KARL MARX DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM BY DR SAROJ.pdfDR SAROJ
Karl Marx developed the philosophy of dialectical materialism, which applies the dialectic method of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis to understand material and social changes in history. Marx adapted this dialectic method from Hegel but applied it to material realities rather than ideas. For Marx, economic and class relations, not ideas, are the driving forces of historical change. Marx used dialectical materialism to analyze the contradictions within capitalism that he believed would ultimately lead to revolution and the establishment of communism. His theories had a profound influence on socialist and communist movements, though he did not envision many of the practices of later communist states after his death.
Regresyonda Çoklu Bağlantı (Multicollinearity) Probleminin Temel Bileşenler A...yigitcanozmeral
Çoklu Bağlantının tanımı, nedenleri, teşhis yöntemleri ve giderilme yöntemleri ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmıştır. Temel Bileşenler Analizi anlatılmış ve uygulama yapılmıştır.
This document provides an analysis of Kamila Shamsie's 2009 novel "Burnt Shadows" using Norman Fairclough's framework of Critical Discourse Analysis. The novel covers over 50 years of history from the atomic bombing of Nagasaki in 1945 to the 9/11 attacks and aftermath. It explores the traumatic displacement experienced by innocent people affected by major historical events caused by world power politics. Specifically, it examines the story of Raza, born in Karachi to a Japanese mother who was a direct victim of the Nagasaki bombing, and how he struggles with his identity and experiences emotional trauma and displacement due to his mixed heritage.
Economic determinism in heart of darknessukfan2008
Marxism holds that economic factors underlie society's decisions and that class struggle drives historical change. The document discusses Marxism and economic determinism, analyzing how characters in Heart of Darkness pursue economic success through different strategies but are ultimately unsuccessful due to being driven solely by acquiring wealth.
Les théories du complot, un discours au service d’enjeux géopolitiquesStéphanie Tricard
Support de la conférence de Laurent Renaudet, enseignant d'histoire-géographie-EMC au collège Beaulien de Chateauroux (36) lors de la journée d'étude "Comment réagir #FaceAuComplotisme ? Apprendre aux élèves à faire face aux théories conspirationnistes" à l'atelier Canopé d'Orléans le 20 avril 2016.
First wave feminism emerged in the 19th and early 20th centuries in response to women's political and social inequities. It aimed to challenge stereotypes of women and fight for women's rights. Two key issues were women's suffrage, as women were denied the right to vote and seen as inferior, and reproductive rights, as feminists advocated for women's control over their own bodies. As a result of these feminist movements, women gained significant achievements including the right to vote, access to higher education, improved property and custody rights, and the opening of professions like medicine.
KARL MARX DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM BY DR SAROJ.pdfDR SAROJ
Karl Marx developed the philosophy of dialectical materialism, which applies the dialectic method of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis to understand material and social changes in history. Marx adapted this dialectic method from Hegel but applied it to material realities rather than ideas. For Marx, economic and class relations, not ideas, are the driving forces of historical change. Marx used dialectical materialism to analyze the contradictions within capitalism that he believed would ultimately lead to revolution and the establishment of communism. His theories had a profound influence on socialist and communist movements, though he did not envision many of the practices of later communist states after his death.
Regresyonda Çoklu Bağlantı (Multicollinearity) Probleminin Temel Bileşenler A...yigitcanozmeral
Çoklu Bağlantının tanımı, nedenleri, teşhis yöntemleri ve giderilme yöntemleri ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmıştır. Temel Bileşenler Analizi anlatılmış ve uygulama yapılmıştır.
This document provides an analysis of Kamila Shamsie's 2009 novel "Burnt Shadows" using Norman Fairclough's framework of Critical Discourse Analysis. The novel covers over 50 years of history from the atomic bombing of Nagasaki in 1945 to the 9/11 attacks and aftermath. It explores the traumatic displacement experienced by innocent people affected by major historical events caused by world power politics. Specifically, it examines the story of Raza, born in Karachi to a Japanese mother who was a direct victim of the Nagasaki bombing, and how he struggles with his identity and experiences emotional trauma and displacement due to his mixed heritage.
Economic determinism in heart of darknessukfan2008
Marxism holds that economic factors underlie society's decisions and that class struggle drives historical change. The document discusses Marxism and economic determinism, analyzing how characters in Heart of Darkness pursue economic success through different strategies but are ultimately unsuccessful due to being driven solely by acquiring wealth.
Les théories du complot, un discours au service d’enjeux géopolitiquesStéphanie Tricard
Support de la conférence de Laurent Renaudet, enseignant d'histoire-géographie-EMC au collège Beaulien de Chateauroux (36) lors de la journée d'étude "Comment réagir #FaceAuComplotisme ? Apprendre aux élèves à faire face aux théories conspirationnistes" à l'atelier Canopé d'Orléans le 20 avril 2016.
First wave feminism emerged in the 19th and early 20th centuries in response to women's political and social inequities. It aimed to challenge stereotypes of women and fight for women's rights. Two key issues were women's suffrage, as women were denied the right to vote and seen as inferior, and reproductive rights, as feminists advocated for women's control over their own bodies. As a result of these feminist movements, women gained significant achievements including the right to vote, access to higher education, improved property and custody rights, and the opening of professions like medicine.
Karl Marx developed Marxism theory in the 19th century to analyze class struggles between laborers and employers. Marx observed that societies are divided into two main classes: the bourgeoisie who own the means of production, and the proletariat who must sell their labor. According to Marxism, this separation will inevitably lead to conflict as the proletariat become exploited by the bourgeoisie. The document then discusses key aspects of Marxism theory, such as the economic base and superstructure, and how the ruling class uses ideology and force to control the other classes. It concludes by examining how Marxism has been applied to analyze the depiction of class struggles in literary works.
A lecture given for Arts One at the University of British Columbia. Discusses sublimation, repression, unconscious/preconscious/conscious, id/ego/superego in addition to this text.
You can find a video of this lecture on the Arts One Open site: http://artsone-open.arts.ubc.ca (go to "lectures and podcasts" and search for Freud).
Slide show prepared for a series of lectures on Marxism for PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Fall 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
Critical theory is concerned with structural inequality in the international system and how it can be overcome. Robert Cox contributed a radical alternative view that focuses on the relationship between material forces, ideas, and institutions over historical periods. Cox analyzed changing world orders and the internationalization of states in relation to the global capitalist economy. He advocated for a new form of multilateralism that represents local and global forces to address contradictions in the current system and work towards a more just world order.
Metamorphosis- Franz Kafka Theories of translationHuddaFayyaz
This document provides a summary and analysis of the short story "The Metamorphosis" by Franz Kafka. It discusses the author, plot, themes, symbols, characters, and conclusion. Themes explored in the story include family duty, isolation, sacrifice, and unexpected transformation. Major characters include Gregor Samsa, who transforms into an insect, his sister Grete, and their father. Symbols include the apple, father's uniform, and Gregor's insect form. In conclusion, Kafka's story is an existential allegory about the isolation of modern man.
The document summarizes the key ideas of Carol Hanisch's 1969 work "Personal is Political", which argued that personal problems women experience are the result of systematic oppression, not individual failings. It established that the personal experiences of women are political issues and should be addressed collectively. The document also discusses different strands of feminist thought including liberal, radical, Marxist, and cultural feminism and how they analyze gender inequality and patriarchal structures in both public and private spheres. It examines how culture influences and is influenced by gender relations through stereotypes, images, and power dynamics.
Presentation prepared for lectures on Marxism for PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
These slides are for an Introduction to Philosophy class at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, BC, Canada. There isn't a lot of text on them because mostly we just discussed his arguments and the analogies he makes with things like saving a child from drowning in a pond.
The document discusses several sociological theorists and their perspectives on social structure and society. It summarizes the views of Durkheim, Marx, Weber, Lenski, and Tönnies. Some of the key points discussed include Durkheim's concepts of mechanical and organic solidarity, Marx's views on class conflict and historical materialism, Weber's Protestant work ethic theory, Lenski's socio-cultural evolutionary scale, and Tönnies' distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. The document also provides overviews of their views on social institutions, social change, and the nature of modern rationalized society.
Marxist criticism is based on the political, economic, and cultural theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It analyzes and critiques modern industrial capitalism and aims to establish a classless society. Marxist criticism adapts Hegel's dialectic approach and believes that material economic forces, not ideas, drive history. It views society as evolving through class struggle and contradiction between material base (economic structure) and cultural superstructure.
Louis Althusser was a French philosopher who developed Marxist theories of ideology and how it shapes people's identities and sense of self. He argued that ideologies circulated by institutions like media and education covertly construct people's identities by categorizing them, without them realizing it. This causes people to lose their individuality and take on identities defined by gender, class, ethnicity and other stereotypes promoted by society's "ideological state apparatuses." Althusser used the concept of "interpellation" or "hailing" to describe how ideology shapes people into subjects that identify with certain groups and adhere to their rules and norms.
The document summarizes structural factors that contribute to poverty in Milwaukee such as declining population, rising utility costs, and substandard housing stock. It also discusses economic transformations like the loss of manufacturing jobs in the late 20th century that disproportionately impacted black workers and communities. Welfare reform in the 1990s removed thousands of families from assistance roles. Low-income housing became big business while fair housing policies faced political resistance. The cycle of evictions in Milwaukee perpertuated poverty and lack of opportunity.
General Formula For Capital by Karl Marx.Jahin Imtiaz
Famous German philosopher, economist, sociologist and revolutionary socialist Karl Marx explained the general formula for capital in the volume 1 chapter 4 of his book capital. In this presentation, I tried to explain marxism and communism in brief so that you can understand why he is talking about this formula. Hope you will like it. Good day.
Karl Marx developed Marxism theory in the 19th century to analyze class struggles between laborers and employers. Marx observed that societies are divided into two main classes: the bourgeoisie who own the means of production, and the proletariat who must sell their labor. According to Marxism, this separation will inevitably lead to conflict as the proletariat become exploited by the bourgeoisie. The document then discusses key aspects of Marxism theory, such as the economic base and superstructure, and how the ruling class uses ideology and force to control the other classes. It concludes by examining how Marxism has been applied to analyze the depiction of class struggles in literary works.
A lecture given for Arts One at the University of British Columbia. Discusses sublimation, repression, unconscious/preconscious/conscious, id/ego/superego in addition to this text.
You can find a video of this lecture on the Arts One Open site: http://artsone-open.arts.ubc.ca (go to "lectures and podcasts" and search for Freud).
Slide show prepared for a series of lectures on Marxism for PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Fall 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
Critical theory is concerned with structural inequality in the international system and how it can be overcome. Robert Cox contributed a radical alternative view that focuses on the relationship between material forces, ideas, and institutions over historical periods. Cox analyzed changing world orders and the internationalization of states in relation to the global capitalist economy. He advocated for a new form of multilateralism that represents local and global forces to address contradictions in the current system and work towards a more just world order.
Metamorphosis- Franz Kafka Theories of translationHuddaFayyaz
This document provides a summary and analysis of the short story "The Metamorphosis" by Franz Kafka. It discusses the author, plot, themes, symbols, characters, and conclusion. Themes explored in the story include family duty, isolation, sacrifice, and unexpected transformation. Major characters include Gregor Samsa, who transforms into an insect, his sister Grete, and their father. Symbols include the apple, father's uniform, and Gregor's insect form. In conclusion, Kafka's story is an existential allegory about the isolation of modern man.
The document summarizes the key ideas of Carol Hanisch's 1969 work "Personal is Political", which argued that personal problems women experience are the result of systematic oppression, not individual failings. It established that the personal experiences of women are political issues and should be addressed collectively. The document also discusses different strands of feminist thought including liberal, radical, Marxist, and cultural feminism and how they analyze gender inequality and patriarchal structures in both public and private spheres. It examines how culture influences and is influenced by gender relations through stereotypes, images, and power dynamics.
Presentation prepared for lectures on Marxism for PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
These slides are for an Introduction to Philosophy class at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, BC, Canada. There isn't a lot of text on them because mostly we just discussed his arguments and the analogies he makes with things like saving a child from drowning in a pond.
The document discusses several sociological theorists and their perspectives on social structure and society. It summarizes the views of Durkheim, Marx, Weber, Lenski, and Tönnies. Some of the key points discussed include Durkheim's concepts of mechanical and organic solidarity, Marx's views on class conflict and historical materialism, Weber's Protestant work ethic theory, Lenski's socio-cultural evolutionary scale, and Tönnies' distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. The document also provides overviews of their views on social institutions, social change, and the nature of modern rationalized society.
Marxist criticism is based on the political, economic, and cultural theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It analyzes and critiques modern industrial capitalism and aims to establish a classless society. Marxist criticism adapts Hegel's dialectic approach and believes that material economic forces, not ideas, drive history. It views society as evolving through class struggle and contradiction between material base (economic structure) and cultural superstructure.
Louis Althusser was a French philosopher who developed Marxist theories of ideology and how it shapes people's identities and sense of self. He argued that ideologies circulated by institutions like media and education covertly construct people's identities by categorizing them, without them realizing it. This causes people to lose their individuality and take on identities defined by gender, class, ethnicity and other stereotypes promoted by society's "ideological state apparatuses." Althusser used the concept of "interpellation" or "hailing" to describe how ideology shapes people into subjects that identify with certain groups and adhere to their rules and norms.
The document summarizes structural factors that contribute to poverty in Milwaukee such as declining population, rising utility costs, and substandard housing stock. It also discusses economic transformations like the loss of manufacturing jobs in the late 20th century that disproportionately impacted black workers and communities. Welfare reform in the 1990s removed thousands of families from assistance roles. Low-income housing became big business while fair housing policies faced political resistance. The cycle of evictions in Milwaukee perpertuated poverty and lack of opportunity.
General Formula For Capital by Karl Marx.Jahin Imtiaz
Famous German philosopher, economist, sociologist and revolutionary socialist Karl Marx explained the general formula for capital in the volume 1 chapter 4 of his book capital. In this presentation, I tried to explain marxism and communism in brief so that you can understand why he is talking about this formula. Hope you will like it. Good day.
This document provides an overview of the rise and development of paternalism. It discusses how paternalism emerged from hierarchical social structures like the family unit or tribe, where authority figures like fathers or leaders exercised power and control over subordinates. It notes how concepts like patriarchy, paternalism and patrimonialism describe such top-down relations. The document also examines the distinction between benevolent and exploitative forms of paternalism, and how thinkers like Kant and Mill critiqued paternalism for limiting individual freedom and autonomy.
VERGİLEMENİN SINIRLARI VE ANAYASAL KURAL ÖNERİLERİ
Alturizm: Yardımseverlik/Hayırseverlik
1. Bu sunum şu kaynaktan yararlanılarak hazırlanmıştır: “Kamu Tercihi Ve
Oyun Teorisi Perspektiflerinden Alturizmin (Hayırseverliğin/
Yardımseverliğin) Eleştirisi”, Hukuk Ve İktisat Araştırmaları Dergisi , Cilt 7,
Sayı 2, 2015,. (Abdullah Bahçe ile birlikte.)
SUNUMU HAZIRLAYAN: VASİYE KOPARAN
ALTURİZM::
YARDIMSEVERLİK/ HAYIRSEVERLİK
PROF.DR. COŞKUN CAN AKTAN
2. ALTURİZM NEDİR?
Alturizm, gönüllü olarak başkalarına
yardım etmek anlamında kullanılan bir
kavramdır.
Alturizm kelimesini sosyal bilimlerde ilk kez
kullanan kişi sosyolog Auguste Comte
olarak bilinmektedir.
3. Auguste Comte ye göre, alturizm, bir
sosyal mutluluk ahlakıdır. Günlük
yaşamımızda sayısız davranış ve eylem bu
konuda örnek olarak verilebilir: Kan
bağışlamak,poşetlerini taşımakta güçlük
çeken bir yaşlıya el vermek vb.
4. Edward Wilson, Sosyobiyoloji
(Sociobiology) adlı eserinde alturizmi
“başkasının yaşaması için kendi varlığını
feda etmek” olarak tanımlamaktadır.
6. Genetik-Temele Dayalı
Alturizm
Pek çok canlı türünde gen seçimine bağlı
alturizmin pek çok örneği tespit edilmiştir.
Örneğin;arılar dünyasında binlerce arının
kendilerini sadece kraliçe arıyı korumaya
adadıkları gözlenmiştir.
7. Karşılıklılık-Esasına Dayanan
Alturizm
Yardım eden kişi karşı taraftan veya insan-
üstü bir varlıkdan bir karşılık ve/veya takdir
beklemektedir. Örneğin, bir bireyin
yapacağı maddi bir yardıma karşılık
beklentisi, saygı ve itaat olabilir.
8. İKTİSADİ ALTURİZM
Bir menfaat beklentisi olmaksızın başkalarının
refahını arttıracak bilinçli ve gönüllü her türlü
davranış ve eylemi ifade eden bir kavramdır.
İktisadi anlamda alturizm, gönüllü bir davranış
ve eylemdir.
İktisadi anlamda alturizm, bilinçli bir davranış
ve eylemdir. Birey, bilerek ve isteyerek
başkalarına mali yardımda bulunmayı tercih
etmektedir.
9. İnsanlar neden başkalarına mali yardımda bulunurlar?
DİN
AHLAK
Dünyada mevcut başlıca büyük dinlerin tamamı
genel manada alturizmi (yardımseverliği ve
hayırseverliği) destekler ve bireylere bu yönde
tavsiyelerde bulunur.
Kutsal kitaplarda yoksulluk içindeki insanlara
yardım yapılması güzel ahlakın gereği olarak
açıklanır.
EGOİSTİK
GÜDÜ
“Kaz gelecek yerden tavuk esirgenmez.” misali,
bazı bireyler başkalarına yardımda
bulunurlarken egoistik güdü ile hareket
edebilirler.
GÖSTERİŞ
Yoksullar yararına yapılan bir müzayede ya da
para yardımı toplantısında kendini gösterme
isteği iktisadi alturizmin kaynağı olabilir.
ACIMA VE
ŞEFKAT
DUYGUSU
İnsanların zor durumda ve çaresizlik
içerisindeki kişilere acıma ve şefkat
duyguları ile yardımda bulunmaları
sözkonusu olabilir.
10. YARDIMSEVERLİĞİN/ HAYIRSEVERLİĞİN
ELEŞTİRİSİ: SEMİRİYELİ ÇIKMAZI
“Adamın biri Kudüs’den Eriha’ya iniyordu; haydutların eline düştü,
ve onu soydular ve vurdular, yarı ölü bırakıp gittiler. Rastgele bir
papaz o yoldan iniyordu; adamı görünce öteden geçip gitti. Aynı
suretle bir Levili de o yere geldiği zaman, onu gördü, öteden geçip
gitti. Fakat bir Semiriyeli yolculuk ederken, onun bulunduğu yere
geldi; onu görünce acıdı, yanına gitti, yaraları üzerine zeytin yağı ve
şarap akıtıp onları sardı, ve onu kendi hayvanına bindirdi, bir hana
götürdü ve ona baktı. Ertesi gün, iki dinar çıkardı, hancıya verdi ve;
ona bak, ve bundan daha fazla ne harcarsan, yine döndüğüm
zaman, sana öderim dedi. Bu üçünden hangisi, haydutların eline
düşen adamın komşusu oldu sanırsın? Ve fakih: ona acıyın dedi. İsa
da fakihe: git, sen de böyle yap, dedi.”
Luke 10:30-37
İncil
11. J. M. Buchanan’ın 1975 yılında
yayınladığı “Semiriyeli Çıkmazı”
(Samaritan’s Dilemma) adlı
çalışmasında; merkezi hükümetin ya da
yerel idarelerin fakirlere, işsizlere ve
sakatlara yaptıkları kamusal yardımlar
kamu tercihi perspektifinden analiz
edilmektedir. Semiriyeli çıkmazında
kamusal yardım alanların ve yardımları
verenlerin pazarlık ettiği ve yardımların
istismar edildiği bir oyun
tanımlanmaktadır.
12. J. M. Buchanan, bazı kişilerin, diğer
bireylerin alturistik güdülerini istismar
ederek, onlardan bağış ve yardımlar
alarak yaşantısını sürdürmesini bir tür
hastalık olarak ifade etmiştir. Bu
noktada bireylerin başkalarının
fedakarlık hislerini kullanarak
çalışmadan yaşamlarını sürdürdüklerini
ve ileri düzeyde ise devletten sürekli
transfer beklediklerini vurgulamıştır.
Hayırseverlik ve yardımseverlik açmazı
aşağıda matrisler çerçevesinde
açıklanmaktadır:
13. TEMEL REFERANS:
James M. Buchanan, “The Samaritan’s
Dilemma” in Edmund Phelps (Eds.),
Altruism, Morality and Economic Theory,
New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1975,
ss. 71-85.; Aynı makale ayrıca bir başka
koleksiyon içerisinde de yayınlanmıştır.
Bkz: James M. Buchanan, “The
Samaritan’s Dilemma” in The Logical
Foundations of Constitutional Liberty,
Vol. 1, Liberty Fund Inc., 1999, ss. 329-345.
14. Aktif Semiriyeli Çıkmazı
1
I
2,2
II
1,1
2 III
4,3
IV
3,4
1 2
.
Kaynak: J. M. Buchanan, “The Samaritan’s Dilemma” in The Logical
Foundations of Constitutional Liberty, Vol. 1, Liberty Fund Inc., 1999, s. 330.
15. A oyuncusu satırlar arasında seçim yapmakta, B
oyuncusu ise sütunlar arasında seçim yapmaktadır.
A oyuncusu hayırsever bir birey olarak, B oyuncusu ise
yardıma muhtaç kişi olarak ifade edilebilmektedir.
(A1) hamlesi hayırsever için “yardım etmek”, (B1)
hamlesi yardıma muhtaç kişi için “çalışmak””
tercihlerini ifade etmekte; (A2) hamlesi hayırsever
açısından “yardım etmek”, (B2) hamlesi ise yardıma
muhtaç kişi açısından “çalışmamak” tercihlerini
göstermektedir.
A oyuncusu ilk hamleyi yaparken B nin ne
yapacağına aldırış etmez.Ama B oyuncusu A dan
sonra yaptığı için tercihleri A nın kesin ya da tahmini
hamlelerine bağlıdır.
Eğer A satır 1’i seçerse, B sütun 1’i seçecektir.
Fakat A satır 2 (A2= Yardım et) hamlesini seçerse, B
oyuncusu her zaman sütun 2 (B2= Çalışma) tercihini
seçecektir.
16. Aktif Semiriyeli çıkmazı oyununda, pür stratejilerde
oyuncular için bir Nash dengesi bulunmaktadır. Bu,
(A2, B2) strateji kombinasyonudur.
Ardışık hamleli bir oyun olarak, oyuncular hamlelerini
yapmakta ve dört farklı strateji meydana
gelmektedir.
potansiyel hayırseverin (A), baskın bir stratejiye sahip
olmaması durumunda da Semiriyeli çıkmazı
oluşabilmektedir. Bu durumda ise Pasif Semiriyeli
çıkmazı oyunu gerçekleşmektedir.
18. Burada B oyuncusu satırlar arasında ilk hamleyi
yapardaha sonra A oyuncusu satırlar arasında tercih
yapar.
A nın davranışı,B nin kesin ya da tahmini
davranışlarıa bağlıdır.
B oyuncusu tarafından sömürülmekten kaçınmak
için A oyuncusu,B nin sütun 2 ye olan değişiminden
etkilenmeyi reddetmesi gereklidir.
A oyuncusunun, fayda fonksiyonları II ve IV nolu
hücrelerdeymiş gibi tersine hamle yapması
gerekmektedir.
19. Yardımseverlik Açmazı
ÇALIŞMAK
2,2 1,3
ÇALIŞMAMAK 3,1 4,4
HAYIR YAPMAK HAYIR
YAPMAMAK
HAYIRSEVER
YARDIMA
MUHTAÇ
KİŞİ
Kaynak: Richard E. Wagner, To Promote The General Welfare: Market Processes vs. Political
Transfers, San Francisco : CA, Pacific Research Inst., 1989, s. 168.)
20. Hayırsever sütunlar arasında seçim yapmakta;
yardıma muhtaç birey ise satırlar arasında seçim
yapmaktadır.
Yer alan rakamlar en çok tercih edilen seçenekten
en az tercih edilene doğru 1’den 4’e kadar
numaralandırılmıştır.
Hayırseverin en çok tercih ettiği durum (1,3)
seçeneği ile hayırseverlik yapmamak ve yardıma
muhtaç bireyin çalışarak kendi geçimini
sağlamasıdır. Bu durum, yardıma muhtaç kişinin
kazanımlarının hayırseverin yardım duygusunu
ortadan kaldırdığını ifade etmektedir.
Hayırseverin en az tercih ettiği durum yani (4,4)
seçeneği; yardıma muhtaç kişi çalışmıyorken
hayırseverlik yapmamaktır.
Yardıma muhtaç kişinin en çok tercih ettiği
durum (3,1) seçeneği ile çalışmıyorken
hayırseverden yardıma almaktır.
21. Aktif Semiriyeli çıkmazında A oyuncusunun
baskın stratejisi B’ye hayırseverlik yapmak
olduğu için B neyi tercih ederse etsin
(çalışmak/çalışmamak), A her zaman B’ye
yardım edecektir. Bu durumda A artık
potansiyel değil sömürülen hayırsever
durumundadır. Bu nedenle, hayırseverlerin
toplum içerisinde bu şekilde artması sonucu
aktif Semiriyeli çıkmazı aynı zamanda bir
sosyal ikileme de dönüşmektedir.
22. Prof.Dr. Coşkun Can Aktan
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İİBF Öğretim Üyesi &
Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Derneği
http://www.sobiad.org
Professor Coşkun Can Aktan
Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Economics and Management &
Social Sciences Research Society
http://www.sobiad.org
CAN AKTAN: Sosyal Bilimler Kütüphanesi
CAN AKTAN: Social Science Library
http://www.canaktan.org
CAN AKTAN: Yaşam Felsefesi ve Gezme Sanatı
CAN AKTAN: Philosophy of Life and Art of Travel
http://www.canaktan.net