What is a library? A place in which reading materials, such as books,  periodicals, newspapers, and often other material such as musical and video recordings, are kept for  use or lending.

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2. Library History.
BY ALI HASSAN
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Early libraries
Late Antiquity
European Middle
Ages
National libraries
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SCOPE
Modern public
libraries
Enlightenment era
libraries
Islamic lands
Classical period

4. What Is Library?
 A place in which reading materials, such as books,
periodicals, newspapers, and often other material
such as musical and video recordings, are kept for
use or lending.
418-11-2017 Library History

5. History of Library.
1 Early libraries 2 Classical period
3 Late Antiquity 4 Islamic lands
5 European Middle Ages
6 Enlightenment era libraries
7 National libraries
8 Modern public libraries
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6. Early libraries.
• Ashurbanipal:
• The Oldest Royal Library in the World
• First library in the world.
• The last great king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
• The library was discovered by archaeologists at
the site of Nineveh.
• Austen Henry Layard most tablets were taken to
England and can now be found in the British
Museum.
• 30,000 clay tablets in the cuneiform script.
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7. Tablet from the Library of
Ashurbanipal .
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8. Classical Period.
• Library of Alexandria:
• The Library of Alexandria, in Egypt, was the largest and
most significant great library of the ancient world.
• Founded at the beginning of the 3rd century BC.
• The library was initially organized by Demetrius of
Phaleron, a student of Aristotle.
• Most of the books were kept as papyrus scrolls.
• A fire set by the army of Julius Caesar in 48 BC.
• A "daughter library" in a temple known as the Serapeum
of Alexandria.
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9. Library of Alexandria.
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10. The Library of Pergamum.
• In Pergamum, Turkey, was one of the most
important libraries in the ancient world.
• Built by Eumenes II.
• No index or catalog of the holdings at Pergamum
exists today, making it impossible to know the true
size or scope of this collection.
• The library consisted of four rooms.
• Manuscripts were written on parchment, rolled, and
then stored on the shelves.
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11. The Library of Pergamum.
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12. Late Antiquity.
• Middle Ages periods.
• Produced twenty-eight public libraries in the urbs
Roma.
• Four different types of libraries were established:
1.imperial
2.Patriarchal
3.Monastic
4.Private.
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13. Malatestiana Library of Cesena, the
first European civic library.
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14. Islamic Lands.
• The first libraries in Muslim lands were not necessarily for the
public.
• The need for the preservation of the Quran, the Muslim Holy
Book, and the Traditions of the Muhammad.
• "the ink of scholar is equal to the blood of martyr’’
• With the discovery of paper, the Muslim world quickly began
to progress in its development of libraries, and “libraries
(royal, public, specialised, private)
• By the 8th century first Iranians and then Arabs had imported
the craft of paper making from China, with a paper mill
already at work in Baghdad in 794.
• cont …
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15. Islamic Lands.
• In the 9th century public libraries started to
appear in many Islamic cities. They were
called "halls of Science" or dar al-'ilm.
• In Baghdad the library was known as
the House of Wisdom.
• In Shiraz Adhud al-Daula set up a library, al-
Muqaddasi.
• Notable authors was Ahmad Baba who wrote
over 40 manuscripts.
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16. A Qur'anic Library in Chinguetti,
Mauritania.
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17. European Middle Ages.
• In the Early Middle Ages, monastery libraries developed, such
as the important one at the Abbey of Montecassino in Italy.
• Books were usually chained to the shelves,
• Many libraries loaned books if provided with security deposits
(usually money or a book of equal value).
• In 1212 the council of Paris condemned those monasteries
that still forbade loaning books, reminding them that lending
is "one of the chief works of mercy.“
• The most important of them were Mount Athos and the
library of the Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai
Peninsula.
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18. Enlightenment era libraries.
• The 17th and 18th centuries include is known
as a golden age of libraries.
• Thomas Bodley founded the Bodleian Library
in 1602, which was open to the "whole
republic of the learned“
• Norwich City library was established in 1608
• Chetham's Library in Manchester, which
claims to be the oldest public library in the
English-speaking world, opened in 1653.
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19. 1. Subscription libraries.
• Subscription libraries were democratic in
nature
• Created by and for communities of local
subscribers.
• The books selected for the collection were
chosen because they would be mutually
beneficial to the shareholders.
• The committee also selected the librarians
who would manage the circulation of
materials.
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20. 2.Public Libraries.
• At the start of the 19th century libraries provided
from public funds and freely accessible to all.
• Only one important library in Britain,
namely Chetham's Library in Manchester, was
fully and freely accessible to the public.
• The Library Company of Philadelphia was started
in 1731 by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia.
• In Britain there were more than 200 commercial
circulating libraries open in 1800.
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21. 1. Subscription libraries.
• The Linen Hall Library was an 18th-
century subscription library. Pictured in 1888,
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22. 3.Private libraries.
• One of the most popular versions of the private
library was a gentleman's only library. Membership
was restricted to the shareholders.
• The Liverpool Subscription library was a gentlemen
only library.
• In 1798, it was renamed the Athenaeum when it was
rebuilt with a newsroom and coffeehouse.
• Private subscription libraries held a greater amount
of control over both membership and the types of
books in the library.
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23. National libraries.
• The first true national library was founded in 1753 as part of
the British Museum by Sir Hans Sloane.
• Anthony Panizzi became the Principal Librarian at the British
Library in 1856.
• The Library of Congress was established on April 24, 1800,
when president John Adams signed an act of Congress.
• In France, the first national library was the Bibliothèque
Mazarine.
• Germany was only constituted as a state in 1871, the first
national library was set up in the context of the German
revolutions of 1848.
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24. National libraries.
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• The British Museum was established in 1753
and had a library containing over 50,000
books.

25. Modern public libraries.
• Although by the mid-19th century, England could
claim 274 subscription libraries and Scotland,
266.
• The foundation of the modern public library
system in Britain is the Public Libraries Act 1850.
• Another important act was the Education Act
1870, which increased literacy and thereby the
demand for libraries.
• By 1877, more than 75 cities had established free
libraries, and by 1900 the number had reached
300.
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26. Modern public libraries.
• The year 1876 is key in the history of librarianship in
the United States.
• The American Library Association was formed.
• The American Library Journal was founded.
• Melvil Dewey published his decimal-based system of
classification.
• From the late 19th century. Carnegie alone built over
2000 libraries in the US.
• 660 in Britain.
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27. Modern public libraries.
• Peter White Public Library built in 1905.
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28. 20th century.
• In the 20th Century, many public libraries were
built in different Modernist architecture styles.
• The Municipal Library built 1958-62 for the
German city of Wolfsburg features a great
central room for which he used a series of
specially designed skylights to bring in natural
light, even though all the walls are covered
with books.
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29. 20th century.
• Wolfsburg Municipal Library by Alvar Aalto,
built 1958-62.
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