMs are critically racing to reduce the costs and cycle times of carbon-fiber composites, aluminium and magnesium. From design modelling and corrosion mitigation to recycling, technology is advancing at break-neck speed and each year OEMs must remain ahead of the learning curve to remain competitive on the forecourt.
Our Markets - Automotive
Constellium is a leading global supplier of aluminium solutions to the automotive industry. It produces rolled aluminium sheets and extruded structural components that help automakers create lighter, safer vehicles. Some key points:
- Securalex alloys absorb more crash energy than steel while being 30% lighter, enhancing safety.
- An aluminium engine rail for the BMW X5 saved 5kg over steel.
- Electric vehicles use 3-5 times more aluminium than gas-powered cars for battery enclosures and other applications, driving future demand.
Global Aluminium Industry - Feb'14
This document provides an overview of the global aluminium industry. It discusses key trends such as rising global production and consumption of aluminium from 2012-2018. China dominates the industry as the largest producer and consumer. The document also outlines opportunities in the industry such as growth in the Middle East and new application areas, as well as challenges around price volatility, high inventory levels, and high energy costs. The way forward discusses continued demand growth, especially in emerging markets, and the need for innovative production technologies to reduce energy usage and environmental impacts.
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STRUCTURE OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES LOW AND HIGH ANGLE BOUNDARIES.docx
STRUCTURE OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES LOW AND HIGH ANGLE BOUNDARIES.docx
THREE BASIC ORIENTATION RELATIONSHIPS IN LATTICES OF IRON.docx
THREE BASIC ORIENTATION RELATIONSHIPS IN LATTICES OF IRON.docx
DIMENSION OF PEARLITE COLONY AND SPHERIODISATION ON STRENGTH OF PEARLITE.docx
DIMENSION OF PEARLITE COLONY AND SPHERIODISATION ON STRENGTH OF PEARLITE.docx
MODELLING OF PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN STEEL IN RESPONSE TO THERMO-MECHANICAL...
MODELLING OF PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN STEEL IN RESPONSE TO THERMO-MECHANICAL...
TWINNED AND SLIPPED MARTENSITE ; C to A RATIO.docx
TWINNED AND SLIPPED MARTENSITE ; C to A RATIO.docx
PRODUCTION OF METALLIC SINGLE CRYSTALS AND DS OF SUPER ALLOYS.docx
PRODUCTION OF METALLIC SINGLE CRYSTALS AND DS OF SUPER ALLOYS.docx
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LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
Slides for the 4th Presentation on LLM Fine-Tuning with QLoRA Presented by Anant, featuring DataStax Astra
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Mechanical Engineering PROJECT REPORT ON SUMMER VOCATIONAL TRAINING
AT MBB AIRPORT
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
一比一原版(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
SCALING OF MOS CIRCUITS m .pptx
this ppt explains about scaling parameters of the mosfet it is basically vlsi subject
一比一原版(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Pressure Relief valve used in flow line to release the over pressure at our d...
Pressure Relief valve used in flow line to release the over pressure at our desired pressure
Accident detection system project report.pdf
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
OOPS_Lab_Manual - programs using C++ programming language
This manual contains programs on object oriented programming concepts using C++ language.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
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LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
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Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptx
2. protection of river banks and bed erosion protection works.ppt
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Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
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1FIDIC-CONSTRUCTION-CONTRACT-2ND-ED-2017-RED-BOOK.pdf
1FIDIC-CONSTRUCTION-CONTRACT-2ND-ED-2017-RED-BOOK.pdf
Pressure Relief valve used in flow line to release the over pressure at our d...
Pressure Relief valve used in flow line to release the over pressure at our d...
4. Mosca vol I -Fisica-Tipler-5ta-Edicion-Vol-1.pdf
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OOPS_Lab_Manual - programs using C++ programming language
OOPS_Lab_Manual - programs using C++ programming language
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
SENTIMENT ANALYSIS ON PPT AND Project template_.pptx
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NATURAL DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS AS ANTI-FREEZING AGENT
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ALUMINIUM BODY PANELS FOR CAR BODIES.docx
- 1. In recent years, environmental improvement and safety have become veryimportant for the automobile industry. Environmental improvement andsafety features lead to increases in car body weight. To reduce weight, there-fore, it is necessary to select optimum materials such as aluminum alloys.Figure 2.1 shows the plan to reduce CO emissions in Europe. Europeanautomobile manufacturers have to achieve an average CO2 emission targetof 140 g/km for their fleet of new cars to be sold in 2008. Japanese auto-mobile manufacturers have to achieve the same target by 2009. In NorthAmerica and Japan, automobile manufacturers also have to achieve fuelconsumption regulation targets. For these reasons, aluminum alloys areessential to reduce the weight of car bodies A l u m i n u m A l l o y s f o r B o d y P a n e l s
- 2. Automobile body panels consist of a double structure with an outer paneland an inner panel. For the outer panels, higher strength materials areespecially required to provide sufficient denting resistance. For the innerpanels, higher deep drawing capacity materials are especially required toallow the manufacture of more complex shapes. In other words, differentproperties are required for the outer and inner panels, .Research and development of aluminum body panels began in the 1970s
- 5. Study of the bake-hardening properties of 6xxx alloys after pre- aging
- 8. Relationship between finite element analysis and practical press forming