A culture medium is said to support the
growth and development of different microorganisms.
Certain bacteria like
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
entail hemoglobin found in the red blood
cells. Because of its cost effectiveness and availability,
expired human blood is being utilized in some developing
countries. Despite the widely accepted disadvantages of
using human blood as enrichment agent, many laboratories
still opt to use it due to the unavailability of sheep blood
or due to budgetary reasons. This study determined if the
washed expired human blood can be used as an alternative
enrichment agent in the preparation of Blood Agar Plate
(BAP) culture medium in the isolation of
Staphylococcus
aureus
ATCC 25923 and
Staphylococcus epidermidis
ATCC
12228. The cultural characteristics and hemolytic reactions
of the selected microorganisms were recorded, assessed
and compared with their growth in BAP. The stability of
the washed expired human blood was evaluated in terms of temperature and storage period. Results reveal that expired
human blood with washing improved the morphologic and
hemolytic pattern of
Staphylococcus aureus.
The washing of
blood had no effect on
Staphylococcus epidermidis
because it
is a gamma hemolytic bacterium. Both unwashed expired
and fresh human blood produced gamma hemolysis due to
the interferences still present in them. Both washed expired
human blood and washed fresh human blood produced beta
hemolysis. Washed expired human blood could be stored for
seven days and still could be used for microbial culture.
This study compared four different blood agar media for culturing Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus: 1) defibrinated horse blood agar, 2) defibrinated sheep blood agar, 3) citrated sheep blood agar, and 4) human blood agar. Colony growth was similar across all media. However, human blood agar showed substantially smaller colony sizes and poor or absent hemolysis. Citrated sheep blood agar is an acceptable alternative that maintains characteristic morphology and hemolysis, unlike human blood agar. Human blood agar is not recommended for isolation or antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Culture media provide optimal conditions for bacterial growth and multiplication. Solid media allow for isolation of pure cultures and identification via colony morphology and effects on the medium. Types of media include simple, enriched, selective, enrichment, indicator, and selective/indicator media. Simple media like nutrient broth and agar support general growth. Enriched media like blood agar aid growth of fastidious organisms. Selective media inhibit certain bacteria. Enrichment media help multiplication of target species. Indicator media provide visual cues on metabolic activity. Strict anaerobes require specialized media and cultivation systems like GasPak to exclude oxygen.
This document provides information on culture media used for growing microorganisms. It defines culture media as liquids or gels designed to support microbial growth. Basic constituents of media include water, electrolytes, peptone, and meat extract. Media can be classified based on consistency (solid, semi-solid, liquid), constituents (simple, complex, synthetic), bacterial growth supported (aerobic, anaerobic), and function. Special media types include enriched, selective, indicator, transport and sugar media. Common culture methods like streak, pour plate, and stab cultures are described. The document also discusses endodontic microbiological assessment, including sampling from root canals and factors affecting the accuracy of microbial root canal sampling.
Culture media are used to isolate bacteria from clinical specimens and perform biochemical tests to identify the causative agent. Culture media contain water, electrolytes, peptone as a nitrogen source, buffers to maintain pH, and indicators to detect acid or alkali production. Selective agents inhibit some bacteria. Agar is used to solidify media. Media can be liquid, semisolid, or solid. Routine media include basal, enriched, selective, differential, transport, and anaerobic media. Synthetic media use defined chemical components. Colony characteristics like size, shape, color, and hemolytic properties on blood agar help identify bacteria.
Mannitol salt agar is a selective and differential medium used to isolate staphylococci. It contains 7.5% sodium chloride to select for bacteria that can tolerate high salt concentrations while inhibiting most other gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Mannitol salt agar also contains mannitol and phenol red to differentiate bacteria based on their ability to ferment mannitol, indicated by a color change from red to yellow. Positive mannitol fermentation suggests Staphylococcus aureus which can be tested further.
This document discusses different types of culture media used for growing microorganisms. It describes basic media which contains nutrients for general bacterial growth. Selective media allows growth of specific organisms by inhibiting others through additions like antibiotics. Differential media distinguishes organisms based on colony characteristics. Enriched media enhances growth of fastidious organisms using additions like blood or serum. Transport media preserves viability during shipping through formulations optimized for different bacteria. The document provides examples to illustrate each type of media.
The document discusses different types of bacterial culture media. It describes how culture media are designed to support bacterial growth by providing nutrients and environmental conditions similar to a bacteria's natural habitat. The document classifies culture media based on consistency, nutritional components, and functional use. It provides examples of selective, differential, and indicator media and how they are used to isolate or identify specific bacteria.
This study compared four different blood agar media for culturing Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus: 1) defibrinated horse blood agar, 2) defibrinated sheep blood agar, 3) citrated sheep blood agar, and 4) human blood agar. Colony growth was similar across all media. However, human blood agar showed substantially smaller colony sizes and poor or absent hemolysis. Citrated sheep blood agar is an acceptable alternative that maintains characteristic morphology and hemolysis, unlike human blood agar. Human blood agar is not recommended for isolation or antibiotic susceptibility testing.
Culture media provide optimal conditions for bacterial growth and multiplication. Solid media allow for isolation of pure cultures and identification via colony morphology and effects on the medium. Types of media include simple, enriched, selective, enrichment, indicator, and selective/indicator media. Simple media like nutrient broth and agar support general growth. Enriched media like blood agar aid growth of fastidious organisms. Selective media inhibit certain bacteria. Enrichment media help multiplication of target species. Indicator media provide visual cues on metabolic activity. Strict anaerobes require specialized media and cultivation systems like GasPak to exclude oxygen.
This document provides information on culture media used for growing microorganisms. It defines culture media as liquids or gels designed to support microbial growth. Basic constituents of media include water, electrolytes, peptone, and meat extract. Media can be classified based on consistency (solid, semi-solid, liquid), constituents (simple, complex, synthetic), bacterial growth supported (aerobic, anaerobic), and function. Special media types include enriched, selective, indicator, transport and sugar media. Common culture methods like streak, pour plate, and stab cultures are described. The document also discusses endodontic microbiological assessment, including sampling from root canals and factors affecting the accuracy of microbial root canal sampling.
Culture media are used to isolate bacteria from clinical specimens and perform biochemical tests to identify the causative agent. Culture media contain water, electrolytes, peptone as a nitrogen source, buffers to maintain pH, and indicators to detect acid or alkali production. Selective agents inhibit some bacteria. Agar is used to solidify media. Media can be liquid, semisolid, or solid. Routine media include basal, enriched, selective, differential, transport, and anaerobic media. Synthetic media use defined chemical components. Colony characteristics like size, shape, color, and hemolytic properties on blood agar help identify bacteria.
Mannitol salt agar is a selective and differential medium used to isolate staphylococci. It contains 7.5% sodium chloride to select for bacteria that can tolerate high salt concentrations while inhibiting most other gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Mannitol salt agar also contains mannitol and phenol red to differentiate bacteria based on their ability to ferment mannitol, indicated by a color change from red to yellow. Positive mannitol fermentation suggests Staphylococcus aureus which can be tested further.
This document discusses different types of culture media used for growing microorganisms. It describes basic media which contains nutrients for general bacterial growth. Selective media allows growth of specific organisms by inhibiting others through additions like antibiotics. Differential media distinguishes organisms based on colony characteristics. Enriched media enhances growth of fastidious organisms using additions like blood or serum. Transport media preserves viability during shipping through formulations optimized for different bacteria. The document provides examples to illustrate each type of media.
The document discusses different types of bacterial culture media. It describes how culture media are designed to support bacterial growth by providing nutrients and environmental conditions similar to a bacteria's natural habitat. The document classifies culture media based on consistency, nutritional components, and functional use. It provides examples of selective, differential, and indicator media and how they are used to isolate or identify specific bacteria.
This document describes a microbiology practical lab focusing on identification of medically important microorganisms. It discusses various culture media including basal media, enriched media, selective media, and differential media. It also describes atmospheric conditions required for growth of aerobic, anaerobic, and microaerophilic organisms. Various culture plates and parasites are examined macroscopically. Gram staining techniques are explained and applied to stained smears to examine gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and yeast under the microscope.
1. The document discusses different types of culture media used to grow microorganisms in the laboratory, including solid media, semisolid media, and liquid broths.
2. Solid media like agar plates are used for isolating pure cultures, observing colony morphology, and storing cultures long-term. Semisolid media allow studying bacterial motility.
3. Broths are used for growing cultures for assays and biochemical tests since bacterial growth is visible through turbidity.
4. Agar is commonly used to solidify media due to its properties of being bacteriologically inert and allowing surface growth of colonies.
[Micro] bacterial selective & differential mediaMuhammad Ahmad
This document discusses bacterial cultivation techniques used in lab 13. It describes selective and differential media that are used to isolate and identify bacteria based on their growth characteristics. Various media are described, including blood agar for hemolysis identification, Mannitol salt agar for staphylococcus differentiation, MacConkey agar for gram-negative lactose fermentation, and EMB and TGA for isolation of specific pathogens. The lab activities involve demonstrating these media types and streaking isolated bacteria for identification.
Culture media and methods by Dr. Himanshu KhatriDrHimanshuKhatri
This document provides information on culture media and methods used to isolate and grow bacteria. It discusses the various constituents of culture media including water, electrolytes, peptones, agar, and extracts. It describes different types of media such as routine laboratory media, defined media, selective media, indicator media, and transport media. Various culture methods are outlined including streak plating, lawn culture, stab culture, and pour plating. Methods for culturing bacteria under anaerobic conditions such as the McIntosh and Filde's anaerobic jar and Gaspak system are also summarized.
This document discusses different types of culture media used to grow bacteria. It describes media as being solid, semisolid, or liquid based on consistency. Media are also classified based on their function as simple, enriched, enrichment, selective, indicator, differential, composite, or transport. Common constituents of media include agar, peptone, yeast or meat extract, and NaCl. The document provides examples of different media and their purposes, such as nutrient broth as a simple medium, blood agar as an enriched medium, and MacConkey agar as a differential medium.
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (Enterobacteriaceae - III)Hussein Al-tameemi
This document provides information about Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella species. It discusses the taxonomy and classification of Enterobacteriaceae, describing their characteristics. Salmonella is highlighted as an important genus. The document outlines methods for culturing and identifying Salmonella from clinical specimens such as blood and stool. Biochemical tests and serological identification methods like the Widal test are also summarized.
Details about all type of culture media for growing the bacteria,
the basic constituents of culture media
types of media
simple media
special media
complex media
transport media
sugar media
anaerobic media
A culture media is a special medium used in microbiological laboratories to grow different kinds of microorganisms. A growth or a culture medium is composed of different nutrients that are essential for microbial growth.
Since there are many types of microorganisms, each having unique properties and requiring specific nutrients for growth, there are many types based on what nutrients they contain and what function they play in the growth of microorganisms.
A culture may be solid or liquid. The solid culture media is composed of a brown jelly like substance known as agar. Different nutrients and chemicals are added to it to allow the growth of different microorganisms.
This document discusses different types of culture media used to grow microorganisms outside of their natural habitats. It describes various media including basic media, enriched media containing additional nutrients, selective and differential media that inhibit some bacteria and allow easy identification of others based on colony characteristics. Transport media are also discussed which maintain specimens and prevent overgrowth until laboratory analysis. The document provides examples of commonly used media for different applications and microorganisms.
Culture media are used to support the growth of microorganisms outside the body for laboratory experiments. They can be classified based on consistency (solid, semisolid, liquid), composition (synthetic, non-synthetic), purpose (general purpose, selective, differential), or oxygen requirement (aerobic, anaerobic). Solid media contain agar and allow study of colony characteristics. Selective media inhibit unwanted bacteria to isolate pathogens. Transport media maintain specimens during laboratory transport.
The document provides an overview of bacterial culture methods. It discusses the history of culture techniques from Hippocrates observing diseases to Koch establishing that microbes cause disease. Key steps in culture include cultivation, using media to enrich bacteria and isolate pathogens. Common media like blood agar and MacConkey agar are described. The document outlines equipment, media types based on consistency and ingredients, and culture methods to grow aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
This document discusses culture media and culture methods used for growing bacteria in the laboratory. It describes the basic constituents of culture media including water, electrolytes, peptone, agar, meat extract, yeast extract, and blood/serum. Agar is preferred over gelatin as a solidifying agent. Common types of media are discussed such as basal media, enriched media, enrichment broth, selective media, differential media, transport media, and anaerobic media. Methods for streaking, lawn/carpet, stroke, and stab cultures as well as liquid culture techniques are also outlined.
Here are short notes on the highlighted media types:
i) Enriched media: Contains additional nutrients to support growth of fastidious organisms. Example is Brain Heart Infusion broth.
ii) Enrichment media: Used to enhance the growth of stressed or injured organisms present in low numbers. Example is Selenite F broth.
iii) Selective media: Contains additives that inhibit the growth of some bacteria and allow the growth of desired bacteria. Example is MacConkey agar.
iv) Indicator media: Contains pH or color indicators to detect metabolic changes during bacterial growth. Example is Litmus Milk.
v) Differential media: Allows differentiation of bacteria based on biochemical reactions. Example is Triple
This document discusses various applications of tissue culture, including intracellular studies, elucidation of intracellular processes, studies of cell-cell interactions, and evaluation of environmental interactions. It also notes that animal cell culture can be used to produce medically important proteins like interferon, blood clotting factors, and monoclonal antibodies. Major developments in cell culture technology included the use of antibiotics, trypsin to subculture cells, and chemically defined culture media. Common cell culture media include Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium, and RPMI-1640.
Routinely used culture media in microbiology labSalman Siddique
This document discusses various types of culture media used to grow microorganisms. It provides details on common media such as nutrient agar, blood agar, chocolate agar, and triple sugar iron agar. Nutrient agar supports growth of most bacteria. Blood agar is used for fastidious organisms and shows hemolytic reactions. Chocolate agar supplies factors for Haemophilus influenzae growth. Triple sugar iron agar tests for sugar fermentation, gas production, and hydrogen sulfide production. Selenite F broth is a selective enrichment medium for isolating Salmonella from clinical samples. The document explains the composition, preparation, and uses of these different culture media.
DEFINITION
HISTORY OF CULTURE MEDIA
1) THE SEARCH FOR THE IDEAL MEDIUM
2) PETRI'S CONTRIBUTION
3) INTRODUCTION OF PEPTONE
4) BEGINNING OF AN INDUSTRY
REQUIREMENTS
COMMON MEDIA CONSTITUENTS
MEDIA INGREDIENTS
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN CULTURE MEDIA
TYPES OF CULTURE MEDIA
CULTURE METHODS
B.sc. Microbiology Bacteriology Unit 4.2 Culture MediaRai University
This document discusses different types of culture media used to grow bacteria. It explains that solid media like agar allows for distinct bacterial colonies to form, while liquid media does not. The document covers simple, complex, synthetic, enriched, selective, indicator, differential, sugar, transport, aerobic and anaerobic media. It provides examples like nutrient broth, blood agar, MacConkey agar and describes their purposes in isolating and identifying different bacterial species.
This document discusses different types of culture media used in microbiology. It begins by defining culture media and explaining their importance for growing microbes. It then describes the history of important culture media discoveries. The rest of the document categorizes and explains different types of culture media based on consistency, nutritional components, and functional uses such as selective, differential, and transport media. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the various culture media types and their purposes in microbiology studies and clinical diagnosis.
Culture medium is a substance used to grow microorganisms outside the body. It provides nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, minerals and growth factors. Culture media can be solid, semi-solid or liquid. They are classified as simple, complex, synthetic or special based on ingredients. Special media include enriched media which adds substances like blood or serum, and selective media which uses antibiotics to inhibit certain bacteria. Differential and transport media are also used to identify bacteria or safely transport clinical samples for identification.
Culture media are designed to support the growth of microorganisms in vitro. Common media include liquid broths and solid agar plates, and they contain nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, water and trace elements. Agar is often used to solidify liquid media into plates. Media can be classified by consistency (liquid, solid, semi-solid), nutritional components (simple, complex, synthetic), or functional use (basal, enriched, selective). Selective media inhibit unwanted bacteria to isolate pathogens. Differential media identify bacteria by colony color. Transport media maintain specimens during transport to the lab. Specialized media support fastidious or anaerobic bacterial growth.
1. Culture media are nutrient materials prepared for the growth of microorganisms in the laboratory. Different microbes require different nutrients and conditions in the culture media.
2. Agar is commonly added to culture media to solidify it for growing bacteria on solid surfaces like Petri dishes and slants. Agar solidifies the media without degrading.
3. Pure cultures of microbes are necessary for most bacteriological work and are obtained using methods like streak plating that isolate single colonies from mixed cultures.
This document describes a microbiology practical lab focusing on identification of medically important microorganisms. It discusses various culture media including basal media, enriched media, selective media, and differential media. It also describes atmospheric conditions required for growth of aerobic, anaerobic, and microaerophilic organisms. Various culture plates and parasites are examined macroscopically. Gram staining techniques are explained and applied to stained smears to examine gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and yeast under the microscope.
1. The document discusses different types of culture media used to grow microorganisms in the laboratory, including solid media, semisolid media, and liquid broths.
2. Solid media like agar plates are used for isolating pure cultures, observing colony morphology, and storing cultures long-term. Semisolid media allow studying bacterial motility.
3. Broths are used for growing cultures for assays and biochemical tests since bacterial growth is visible through turbidity.
4. Agar is commonly used to solidify media due to its properties of being bacteriologically inert and allowing surface growth of colonies.
[Micro] bacterial selective & differential mediaMuhammad Ahmad
This document discusses bacterial cultivation techniques used in lab 13. It describes selective and differential media that are used to isolate and identify bacteria based on their growth characteristics. Various media are described, including blood agar for hemolysis identification, Mannitol salt agar for staphylococcus differentiation, MacConkey agar for gram-negative lactose fermentation, and EMB and TGA for isolation of specific pathogens. The lab activities involve demonstrating these media types and streaking isolated bacteria for identification.
Culture media and methods by Dr. Himanshu KhatriDrHimanshuKhatri
This document provides information on culture media and methods used to isolate and grow bacteria. It discusses the various constituents of culture media including water, electrolytes, peptones, agar, and extracts. It describes different types of media such as routine laboratory media, defined media, selective media, indicator media, and transport media. Various culture methods are outlined including streak plating, lawn culture, stab culture, and pour plating. Methods for culturing bacteria under anaerobic conditions such as the McIntosh and Filde's anaerobic jar and Gaspak system are also summarized.
This document discusses different types of culture media used to grow bacteria. It describes media as being solid, semisolid, or liquid based on consistency. Media are also classified based on their function as simple, enriched, enrichment, selective, indicator, differential, composite, or transport. Common constituents of media include agar, peptone, yeast or meat extract, and NaCl. The document provides examples of different media and their purposes, such as nutrient broth as a simple medium, blood agar as an enriched medium, and MacConkey agar as a differential medium.
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (Enterobacteriaceae - III)Hussein Al-tameemi
This document provides information about Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella species. It discusses the taxonomy and classification of Enterobacteriaceae, describing their characteristics. Salmonella is highlighted as an important genus. The document outlines methods for culturing and identifying Salmonella from clinical specimens such as blood and stool. Biochemical tests and serological identification methods like the Widal test are also summarized.
Details about all type of culture media for growing the bacteria,
the basic constituents of culture media
types of media
simple media
special media
complex media
transport media
sugar media
anaerobic media
A culture media is a special medium used in microbiological laboratories to grow different kinds of microorganisms. A growth or a culture medium is composed of different nutrients that are essential for microbial growth.
Since there are many types of microorganisms, each having unique properties and requiring specific nutrients for growth, there are many types based on what nutrients they contain and what function they play in the growth of microorganisms.
A culture may be solid or liquid. The solid culture media is composed of a brown jelly like substance known as agar. Different nutrients and chemicals are added to it to allow the growth of different microorganisms.
This document discusses different types of culture media used to grow microorganisms outside of their natural habitats. It describes various media including basic media, enriched media containing additional nutrients, selective and differential media that inhibit some bacteria and allow easy identification of others based on colony characteristics. Transport media are also discussed which maintain specimens and prevent overgrowth until laboratory analysis. The document provides examples of commonly used media for different applications and microorganisms.
Culture media are used to support the growth of microorganisms outside the body for laboratory experiments. They can be classified based on consistency (solid, semisolid, liquid), composition (synthetic, non-synthetic), purpose (general purpose, selective, differential), or oxygen requirement (aerobic, anaerobic). Solid media contain agar and allow study of colony characteristics. Selective media inhibit unwanted bacteria to isolate pathogens. Transport media maintain specimens during laboratory transport.
The document provides an overview of bacterial culture methods. It discusses the history of culture techniques from Hippocrates observing diseases to Koch establishing that microbes cause disease. Key steps in culture include cultivation, using media to enrich bacteria and isolate pathogens. Common media like blood agar and MacConkey agar are described. The document outlines equipment, media types based on consistency and ingredients, and culture methods to grow aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
This document discusses culture media and culture methods used for growing bacteria in the laboratory. It describes the basic constituents of culture media including water, electrolytes, peptone, agar, meat extract, yeast extract, and blood/serum. Agar is preferred over gelatin as a solidifying agent. Common types of media are discussed such as basal media, enriched media, enrichment broth, selective media, differential media, transport media, and anaerobic media. Methods for streaking, lawn/carpet, stroke, and stab cultures as well as liquid culture techniques are also outlined.
Here are short notes on the highlighted media types:
i) Enriched media: Contains additional nutrients to support growth of fastidious organisms. Example is Brain Heart Infusion broth.
ii) Enrichment media: Used to enhance the growth of stressed or injured organisms present in low numbers. Example is Selenite F broth.
iii) Selective media: Contains additives that inhibit the growth of some bacteria and allow the growth of desired bacteria. Example is MacConkey agar.
iv) Indicator media: Contains pH or color indicators to detect metabolic changes during bacterial growth. Example is Litmus Milk.
v) Differential media: Allows differentiation of bacteria based on biochemical reactions. Example is Triple
This document discusses various applications of tissue culture, including intracellular studies, elucidation of intracellular processes, studies of cell-cell interactions, and evaluation of environmental interactions. It also notes that animal cell culture can be used to produce medically important proteins like interferon, blood clotting factors, and monoclonal antibodies. Major developments in cell culture technology included the use of antibiotics, trypsin to subculture cells, and chemically defined culture media. Common cell culture media include Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium, and RPMI-1640.
Routinely used culture media in microbiology labSalman Siddique
This document discusses various types of culture media used to grow microorganisms. It provides details on common media such as nutrient agar, blood agar, chocolate agar, and triple sugar iron agar. Nutrient agar supports growth of most bacteria. Blood agar is used for fastidious organisms and shows hemolytic reactions. Chocolate agar supplies factors for Haemophilus influenzae growth. Triple sugar iron agar tests for sugar fermentation, gas production, and hydrogen sulfide production. Selenite F broth is a selective enrichment medium for isolating Salmonella from clinical samples. The document explains the composition, preparation, and uses of these different culture media.
DEFINITION
HISTORY OF CULTURE MEDIA
1) THE SEARCH FOR THE IDEAL MEDIUM
2) PETRI'S CONTRIBUTION
3) INTRODUCTION OF PEPTONE
4) BEGINNING OF AN INDUSTRY
REQUIREMENTS
COMMON MEDIA CONSTITUENTS
MEDIA INGREDIENTS
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN CULTURE MEDIA
TYPES OF CULTURE MEDIA
CULTURE METHODS
B.sc. Microbiology Bacteriology Unit 4.2 Culture MediaRai University
This document discusses different types of culture media used to grow bacteria. It explains that solid media like agar allows for distinct bacterial colonies to form, while liquid media does not. The document covers simple, complex, synthetic, enriched, selective, indicator, differential, sugar, transport, aerobic and anaerobic media. It provides examples like nutrient broth, blood agar, MacConkey agar and describes their purposes in isolating and identifying different bacterial species.
This document discusses different types of culture media used in microbiology. It begins by defining culture media and explaining their importance for growing microbes. It then describes the history of important culture media discoveries. The rest of the document categorizes and explains different types of culture media based on consistency, nutritional components, and functional uses such as selective, differential, and transport media. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the various culture media types and their purposes in microbiology studies and clinical diagnosis.
Culture medium is a substance used to grow microorganisms outside the body. It provides nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, minerals and growth factors. Culture media can be solid, semi-solid or liquid. They are classified as simple, complex, synthetic or special based on ingredients. Special media include enriched media which adds substances like blood or serum, and selective media which uses antibiotics to inhibit certain bacteria. Differential and transport media are also used to identify bacteria or safely transport clinical samples for identification.
Culture media are designed to support the growth of microorganisms in vitro. Common media include liquid broths and solid agar plates, and they contain nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, water and trace elements. Agar is often used to solidify liquid media into plates. Media can be classified by consistency (liquid, solid, semi-solid), nutritional components (simple, complex, synthetic), or functional use (basal, enriched, selective). Selective media inhibit unwanted bacteria to isolate pathogens. Differential media identify bacteria by colony color. Transport media maintain specimens during transport to the lab. Specialized media support fastidious or anaerobic bacterial growth.
1. Culture media are nutrient materials prepared for the growth of microorganisms in the laboratory. Different microbes require different nutrients and conditions in the culture media.
2. Agar is commonly added to culture media to solidify it for growing bacteria on solid surfaces like Petri dishes and slants. Agar solidifies the media without degrading.
3. Pure cultures of microbes are necessary for most bacteriological work and are obtained using methods like streak plating that isolate single colonies from mixed cultures.
1. Cell culture media must provide nutrients to support cell growth, maintain physiological pH and osmolality, and be sterile and isotonic. Early media used natural fluids but now artificial media are more common.
2. Complete media contain defined components like amino acids, vitamins, salts, glucose and organic supplements as well as serum which provides growth factors and nutrients. Different cell types require different optimized media.
3. Key properties of good culture media include maintaining pH of 7.0-7.4, appropriate levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and temperature usually 37°C. Osmolality is typically 260-320 mosm/kg to match cells.
Medical Microbiology Laboratory (culture media classification)Hussein Al-tameemi
The document discusses various ways of classifying culture media used for growing microorganisms in vitro, including by physical state (solid, semi-solid, liquid), chemical contents (synthetic vs non-synthetic), and function (general purpose, selective, differential, transport, anaerobic, assay media). Culture media provide nutrients necessary for microbial growth and are used for identification, study, and production of biological products. Classification is important for selecting the proper medium for isolating and identifying microorganisms from clinical specimens.
This study aimed to isolate and characterize lactic acid bacteria from dairy products in Egypt with probiotic potential. Fifty-four isolates were obtained from samples including human milk, yogurt and raw milk. Eight isolates from different dairy products were found to be tolerant to low pH and bile salt and had antagonistic effects against pathogenic bacteria. Biochemical and physiological testing identified the isolates as belonging to Lactobacillus casei, L. acidophilus, and L. lactis. The isolates were also found to produce enzymes and have no hemolytic activity, indicating their potential as safe and effective probiotics.
This document discusses various types of culture media used to grow microorganisms in the laboratory. It describes nutrient broth and agar which contain complex ingredients to support growth of many bacteria species. Chemically defined media contain only ingredients of known composition. Differential and selective media are used to distinguish or select certain bacteria. Specialized enriched media support growth of fastidious organisms. Semisolid and transport media allow testing of bacterial motility or transport of specimens.
Comparative analysis between monophasic and biphasic methods of blood cultureAlexander Decker
This study compared the efficacy of biphasic blood culture bottles (BiPB) to conventional monophasic blood culture bottles (MPB) for isolating bacteria from blood cultures. 120 blood cultures were analyzed using each bottle type. The BiPB allowed for more rapid recovery of certain bacteria like E. coli, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Salmonella, and Proteus. The MPB isolated Pseudomonas and Enterococcus more readily. Overall, bacteria were recovered at a slightly higher but not statistically significant rate from the BiPB. Both bottle types are useful, but an anaerobic bottle should also be used for optimal recovery of all bacteria.
Culture media for culturing microorganisms Md Mohib Rakib
This document provides an overview of culture media used for growing microorganisms in the laboratory. It discusses the history and development of culture media from Pasteur and Koch's early experiments to current applications. The document also classifies culture media based on consistency (solid, semisolid, liquid), composition (synthetic, non-synthetic), purpose (general, selective, differential), and growth requirements (aerobic, anaerobic). Procedures for preparing liquid culture media are outlined in 8 steps. The conclusions emphasize the importance of adjusting pH and testing media performance before use.
Culture is the term for microorganisms grown in the lab. A culture medium provides nutrients to support microbial growth. Specialized media are used for different purposes like enrichment, selection, or differentiation. Diagnostic cultures identify pathogens from samples and common tests include urine, stool, genital and skin samples. Culture techniques allow isolation and study of microbes and are essential tools in medical microbiology.
This document summarizes a study on the microbial quality of raw milk samples collected from four locations in Abia State, Nigeria. A variety of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp.) and fungi (Candida spp, Mucor spp.) were isolated from the milk samples. The total bacterial counts ranged from 9.88 x 107 to 1.26 x 108 cfu/ml across samples. The coliform, staphylococcal, and fungal counts also varied between locations. The milk from the university farm location had lower microbial loads compared to milk from other commercial sources, likely due to better hygienic practices on the university farm.
Culture refers to microorganisms grown in the lab, and medium refers to the nutrients that support microbial growth. The food materials required to grow microbes outside the body is called culture medium. Different types of media include solid, semisolid, liquid, aerobic, anaerobic, simple, complex, enriched, selective, differential, and indicator media. Specialized media are used for microbial enrichment, selection, differentiation, and transport. Culture media allow isolation and study of microbes through supporting their growth.
This document summarizes a research article that evaluated the immunomodulatory potential of crude protein extract from taro (Colocasia esculenta) corms on hematopoietic cells in mice. The crude taro extract stimulated in vitro proliferation of splenocytes from two mouse strains. When administered intraperitoneally to mice, the extract induced splenomegaly and proliferation of total spleen and bone marrow cells. It also promoted in vivo proliferation of B220+ splenocytes and affected levels of mature and immature B cells in bone marrow. The extract represents a source of immunostimulatory proteins with potential applications as food or pharmaceutical additives.
1. A study investigated the anti-cancer properties of camel urine in vitro. Camel urine was found to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in various human cancer cell lines through the intrinsic apoptosis pathway.
2. Camel urine downregulated several cancer-promoting proteins and upregulated a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. It also had no cytotoxic effects on immune cells and stimulated immune responses by inducing an anti-tumor cytokine and inhibiting pro-tumor cytokines.
3. The results suggest that components in camel urine have specific and efficient anti-cancer effects in vitro as well as immune-modulating properties, providing a potential basis for the ethnopharmacological use of camel urine to treat cancer.
method of studing microbial 13114527.pptDawitGetahun6
The document discusses various types of culture media used for growing microorganisms in the laboratory, including chemically defined media which has an exact known composition, complex media made from extracts of yeasts and meats which provide nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and vitamins, and solid media which uses agar as a solidifying agent to allow bacterial growth on surfaces like test tubes and Petri dishes. The different media types are selected based on the specific microorganism being cultured and whether a solid or liquid growth surface is needed.
Cultivation of bacteria requires growing microorganisms in an artificial environment in the laboratory. To culture newly isolated bacteria, appropriate media, environmental conditions, and nutrients must be selected. Different types of media - solid, liquid, and semi-solid - can be used depending on the organism. Characteristics like temperature, salt tolerance, oxygen requirements, and pH must mimic the bacteria's natural habitat. Selective and differential media allow isolation and identification of colonies based on their biochemical reactions. Proper cultivation techniques are necessary to study microbial growth and metabolism.
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of life-threatening bacterial infections, causing over 400,000 hospital patient infections per year and 100,000 deaths from complications. It is a gram-positive, non-motile bacterium that grows in clusters resembling grapes. This study compares the growth rate of S. aureus on soft and hard cheeses stored at different temperatures and times to assess the effect on bacterial growth. Methods describe culturing S. aureus on nutrient and selective agars to detect and isolate the bacteria from cheese samples stored at 20°C. Results show higher initial contamination on hard cheese compared to soft cheese and that storage conditions impact bacterial growth levels in cheese.
1. The document discusses the growth and reproduction of microorganisms like bacteria through binary fission or budding. It describes the four phases of bacterial growth in a closed culture system: lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
2. It also discusses the requirements and classification of culture media used to grow bacteria in the laboratory, including nutrient composition, consistency (solid, liquid, semisolid), and purpose (ordinary, special, enrichment, selective, diagnostic, conservation).
3. Key physical factors that influence microbial growth are also outlined, such as temperature, pH, and oxygen concentration. Most bacteria grow best around human body temperature and neutral pH.
Growth & multiplication of Microorganism. The main principles of bacteria cul...Eneutron
1. The document discusses the growth and reproduction of microorganisms like bacteria through binary fission or budding. It describes the four phases of bacterial growth in a closed culture system: lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
2. It also discusses the requirements and classification of culture media used to grow bacteria in the laboratory, including nutrient composition, consistency (solid, liquid, semisolid), and purpose (ordinary, special, enrichment, selective, diagnostic, conservation).
3. Physical factors like temperature, pH, and oxygen concentration that influence microbial growth are also outlined.
Similar to Preparation of the Blood-Enriched Agar with the Use of Red Cell Suspension (20)
Computer m
emory is expensive and the recording of data captured by a webcam needs memory. I
n order to minimize the
memory usage in recording data from human motion as recorded from the webcam, this algorithm will use motion
detection as applied to a process to measure the change in speed or vector of an object in the field of view. This
applicat
ion only works if there is a motion detected and it will automatically save the captured image in its designated
folder.
Staying competitive in the IT field
is a challenge. The use of IT certification programs
involves a number of critical issues and implications
for higher educational institutions (HEIs), educators,
administrators, students, and the IT industry. Hence,
there is a compelling need to gather and share IT
certification program data to chart a comparative
analysis across HEIs that are using certification
programs. This study presents a summary of key
findings among the Bachelor of Science in Computer
Science (BSCS) students in the Lyceum of the
Philippines University Batangas’ performance and
satisfaction level in Computer Networking 1, the
first course in the four-course certification program.It
used the descriptive method of research. Respondents
of the study were the 71 BSCS second year students
who took the course during the Second Semester
of SY 2009-2010. Frequency distribution, Pearson R
and weighted mean were used for data analysis. The
performance and satisfactory level the students gave to learning performance in Computer Networking
1 addresses their learning experiences and was an
evidence of the pedagogical richness of the program
and the contribution of the Computer Networking 1
teacher. In conclusion, the course actively engaged the
students and a clear understanding of the subject were
achieved.
E-teaching is an innovative teaching strategy
using the e-learning technology to empower both learners and
teachers thus providing opportunities for superior learning
experiences. The study enhances the education practice of those
teachers handling different graduate programs specifically
those offered by Lyceum of the Philippines University -
Batangas. This study focused on assessing and analyzing the
different important factors pertaining to the readiness and
inclination of the teachers. This involves introduction of
e-teaching on the part of the teachers and e-learning on the part
of the graduate students to their respective programs of study.
The findings revealed that the graduate school teachers are
aware of their vital role in developing effective delivery of
instruction and their openness on the active participation in
conducting classes in an online learning environment. Also, the
university is ready to take the e-teaching program as a mode of
instruction for the Graduate School.
This document presents a method for using genetic algorithms to solve transportation problems. Transportation problems involve determining the optimal way to transport goods from multiple source locations to multiple destination locations while minimizing costs. The genetic algorithm approach encodes potential solutions as matrices and uses genetic operators like crossover and mutation to evolve populations toward the lowest-cost solution. The author tests the genetic algorithm on sample transportation problems and finds it performs better than traditional methods for large problems, providing solutions in less time. The genetic algorithm is concluded to be an effective tool for optimizing solutions to transportation and other problems involving large search spaces.
This tracer study determined the employment status
of BS Computer Science
Graduates of LPU from 2004-2009. It also assessed t
he relevance of BSCS curricula,
knowledge, skills and work values acquired by the g
raduates relevant to their
employment; identify the personal and professional
characteristics and job placement
of Computer Science graduates and the school relate
d factors associated with their
employment. The findings of the study served as the
basis of the researcher to
improve, update or enhance the curricula of BSCS pr
ogram to make this more
responsive to the needs of fast changing technology
.
There were 85 percent of the surveyed respondents w
ho were gainfully employed;
majority have professional, technical and superviso
ry position, landed on their first
job related to their course completed, obtained the
ir first jobs in less than 1 year;
stayed in their first job more than 1 year, career
challenge, salaries and benefits are
the prime reasons for changing the job and lack of
work experience is the number 1
problem they encountered when looking for a job.
Information Technology and communication skills dev
eloped by LPU were
considered very much useful to the present work of
the respondents. Work related
values like love for God, supportiveness, courage,
tolerance and perseverance were
also deemed very much useful to the present employm
ent of the respondents. The
proposed program of the study focused on academic d
evelopment, employment
opportunity and enhancing leadership capability of
Computer Science graduates.
It is strongly recommended that the graduating stud
ents before graduation must be
given ample time to experience pre – employment exa
minations and interviews.
Faculty development trainings must be given to the
faculty members teaching
professional subjects. As to general Education Subj
ects, Mathematics and Language
subjects must also be strengthened. All Offices and
Departments must continue to
improve their services towards the attainment of ma
ximum customer satisfaction.
The study is an online, computer aided tool that was designed primarily for the conduct of online examination. The system
was created using PHP, a web based scripting language, and MySQ
L as the database software. The system focuses on
the automation of students' examinations; preparation, scheduling, checking and grading. A database is provided for the
storage of exam questions, answers to questions and students' records. The system allo
ws instructors to create an exam
by entering questions with its corresponding answers into the database. Instructors are provided with three options on the
type of exam; these include, True or False, Multiple Choice and Fill in the Blanks.
There are three
account types based on the intended users. One is the Administrator Account; this can be used to create
instructor accounts. It can also be used to delete or suspend other accounts based on activity status. The Instructor
Account allows teachers to create
student accounts and enroll the same. This account can be used also to create,
activate, edit, delete exams and monitor students' performances. The Student Account is for the officially enrolled students
where they can take exams and view scores even from
previous examinations.
This software allows instructors to keep track of students' performances from all exams since the results will be stored in a
database linked to an online system. While taking the online exam, students can choose the number of exa
m questions
that will be displayed on the screen at a given time.
A student can take the exam only on the specified date and time set by the instructor. Ideally, a particular exam should be
taken only once. In cases of retakes due to valid reasons and spe
cial exam considerations, the instructor is given the
option to administer the previously activated exam, edit or create a new set of questions.
One limitation though, this online system is not to be used to compute for the class performance for the final
grade since
this requires other components such as seat works, graded recitations, laboratory activities, etc. This only computes and
shows the scores from previous exams and the average.
This study was conducted in an undergraduate level
with the use of e-learning
particularly in analytic geometry to lessen the com
mon fear of Filipino students to
mathematics. Since teen age students used to engros
s themselves with the use of
technology specifically computers, this study maxim
ized the capability of computers
in reducing math anxiety by teaching mathematics su
bject using e-learning thus
improving student academic performance.
This study aims to develop and design an on
-
line hotel reservation and management system for the College of
International Tourism and Hospitality Management of the Lyceum of the Philippines University, Batangas Campus. It
presents user
-
friendly features th
at will familiarize CITHM students on the online hotel reservation system, evaluate it and
highlight the benefits it can provide to the college and staff. In addition, it will purvey supplement material in their fron
t desk
operation course. The researchers
used the System Development Life Cycle and Microsoft Web Developer 2008 as the
programming language. The developed software served as a tool for the students of CITHM to familiarize them on how to
operate an online hotel reservation system. The developed
software was an effective aid for the instructors in teaching the
basic operations of hotel reservation system to their students. It also provided online security to protect privacy and
financial information of clients.
Abstract
—
The main objective of this
study to make the monitoring
procedure trouble-free by
developing a system which would be accessible thro
ugh the internet. Students
will have their own user
accounts which will give them the ca
pability to upload reports and on
-site pictures thereby minimizing
the time and effort spent in going to
and from the company’s location to the university and vice versa.
Similarly, the practicum coordinator of the college will be given their
own accounts to
access, download
and check the updates submitted by the students.
The system will be capable of generating reports of submitted requirements in real-time given that all
data are to be stored in a database
and the process is done online.
This Online Practicum Monitoring System will be used
as a tool to assist the students of all colleges and
the college practicum coordinators in their task
s through the use of a web- based software.
The authors deem that this software will be able to
address the problems identified and eventually
make the monitoring
task more convenient.
Nowadays, there is a demand for novel
drugs to prevent these infections and the emergence
from mutation of microorganisms. Given the rising
incidence of resistance to synthetic antibiotics and in
light of the rising costs of medicines it is well-timed
to search for natural products such as plant derived
antimicrobial drugs to reduce the resistance of
microorganisms. Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius),
in addition to synthetic alternatives, has the potential
of antibacterial activity. The antibacterial properties of
established. For that reason, the research proponents
of this study aims to assess the antibacterial properties
of pandan with the end view of providing low cost
of medications and the prevention of resistance. This research analyzed the in vitro activity of pandan
leaves crude extract against bacterial isolates such as
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli
ATCC 25922 and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ATCC 27853.
About 1 kilogram of freshly collected pandan leaves
was subjected to water distillation and the filtrate
was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The crude
extract was then used for the phytochemical analysis.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of pandan
against the said microorganisms were examined. This
study also determined the stability of pandan as to pH
and temperature.
In 2006, the Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
released CHED Memorandum Order (CMO) no. 14 which changed the
duration of internship training program to six months as opposed to
the previous memorandum order, CMO no. 27 s. 1998 which required
a one-year internship schedule for Medical Laboratory Science (MLS)
students. Thirty-eight graduates of CMO No. 14 s. 2006 from Lyceum of
the Philippines University-Batangas and 13 chief medical technologists
(CMT) or senior medical laboratory staff from identified affiliate-
hospitals were surveyed about their perception on the attainment of the
objectives, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the said program.
Results show that objectives were achieved even if the duration of the
training period was shortened. The graduate-respondents favored the 6-month internship training program while the CMT preferred the
one year timetable. This study can be used as a pilot study for other
higher education institutions implementing the same CMO and can
be used as a basis for a curricular reform by assessing the different
parameters that were identified in order to enhance further the six-
month internship training program in producing globally competitive
medical laboratory scientists.
Abstract
- Institutions of higher learning face a new situation on
higher education. It holds some novel threats and presents some
fresh opportunities. Given the uncertainty of the future, collage
and university administrators cannot allow their organizations to
drift. This study assessed the managerial skills development of the
administrators of the five (5) well-established private institutions
of higher learning in Batangas, Philippines. A combination of
descriptive-purposive research design and survey method was used to
determine the managerial dimensions exhibited by the administrators.
Mean, Likert Scale, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Pearson Product
Moment Correlation Coefficient and and Bivariate Correlation were
used. There is no significant difference in the assessment of the three
groups of respondents in terms of communication skills and solving
problems effectively. However, there is a significant difference in terms
of self leadership, managing the task effectively, managing the people
effectively, and managing interpersonal relations effectively.
There is
a very high significant relationship among all the managerial skills
dimensions required of the institution administrators using the same
managerial dimensions. The managerial skills of the administrators
have to be enhanced to improve the quality of people in the institution.
The Proposed Executive Development Program and Training Model
are strongly recommended.
Higher educational system has gone through substantial reforms and changes
vis-à-vis curriculum innovation over the past years. The evaluation of a revised program is one of the most relevant courses of action done when curriculum change is
to be implemented. One of the main reasons is that it is a chance for practitioners
to test for themselves if their plan is working. It also serves as an identification of
the strengths and weaknesses of the said intervention. This study was conducted to
assess the results of the implementation of the Bachelor of Science in Medical Labo
-ratory Science program. It employed descriptive survey using two types of self-made
questionnaire, the Likert scale and open-ended type survey. Likewise, data on the
results of the graduates’ licensure examinations and status of employment were also
analyzed and correlated. Eighty two graduates from 2010 to 2012 of the enhanced
Medical Technology program of LPU-Batangas and 13 chief medical technologists
from identified affiliate-hospitals were surveyed about their perception on the at
-
tainment of the objectives, the realization of the core competencies as well as the
supposed strengths and weaknesses of the program. Results showed that objectives
were achieved alongside the significant improvements in the board performance and
employment rate were noted. This study can be used as a pilot study for other higher
education institutions with the same health program. This can also be used as a basis
for a curricular reform by assessing the different parameters that were identified.
This document summarizes the results of a 10-year tracer study that examined the transition of 97 radiologic technology graduates from the Lyceum University of the Philippines from 1997-2007 to employment. Key findings include: 1) 78% of respondents were employed full-time in jobs related to their degree, with most finding work within a year of graduating; 2) Graduates reported skills learned in their program like communication and technical skills were very useful for their jobs; 3) Around 75% of graduates reported being satisfied with their current employment. The study provides insights into graduates' employment outcomes and the relevance of their education program for career success.
Abstract
- The role of medical technologists in the
years due to changes in the laboratory environment.
curriculum is needed to prepare graduates for
changes in laboratory medicine. It is the ultimate
goal of the College to prepare students for career
entry positions as medical technology professionals.
The curriculum should be designed to prepare the
graduates and demonstrate the core competencies
expected of them in the workplace. It is for this reason
that this study was conducted to assess the career entry-
level competencies expected of the graduates of the
College of Medical Technology of Lyceum of Batangas.
Findings of the study served as basis in enhancing the
curriculum to make it more responsive to the needs of local and international healthcare systems. Using
a descriptive method, the respondents were the chief
medical technologists and immediate supervisors of
selected hospitals who have as their staff LB Medical
Technology graduates under the AHSE curriculum
(2002-2006). A total of 77/138 (56%) graduates were
evaluated using a structured type of questionnaire
following a Likert scale with 5 as the highest and one as
the lowest values. The parameters in the questionnaire
were derived from the model formulated from the
various competency-based standards of various local
and international accrediting professional associations.
Abstract
- Curriculum is a crucial component of
any educational process. Curriculum development
and instructional management serve as effective tools
for meeting the present and future needs of the local
and national communities. In trying to strengthen
the quality assurance system in Philippine higher
education, institutions of higher learning were
mandated to upgrade higher education curricular
offerings to international standards. Anchored on
the PMI framework, data were gathered through in-
depth review of documents, interviews with program
coordinators and on-site observation in selected schools
offering Medical Technology program in U.S.A.,
Australia, Singapore, Japan, Thailand and Canada.
The benchmarking results showed that there were
major “plus” and “interesting” points that can be used
as guide in the innovation of the existing Philippine
Medical Technology program and can become the
basis of enabling implementation activities: reform
and improve curriculum structure, content, teaching-
learning strategies and employ competency-based
assessment process.
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Preparation of the Blood-Enriched Agar with the Use of Red Cell Suspension
1. 259
Asian Journal of Health
Clinical Research Section
Preparation of the Blood-Enriched Agar
with the Use of Red Cell Suspension
CARINA R. MAGBOJOS
carinamagbojos@yahoo.com
RICHELLE S. ARO
MA. CHARISMA S. CARINGAL
MELVIN M. CASTILLO
DARWIN A. LLANES
KAREN D. SUMARAY
Lyceum of the Philippines University - Batangas City
Date Submitted: April 2, 2009 Plagiarism Detection: Passed
Final Revision Complied: June 3, 2010 Flesch Reading Ease: 36.08
Gunning Fog Index: 13.11
Abstract - A culture medium is said to support the
growth and development of different microorganisms.
Certain bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus
epidermidis entail hemoglobin found in the red blood
cells. Because of its cost effectiveness and availability,
expired human blood is being utilized in some developing
countries. Despite the widely accepted disadvantages of
using human blood as enrichment agent, many laboratories
still opt to use it due to the unavailability of sheep blood
or due to budgetary reasons. This study determined if the
washed expired human blood can be used as an alternative
enrichment agent in the preparation of Blood Agar Plate
(BAP) culture medium in the isolation of Staphylococcus
aureus ATCC 25923 and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC
12228. The cultural characteristics and hemolytic reactions
of the selected microorganisms were recorded, assessed
and compared with their growth in BAP. The stability of
the washed expired human blood was evaluated in terms of
Vol. 1 No. 1 January 2011 ISSN: 2094-9243 pp. 259-275
International Peer Reviewed Journal
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/ajoh.v1i1.168
2. Asian Journal of Health
260
temperature and storage period. Results reveal that expired
human blood with washing improved the morphologic and
hemolytic pattern of Staphylococcus aureus. The washing of
blood had no effect on Staphylococcus epidermidis because it
is a gamma hemolytic bacterium. Both unwashed expired
and fresh human blood produced gamma hemolysis due to
the interferences still present in them. Both washed expired
human blood and washed fresh human blood produced beta
hemolysis. Washed expired human blood could be stored for
seven days and still could be used for microbial culture.
Keywords - Blood, Blood Enriched Agar, Red Cell
Suspension
INTRODUCTION
Like humans, microorganisms have their own preference when it comes
to food. The cultivation and development of a particular organism will only be
possible if their needs are fulfilled. Such needs are met in a culture medium.
Culture medium is a mixture of the nutrients needed by microorganisms.
It is categorized based on its contents and composition. In diagnostic
bacteriology, it is necessary to use several types of media for routine culture,
particularly when the possible organisms are aerobic, facultatively anaerobic,
and obligately. Unfortunately, these requirements pose logistic and economic
problems, especially in resource-limited areas where bacteriological culture
facilities are few and the allocation of fund is limited.
A variety of animal blood and banked human blood (BHB) is used to
enrich microbiological culture media and to highlight growth characteristics
such as hemolysis. In most clinical microbiology laboratories, the selection of
colonies from primary cultures for further workup as putative beta-hemolytic
streptococci (BHS) is made on the basis of the hemolytic reaction on blood
agar (BA) as well as the colonial morphology (Anand et al. 2000).
Even with such advantages, sheep blood is still the most ideal for blood
enriched agar. Many researchers reported disadvantages of using human
blood such as variation in hemolysis production due to old red cells present
resulting to misidentification, production of larger zones during antibiotic
susceptibility testing, lack of characteristic morphology , and the difficulty of
Clinical Research Section
3. 261
discerning where the growth began (Russell et al., 2006; Changsri et al. 2001;
Anand et al. 2000). The presence of citric acid as an anticoagulant, antibiotics,
antibodies, or other anti-infective agents inhibits the growth of the desired
bacterium (Russell et al. 2006).
Despite the widely accepted disadvantages of using human blood as
enrichment agent, many public hospitals in the Philippines utilize outdated
human blood as enrichment agent for its accessibility and cheaper price
compared to sheep blood. There is a need, therefore, to develop an alternative
technique to improve the use of human blood as enrichment agent. The
possibility of removing by washing the interferences found in expired human
blood that will be used as enrichment was never done by previous researches,
thus became the main focus of this study.
StaphylococciareGram-positivebacteriathattendtoformgrapelikeclusters.
These organisms are facultative anaerobic and grow on routine laboratory
media such as blood (BAP), chocolate agar plate (CAP), colistinnalidixic acid
(CAN), and phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA) agars. Colonies are circular, opaque,
smooth and have a butyrous (butter- like) consistency. Staphylococcus aureus
colonies are often beta-hemolytic with a yellowish pigment (Bartelt 2000).
The appearances of the colonies of Staphylococcus aureus are medium to large,
smooth, slightly raised and translucent. Visible growth appears on 5% sheep
blood and CAP incubated at 35 degree Celsius under carbon dioxide or
ambient air usually within 24 hour. S. aureus is a major pathogen for humans.
(Forbes et al., 2007).
Staphylococcus epidermidis resemble S. aureus in morphology and in the
Gram stain preparation. It appears to be Gram- positive cocci in clusters,
white, creamy, raised growth on blood-enriched agar, coagulase negative,
and DNase negative. S. epidermidis is normal flora of the skin and mucous
membranes of humans and other animals. With the increasing cases involving
this organism, it is now one of the Pathogenic bacteria (Delost 2004).
Bacteria have numerous nutritional needs that include different gases,
water, various ions, nitrogen, sources of carbon and energy. Carbohydrates
and proteins most commonly provide the latter two. In the laboratory,
nutrients are incorporated into the culture media on or in which bacteria are
grown. Bacterial growth after inoculation also requires that the medium be
placed in optimal environmental conditions (Forbes et al. 2007). In addition
to carbon, other elements are needed by microorganisms for the synthesis of
cellular materials. The synthesis of DNAand RNArequires nitrogen and some
Preparation of the Blood-Enriched Agar
with the Use of Red Cell Suspension
C.R. Magbojos, R.S. Aro, M. C.S. Caringal,
M.M. Castillo, D.A. Llanes and K.D. Sumaray
4. Asian Journal of Health
262
phosphorous, as does the synthesis of ATP; the molecule is important for the
storage and transfer of chemical energy within the cell. Nitrogen makes up
about 40 percent of the dry weight of bacterial cell, and sulfur and phosphorus
together constitute about another 4 percent. They require very small amount
of other mineral elements such as iron, copper, molybdenum, and zinc. Most
are essential for the function of certain enzymes, usually cofactors, although
these elements are sometimes added to a laboratory with tap water and other
components of media. Even most distilled water contains adequate amounts;
tap water is sometimes specified to ensure that these trace minerals will be
present in culture media.
Media are categorized according to their function and use. Enrichment
media contain specific nutrients required for the growth of particular bacterial
pathogens that may be present alone or with other bacterial species in a
specimen. Supportive media contain nutrients that support growth of most
nonfastidious organisms without giving any particular organism a growth
advantage. Selective media contain one or more agents that are inhibitory
to all organisms except those being sought. Inhibitory agents can be in the
form of dyes, bile salts, alcohols, acids and antibiotics. Differential media
employ some factor that allows colonies of one bacterial species to exhibit
certain culture characteristics that can be used to distinguish them from other
bacteria growing on the same agar plate (Forbes et al. 2007).
Blood agar (nutrient agar plus 5% sheep red blood cells) and chocolate
agar (nutrient agar plus powdered hemoglobin) are examples of solid-
enriched media that are routinely used in the laboratories (Engelkirk and
Burton 2007). Variety of animal bloods and banked human blood is used to
enrich microbiological culture media and to highlight growth characteristics
such as hemolysis. The use of pig and goat bloods was shown to be suitable
alternative to sheep blood in the preparation of enriched culture media
(Anand et al. 2000).
The isolation of some organisms requires blood as a culture medium
supplement. Human blood agar is widely used in developing countries for
the isolation of bacteria from clinical specimens. Defibrinated sheep, horse,
pig or goat blood agar is recommended for the isolation of S. pneumoniae and
S. pyogenes. Agar prepared with human blood is not suitable, partly because
of the safety risk to the laboratory personnel, but mainly because it results
in poor bacterial isolation rates, although there were few published data to
support the method (Russell et al. 2006). The loss of RBC viability has been
Clinical Research Section
5. 263
correlated with the “lesions of storage,” which is associated with various
biochemical changes. These changes include a decrease in pH, a decrease in
glucose consumption, a buildup of lactic acid, a decrease in ATP levels, and a
reversible loss of RBC function (Harmening 2007). Despite this, human blood
agar has been routinely used in bacteriology laboratories in seven developing
countries in the Asia Pacific Region (Russell et al. 2006).
Packed red cells that underwent inadequate washing might possibly
contain antigens, antibodies and complement proteins. The presence of
antigen receptor in red blood cells can induct such actions, thus resulting in
the lysis of the red blood cells.
Bacterial metabolism involves all the cellular processes required for the
microorganism’s survival and replication. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
serves as carrier molecule during the process of producing energy. 2-3, DPG
is very important in glycolysis wherein the production of ATP is dynamic
(Forbes et al. 2007). Washing the red blood cells removes free unbound serum
globulins. Saline, used in washing, are stored for long periods in plastic
containers has shown to decrease pH, which may increase the rate of antibody
elution during the washing process. The expected hematocrit increase for
washed red blood cell is the same as that for regular red blood cell unit
(Harmening 2007).
A study conducted by Russell et al. in 2006 compared the efficacy of
agars that used citrated sheep blood agar and outdated human blood agar
with defibrinated horse blood agar and defibrinated sheep blood agar for the
isolation and antibiotic susceptibility testing of reference and clinical strains
of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus.
Susceptibility testing for S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes was performed on
defibrinated sheep blood Mueller-Hinton agar, citrated sheep blood Mueller-
Hinton agar, and human blood Mueller-Hinton agar plates. For all organisms,
the colony numbers were similar on all agars. Substantially smaller colony
sizes and absent or minimal hemolysis were noted on human blood agar for
all organisms.
Antibiotic susceptibility results for S. pneumoniae were similar for the two
sheep blood agars; however, larger zone sizes were displayed on human blood
agar, and quality control for the reference strain failed on human blood agar.
For S. pyogenes, larger zone sizes were demonstrated on human blood agar
and citrated sheep blood agar than on defibrinated sheep blood agar. Poor
hemolysis made interpretation of the zone sizes difficult on human blood
Preparation of the Blood-Enriched Agar
with the Use of Red Cell Suspension
C. R. Magbojos, R. S. Aro, M. C. S. Caringal,
M. M. Castillo, D. A. Llanes and K. D. Sumaray
6. Asian Journal of Health
264
agar. Citrated sheep blood agar is an acceptable alternative for the isolation
of these organisms.
The characteristic morphology is not evident, and hemolysis is poor
on human blood agar; and so human blood agar is not recommended for
use for the isolation or the susceptibility testing of any of these organisms.
Citrated sheep blood agar-Mueller-Hinton agar may be suitable for use for
the susceptibility testing of S. pneumoniae. The growth of a clinical isolate of
S. pneumoniae was similar on all blood agars. The morphological appearances
were similar for colonies on horse blood agar, citrated sheep blood, and
defibrinated sheep blood. However, colonies were much smaller and alpha-
hemolysis was not obvious for any strain on human blood agar. The numbers
of colonies and growth of the S. aureus reference strains were similar on all
blood agars at all dilutions. The appearances and the sizes of the colonies were
similar on all agars, but hemolysis was not obvious for any strain on human
blood agar and was only faint on horse blood agar.
ThegroupofChangsrietal.(2001)examinedeffectsofacid-citrate-dextrose
(ACD) anticoagulant solution on quality of blood agar and determined shelf-
life of sheep blood agar and human blood agar. The prepared blood agars
were observed on sterility and their media appearance along the experiment
in blood agar supplemented with different types of 5 % blood such as DF, ACD
sheep blood and ACD human blood. The research showed that ACD does not
affect the blood agar quality and is likely that the age of blood agar more of
than 11 weeks old was not suitable for determining hemolysis patterns.
In 2000, Anand et al. showed the growth characteristics and colony
morphologies of selected microorganisms and assessed them according to the
medium type and incubation conditions for comparisons. The study examined
the use of pig and goat blood as potential substitutes for sheep blood in blood-
supplemented bacteriologic media. All eleven strains of Enterococcus species
produced alpha-hemolysis on sheep blood agar, goat blood agar, and pig
blood agar when incubated in carbon dioxide. Strains of BHS groups grew
equally well and gave identical hemolytic reactions on the three blood agars
although individual isolates displayed variation in the size of the hemolytic
zone and/or sharpness of the zone edge on the different blood agars. Colonies
of S. pneumoniae were dome-shaped and more mucoid on pig blood agar
compared to colonies on sheep and goat agar, which were flat with a central
depression.
Twenty-seven strains of VT-producing E. coli of 7 different O-serotypes, 74
strains of Verocytotoxin-nonproducing E. coli of 24 different O-serotypes and
Clinical Research Section
7. 265
one strain of O157 coded Escherichia hermanii were used for this basic study. In
comparison of washing times of sheep blood with PBS, 5 times washing was
better than 3 times, the original. In sheep blood concentration, supplement
with 4% sheep blood was best for hemolysis observation. In experiment of
addition of 2 divalent metal ions, Ca2+ and Mg2+, supplement with Ca2+
was more suitable than Mg2+ for hemolysis, and the supplement with 10 mM
CaCl2, the original, was the best concentration. On the basal medium used
in Beutin’s sheep washed blood agar, 4 kinds of media were compared. In
addition to Soybean-Casein Digest (SCD) agar, the original, Nutrient agar,
Heart Infusion (HI) agar and Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar were examined,
HI agar was the best blood agar among the four media.
According to Gardam and Miller (1998), the combination of Trypticase soy
agar and sheep blood agar is recommended for the presumptive identification
of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Optochin or ethylhyrocupreine hydrochloride
test is widely used as an inexpensive and reliable means to presumptively
identify S. pneumoniae. The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory
Standards guidelines regarding optochin inhibition recommended using a
blood agar plate specifying neither the type of blood nor the type of agar.
Three popular types of agar plates Trypticase soy agar (TSA), Columbia agar
and Mueller- Hinton agar supplemented with sheep blood were tested for the
optochin inhibition zone criteria. Seventy two clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae
and twenty two isolates of S. viridans were used. The study showed that
optochin sensitivity tests performed on different sheep blood agar media
yield significantly disparate results. Using media other than TSA-sheep blood
agar will yield in a substantial number of isolates with indeterminate zones,
which will require further testing before the organisms can be identified as S.
pneumoniae.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The expired human packed blood cells used in this research was obtained
from the Blood Bank of Batangas Regional Hospital. The freshly collected
blood was obtained from one of the members of the research team. Sheep
blood that served as the standard came from Research Institute for Tropical
Medicine in Alabang, Muntinlupa City.
The researchers employed the red cell suspension technique in the
preparationofbloodagarhavingexpiredhumanbloodasthemaincomponent.
Preparation of the Blood-Enriched Agar
with the Use of Red Cell Suspension
C. R. Magbojos, R. S. Aro, M. C. S. Caringal,
M. M. Castillo, D. A. Llanes and K. D. Sumaray
8. Asian Journal of Health
266
Two different microorganisms, namely Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923
and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, were inoculated in five different
blood agars. These included sheep blood, unwashed expired human blood,
unwashed fresh human blood, washed expired and fresh human blood. The
morphologies and hemolytic patterns were compared. Each type of blood
was added to Trypticase soy agar (Hi-Media, USA) in the preparation of BAP.
BAP using washed expired human blood without test organisms and sheep
blood with test organisms served as the negative control and positive control,
respectively.
The growth of the microorganisms was evaluated in terms of the cultural
characteristics and hemolytic reaction (Forbes et al., 2007). The washed blood
agar was subjected to different storage duration to determine its stability. To
determine the effect of the duration of storage, a batch of culture media was
stored at a refrigerated temperature. The said culture media were then serially
inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus everyday for seven (7) days.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
I. Washed Expired Human Blood
Theassessmentofthemicrobialgrowthcharacteristicsofthetestisolatesin
washed expired human blood was completed through the 24-hour incubation
of the microorganisms at 37ºC. The obtained results are shown in the table.
Table 1. Assessment of microbial growth of Staphylococcus aureus
in washed expired human blood
Plate Number Cultural Characteristics Hemolytic Reaction
w/ sheep blood
BAP without inoculum
1
smooth, slightly raised and translucent
no growth
smooth, slightly raised and translucent
Beta
No growth
Beta
2 smooth, slightly raised and translucent Beta
3 smooth, slightly raised and translucent Beta
4 smooth, slightly raised and translucent Beta
5 smooth, slightly raised and translucent Beta
Clinical Research Section
9. 267
6 smooth, slightly raised and translucent Beta
7
smooth, slightly raised and translucent
(but with contamination)
Beta
8 smooth, slightly raised and translucent Beta
9 smooth, slightly raised and translucent Beta
10 smooth, slightly raised and translucent Beta
Table 1 presents the morphology and the hemolytic pattern produced by
S. aureus in the washed expired human blood. After the 24- hour incubation
of the ten plates with S. aureus, beta hemolysis and yellowish pigment were
spotted in all the plates. The physical manifestation of the colonies was
smooth, slightly raised and translucent. These observations correlate with the
standard culture characteristics of the said microorganism (Forbes et al., 2007;
Bartelt, 2000). The same cultural characteristics were observed in BAP with
sheep blood, which served as the positive control. No growth of organisms
was observed on BAP with washed expired human blood, which was not
inoculated with the test organisms. This indicates that the prepared blood
agar plates were not contaminated.
Results of the experiments indicate that expired human blood with
washing is sufficient to show the morphologic and hemolytic pattern of
Staphylococcus aureus. Washing the expired human blood can enhance its
capabilityasenrichmentforbloodagar.Itispossiblethatwashingtheredblood
cells removes free unbound serum globulins (Harmening 2007). Additionally,
the anticoagulant citrate, which interferes with bacterial growth (Russell et
al., 2006), is likewise removed resulting to a greater microbial yield in all the
plates using washed blood. Through washing, interferences hindering proper
microbial growth are removed, enabling the microorganisms to flourish and
display their optimum morphologic and hemolytic pattern. A sample plate of
the said agar is shown in Figure 1.
Preparation of the Blood-Enriched Agar
with the Use of Red Cell Suspension
C. R. Magbojos, R. S. Aro, M. C. S. Caringal,
M. M. Castillo, D. A. Llanes and K. D. Sumaray
Continuation of Table 1
10. Asian Journal of Health
268
Figure 1. Staphylococcus aureus in washed expired human blood agar
Table 2. Assessment of microbial growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis in
washed expired human blood
Plate Number Cultural Characteristics Hemolytic Reaction
w/ sheep blood
BAP without inoculum
1
white raised colonies
no growth
white raised colonies
Gamma
No growth
Gamma
2 white raised colonies Gamma
3 white raised colonies Gamma
4 white raised colonies Gamma
5 white raised colonies Gamma
6 white raised colonies Gamma
7 white raised colonies Gamma
8 white raised colonies Gamma
9 white raised colonies Gamma
10 white raised colonies Gamma
In Table 2, Staphylococcus epidermidis created gamma hemolysis. White
raised colonies were observed and recorded, which correlated with the
expected culture characteristics for the said test isolate (Delost 2004). This
shows that there are no distinct changes in the morphologic and hemolytic
reaction of Staphylococcus epidermidis when grown in washed expired human
blood agar. Thus, washing of blood has no effect on Staphylococcus epidermidis
Clinical Research Section
11. 269
because it is a gamma hemolytic bacterium. No growth of organisms
was observed on BAP with washed expired human blood, which was not
inoculated with the test organisms.
Figure 2. Staphylococcus epidermidis in washed expired human blood
II. Points of Differences
To determine the disparity in the use of different types of blood as
enrichment to blood agar, the researchers decided to use unwashed expired
human blood, washed fresh human blood, unwashed fresh human blood, and
sheep’s blood as its standard. The results of the experimentation are presented
below.
Table 3. Growth characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus
Blood Agars Cultural Characteristics Hemolysis
BAP without inoculum
Sheep’s blood
no growth
medium to large, smooth, slightly
raised and translucent
No growth
Beta
Washed expired blood
medium to large, smooth, slightly
raised and translucent Beta
Unwashed expired blood large, smooth and raised Gamma
Unwashed fresh blood medium and flattened colonies Gamma
Washed fresh blood large, smooth and green colonies Partial beta
Table 3 shows the differences in growth of Staphylococcus aureus in
four different blood agars. Each blood agar was tested in multiple trials. In
Preparation of the Blood-Enriched Agar
with the Use of Red Cell Suspension
C. R. Magbojos, R. S. Aro, M. C. S. Caringal,
M. M. Castillo, D. A. Llanes and K. D. Sumaray
12. Asian Journal of Health
270
sheep’s blood agar, the appearances of the colonies of Staphylococcus aureus
were medium to large, smooth, slightly raised, and translucent as expected
for the said bacterial specie as shown in figure 4.3 (Forbes et al. 2007). In the
unwashed expired and fresh human blood shown in figures 4 and 5, different
patterns were observed, which could be attributed to the interferences still
present in the agars.
In washed fresh blood shown in figure 6, the result was unique. The
morphologic characteristics of the isolate were slightly expressed but the
hemolysis was not complete. No growth of organisms was observed on
BAP with washed expired human blood, which was not inoculated with the
test organisms. This indicates that the prepared blood agar plates were not
contaminated. This study suggests that maybe adenosine triphosphate level
in the blood plays a role in hemolysis.
When red blood cells are ATP-depleted, calcium and sodium are allowed
to accumulate intracellularly, and potassium and water are lost, resulting in
dehydrated rigid cell that decreases red blood cell survival (Harmening 2007).
This low survival is increased hemoglobin presence in the agar extracellularly.
The accumulation of hemoglobin during the growth of bacteria results in the
formation of different hemolysis patterns.
In unwashed fresh blood agar, gamma hemolysis was observed probably
because the ATP level was still high, which means most of the cells were still
intact. In unwashed expired blood agar, gamma hemolysis was observed that
could be due to the presence of interferences, thus hindering the flourishing
of the isolates. The washed fresh blood agar displayed partial beta hemolysis
due to the combination of ATP levels and washing. Its ATP levels were
high, resulting in cells that were intact with hemoglobin kept inside. The
interferences were removed through washing, thus allowing the bacteria to
grow more easily but not abundantly. In washed expired blood agars, the ATP
level was low plus washing allowed the microorganisms to abundantly grow.
This suggests that washing removes interferences for microbial growth.
Both unwashed expired and fresh human blood show gamma hemolysis
due to the interferences still present in them. Washed expired human blood
produces beta hemolysis due to the removal of interferences plus the low ATP
level that indicates low red blood cell survival, which means easy hemolysis
for the red cells. Washed fresh human blood produces a partial beta hemolysis
due to the removal of interferences, but can hardly makea full beta hemolysis
due to high ATP levels that leave the red blood cell survival higher.
Clinical Research Section
13. 271
Table 4. Growth characteristics of Staphylococcus epidermidis
in different culture media
Blood agar Cultural Characteristics Hemolysis
BAP without inoculum
Sheep’s blood
no growth
white raised colonies
No growth
Gamma
Washed expired blood white raised colonies Gamma
Unwashed expired blood white raised colonies Gamma
Unwashed fresh blood white raised colonies Gamma
Washed fresh blood white raised colonies Gamma
Table 4 presents the morphologic and hemolytic pattern of Staphylococcus
epidermidis in different blood agars. The results were all the same because of
the fact that this microorganism is naturally a gamma hemolytic organism
(Delost, 2004). No growth of organisms was observed on BAP with washed
expired human blood, which was not inoculated with the test organisms. This
indicates that the prepared blood agar plates were not contaminated. Sample
pictures are shown in Figure 7 to 10.
Preparation of the Blood-Enriched Agar
with the Use of Red Cell Suspension
C. R. Magbojos, R. S. Aro, M. C. S. Caringal,
M. M. Castillo, D. A. Llanes and K. D. Sumaray
14. Asian Journal of Health
272
III. Stability of Washed Expired Human Blood Agar
The researchers decided to test the stability of washed expired human
blood when stored in a refrigerated temperature for one week.
Table 5. Stability test for washed expired human blood with
Staphylococcus aureus
Length of Storage (Days) Result
With sheep blood
BAP without inoculum
1
With growth
No growth
With growth
2 With growth
3 With growth
4 With growth
Clinical Research Section
15. 273
5 With growth
6 With growth
7 With growth
Table 5 presents the length of time the blood agar prepared with washed
expired human blood and be stored and still retains its capacity to grow
microorganisms. From Day 1 to Day 7, colonies of S. aureus were observed. As
revealed, washed expired human blood could be stored for seven days and
still could be used for microbial culture. No growth of organisms was observed
on BAP with washed expired human blood, which were not inoculated with
the test organisms. This indicates that the prepared blood agar plates are not
contaminated. Figure 11 to 13 are samples of growth on Day 5 to Day 7.
CONCLUSIONS
Results reveal that expired human blood with washing improved the
morphologic and hemolytic pattern of Staphylococcus aureus. The washing
of blood had no effect on Staphylococcus epidermidis because it is a gamma
hemolytic bacterium. Both unwashed expired and fresh human blood
produced gamma hemolysis due to the interferences still present in them.
Both washed expired human blood and washed fresh human blood produced
beta hemolysis. Washed expired human blood could be stored for seven days
and still could be used for microbial culture.
Preparation of the Blood-Enriched Agar
with the Use of Red Cell Suspension
C. R. Magbojos, R. S. Aro, M. C. S. Caringal,
M. M. Castillo, D. A. Llanes and K. D. Sumaray
Continuation of Table 1
16. Asian Journal of Health
274
NOTE:
Pursuant to the international character of this publication, the journal is indexed
by the following agencies: (1)Public Knowledge Project, a consortium of Simon
Fraser University Library, the School of Education of Stanford University, and the
British Columbia University, Canada:(2) E - International Scientific Research Journal
Consortium; (3) Journal Seek - Genamics, Hamilton, New Zealand; (4) Google Scholar;
(5) Philippine Electronic Journals (PEJ);and,(6) PhilJol by INASP.
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Bartelt M.
2000. Diagnostic Bacteriology. A study guide. USA: Davis Company.
Changsri K.
2001. “The effect of acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) Anti-coagulant
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Delost M.D.
2004 Introduction to diagnostic microbiology: a text and workbook.
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Forbes, Betty, D. Salm and A. Weissfield.
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Clinical Research Section
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Gardam M.A. and M.A. Miller.
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Harmening, D.
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Preparation of the Blood-Enriched Agar
with the Use of Red Cell Suspension
C. R. Magbojos, R. S. Aro, M. C. S. Caringal,
M. M. Castillo, D. A. Llanes and K. D. Sumaray