Alkaloids shorts easy description

1. KALYAN P.G. COLLEGE
BHILAI NAGAR SEC.07
SESSION-2021-22
SEMINAR ON
ALKALOIDS
GUIDED BY :
Miss-SARITA DEWANGAN
HOD
Dr. Naresh Chandra
Deshmukh
PRESENTED BY:
MAHESH MANDAL
M.Sc. 4th
SEM. (CHEMISTRY)

2. AKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my profound sense of respect and heartfelt
gratitude to our lecturer “SARITA DEWANGAN” under whose able guidance and support
I have prepared my seminar on the topic “ALKALOIDS ."
I also express my heartfelt thanks to our respected Sir Dr.Naresh
Chandra Deshmukh H.O.D. Dept Of Chemistry for his cooperation and providing facilities
available in the college, which helped me in presenting this seminar.
Assistant prof of chemistry
SARITA DEWANGAN
MAHESH MANDAL
M.Sc. 4th
Sem.(Chemistry)

3. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this seminar presentation on
‘ALKALOIDS’ has been prepared out by “MAHESH MANDAL” a
student of M.Sc.(Previous) Kalyan P.G. College Bhilai. He has
submitted the presentation during the academic session 2021-22 towards
partial fulfillment as per requirement of Hemchand Yadav University,
Durg (C.G.).
Dr.Naresh Chandra Deshmukh
Head of Department
(Chemistry)

4. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Definition
• History
• Occurrence
• Properties
• Nomenclature
• Classification
• Isolation
• Functions Of Alkaloids
• Conclusion
• Reference

5. INTRODUCTION:-
• Alkaloids are Nitrogenous Heterocyclic Aromatic ring or aliphatic chain
system organic compounds.
• Alkaloids are alkali-nature substance that means they are mainly Basic
Nature.
• It Mainly derived from Amino Acids.
• Alkaloids are secondary metabolites.

6. DEFINITION:-
Alkaloids, which means Alkali-like substance , are Basic Heterocyclic
aromatic ring or aliphatic Chain Nitrogenous compounds of plants or
Animals or Microorganisms origin.
Quinine

7. HISTORY:-
• Alkaloids term introduced by German Chemist Carl
F.W. Meissner in 1819 For the Basic Nitrogen
containing compounds.
• Alkaloids are Alkali-like (Derived from the word
Alkali).

8. OCCURRENCE:-
• Occur mainly in Plants as salt of organic acids (Acetic acid,
Oxalic acid,malic acid, lactic acid, citric acid).
• Mostly Alkaloids are found in Higher plants (Angiosperms).
• They are rarely found in lower plants like algae ,fungi and
Animals or Microorganisms.
• Families rich in Alkaloids are –
Apocynoceae,Rubiaceae,solanaceae etc.
• Present in any part of plant –(Tea- leaves- Caffeine).

9. PROPERTIES:-
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES-
• State:-
• Most Alkaloids are crystalline solids.
• Some are liquid that are either :-
-Volatile :- e.g. Nicotine and Coniine.
-Non Volatile:- e.g. Pilocarpine and Hyosine.
• Colour:- The majority of Alkaloids are colourless but some
are coloured.
e.g. Colchicine and Barberine are yellow.
• Solubility:-Both Alkaloids base and their Salts and soluble in alcohol.
-Generally the base are soluble in organic solvent but insoluble in water.
-Salt are soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents.

10. • Optical Activity:-
• Many Alkaloids are optically active due to the presence of
one or more asymmetric carbon atom (chiral)in their
molecules.
• Optically active isomers show different physiology
activites.
• Usually the levo(l,-) isomer is more active than the dextro
(d,+) isomer

11. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:-
• Normal elements present in Alkaloids- C,H,O and N atom.
• Nitrogen atom-
- Primary amines - R-NH2 e.g. Norephedrine.
- Secondary amines- R2-NH e.g. ephedrine.
- Tertiary amines - R3-N e.g. Atropine.
• Basicity :- The lone pair electron on the nitrogen atom is responsible for
Alkaloidal basicity.
• Strong basic Alkaloids can form Salts even with very weak acids.While
weak bases require more acidic medium.

12. NOMENCLATURE:-
1.Alkaloids terminate with the suffix-ine their names may be derived
from the :-
-Genus name e.g. Atropine from Atropa.
-Species name e.g. Cocaine from Coca.
2.Prefixes:-
‘Nor’: designates N- demethylation .( e.g. Nornicotine)
‘Apo’: designates dehydration .(e.g. Apomorphine)
‘Iso,pseudo,Neo and Epi :- indicate different types of isomers.
3. Suffixes:-
‘-dine’ :-designates isomerism as quinidine and Chinchonidine.
‘-ine’ :- indicate in case of ergot Alkaloids-ergotamine.

13. CLASSIFICATION:-
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THEIR ORIGIN:-
(A)True Alkaloids:- True Alkaloids contain Heterocyclic nitrogen atom in
ring and it is derived directly from Amino acid and
Basic in nature .
e.g. Quinine , Atropine, Morphine.
Quinine

14. (B) Proto Alkaloids:-. It contains Nitrogen atom but not Heterocyclic
ring system present in aliphatic chain ,it is
derived from Amino acid and it is basic Nature.
e.g. Colchicine, Ephedrine.

15. (C) Pseudo Alkaloids:- It is contain Heterocyclic nitrogen atom
and don’t derived from Amino Acids
(derived from non-Amino acid) and it is
Weakly base.
e.g. Caffeine,Conessine.
Caffeine

16. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS
OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURE:-
Alkaloids derived into two categories on the basis of their
chemical structure.
(A)Typical Alkaloids:- These are also known as Heterocyclic Alkaloids
and contains Nitrogen in Heterocyclic ring
system.
e.g. Piperine, Nicotine, Morphine , Caffeine.
Nicotine

17. (B) Atypical Alkaloids:- These are also known as non Heterocyclic
Alkaloids and contains Nitrogen in aliphatic
chain.
e.g. ephedrine , Colchicine
Colchicine

18. ISOLATION:-

19. FUNCTIONS OF ALKALOIDS:-
• They may act as protective against insecs and herbivores due to their
bitterness and toxicity .
• Product of detoxification (waste products in certain cases).
• Act as reservoirs for protein synthesis.
• Source of nitrogen in case of nitrogen deficiency.
• Source of energy-alkaloid break and produce energy.
• Use in medical industry in drugs formation.

20. CONCLUSION:-
• ALKALOIDS ARE NITROGENOUS HETEROCYCLIC AROMATIC RING OR
ALIPHATIC CHAIN SYSTEM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.
• ALKALOIDS ARE ALKALI-NATURE DUE TO THEY ARE BASIC NATURE.
• ALKALOIDS ARE DERIVED FROM AMINO ACID AND IT IS SECONDARY
METABOLITES.
• MOSTLY ALKALOIDS ARE USE IN FHARMACEUTICALS INDUSTRY FOR DRUGS
FORMATION.

21. REFERENCE:-
• CHEMISTRY OF NATURAL PRODUCTS-1
- BY OP AGARWAL.
• MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
-BY L.P. MISHRA