This document discusses trends and case studies related to mobilizing finance for cities. It begins by suggesting a framework for defining different types of public-private partnerships (PPPs) and assets. It then reviews experiences with debt and equity financing for infrastructure in developed countries, developing countries, and India. Specific case studies from Tamil Nadu, India are also presented, including a toll bridge project financed by private equity, an inner ring road project financed by private debt, and an underground sewerage project utilizing market debt. The document concludes that linking city infrastructure financing requirements to domestic capital markets through mechanisms like municipal bonds is important for mobilizing long-term, low-cost financing for essential urban investments.
The document discusses opportunities for direct financing of public infrastructure projects in various sectors in India such as transportation, utilities, housing, social infrastructure, and tourism. It outlines the key public infrastructure development principles used in India and notes that private partners typically take on construction, development, and revenue risks for public-private partnership projects, while financing is usually the private partner's responsibility. The document analyzes sub-sectors within each infrastructure category and identifies potential funding opportunities, investment modes, and risk profiles. It also discusses some non-traditional financing approaches such as municipal bonds and managed service contracts for smart city projects.
Presentación que realizó el presidente de la ANI, Luis Fernando Andrade, en los eventos Colombia InsideOut (New York y Londres) y Colombia - Israel Bussiness Opportunities Seminar en el mes de junio de 2013.
The Colombian government aims to invest $26 billion over 8 years to improve the country's road infrastructure through public-private partnerships. The plan, called the 4th Generation Road Concession Program, will construct over 8,100 km of roads through 40 concession projects. Financing this large program poses challenges due to the size of investments needed and limitations of Colombia's financial market. The government proposes a mixed financing strategy utilizing project financing, institutional investors, and securitization of asset cash flows. The first projects will begin the bidding process in mid-2013, with implementation following a scheduled timeline over several rounds of concessions.
This PPT delivered in a Webinar for E&Y Team discusses various aspects - legal structure, constraints, potential of resource mobilisation by municipal bodies in India.
Need for Smart Cities, Introduction to Smart Cities, India Smart City Initiative Details, Financing Mechanisms to support implementation & Global Examples
This document discusses financing strategies for integrated water resource management. It outlines the main components of the water sector that require financing, including infrastructure, resource development, and operations. It also categorizes costs as recurrent (operations) or capital (infrastructure investments) and lists typical sources of funding. The document advocates developing financing strategies that recover costs from users, leverage public and external grants, and explore partnerships with private sector to attract new sources of financing to adequately fund the water sector over the long term.
The document discusses strategies for improving urban infrastructure and amenities in Indian cities. It notes that Indian cities currently lack basic services and face issues like unemployment, poor public transportation, and high levels of slum populations. To address these issues, it recommends increasing investment in public transit and affordable housing. It also emphasizes the need for improved governance, funding models, master planning, water and energy credit systems, affordable housing initiatives, and sector-specific urban development. Overall, the document calls for large-scale investments and reforms across multiple areas to develop world-class cities and accommodate rapid urbanization in India.
The document discusses opportunities for direct financing of public infrastructure projects in various sectors in India such as transportation, utilities, housing, social infrastructure, and tourism. It outlines the key public infrastructure development principles used in India and notes that private partners typically take on construction, development, and revenue risks for public-private partnership projects, while financing is usually the private partner's responsibility. The document analyzes sub-sectors within each infrastructure category and identifies potential funding opportunities, investment modes, and risk profiles. It also discusses some non-traditional financing approaches such as municipal bonds and managed service contracts for smart city projects.
Presentación que realizó el presidente de la ANI, Luis Fernando Andrade, en los eventos Colombia InsideOut (New York y Londres) y Colombia - Israel Bussiness Opportunities Seminar en el mes de junio de 2013.
The Colombian government aims to invest $26 billion over 8 years to improve the country's road infrastructure through public-private partnerships. The plan, called the 4th Generation Road Concession Program, will construct over 8,100 km of roads through 40 concession projects. Financing this large program poses challenges due to the size of investments needed and limitations of Colombia's financial market. The government proposes a mixed financing strategy utilizing project financing, institutional investors, and securitization of asset cash flows. The first projects will begin the bidding process in mid-2013, with implementation following a scheduled timeline over several rounds of concessions.
This PPT delivered in a Webinar for E&Y Team discusses various aspects - legal structure, constraints, potential of resource mobilisation by municipal bodies in India.
Need for Smart Cities, Introduction to Smart Cities, India Smart City Initiative Details, Financing Mechanisms to support implementation & Global Examples
This document discusses financing strategies for integrated water resource management. It outlines the main components of the water sector that require financing, including infrastructure, resource development, and operations. It also categorizes costs as recurrent (operations) or capital (infrastructure investments) and lists typical sources of funding. The document advocates developing financing strategies that recover costs from users, leverage public and external grants, and explore partnerships with private sector to attract new sources of financing to adequately fund the water sector over the long term.
The document discusses strategies for improving urban infrastructure and amenities in Indian cities. It notes that Indian cities currently lack basic services and face issues like unemployment, poor public transportation, and high levels of slum populations. To address these issues, it recommends increasing investment in public transit and affordable housing. It also emphasizes the need for improved governance, funding models, master planning, water and energy credit systems, affordable housing initiatives, and sector-specific urban development. Overall, the document calls for large-scale investments and reforms across multiple areas to develop world-class cities and accommodate rapid urbanization in India.
Dachs itssa march 2012 pp ps financing transport infrastructureitssa-presentations
This document discusses using public-private partnerships (PPPs) to finance urban transport infrastructure in developing cities. It outlines some of the challenges facing urban transport systems, including limited funding and disjointed planning. PPPs are presented as a potential solution by transferring risks to the private sector and leveraging private financing sources. The document then examines different sources of funding for infrastructure projects, including public funds, development finance institutions, and private finance. It analyzes options for capturing land value and other economic benefits to support PPPs. Finally, it provides a case study of the successful Gautrain rapid transit system in South Africa, which used a mix of public and private funding and saw coordinated development around stations.
Believers IAS Academy is one of the best IAS coaching in Bangalore, providing excellent quality mentoring with relevant study materials, excellent guidance from experienced faculty and weekly tests to improve your skills. The online and offline classes are designed to cater to various learning needs of candidates and help them reach their goal of becoming an IAS officer.
For more info : https://www.believersias.com/
Financiang Infrastructural Development in ZimbabweVincent Mutsvene
There are 88,100 km of classified roads in Zimbabwe, 17,400 km of which are paved .About 5 percent of the network is classified as primary roads and has some of the most trafficked arterials that link Zimbabwe with its neighbors. A portion of the Pan-Africa Highway passes through Zimbabwe. This part of the road network plays a major role in the movement of the country’s imports and exports as well as transit freight.
However lately due to fiscal constraints and budgetary ills, the road network has rapidly deteriorated and can be described as in intensive care. There is need for rehabilitation, maintenance and construction of new roads especially the Beitbridge- Chirundu highway ( a transit corridor) linking South Africa and the upper parts of Africa. Road carnage have been prevalent and the busy road is narrow and can not contain the level of traffic flow operating there.
A developmental Imperative therefore presents itself on how to finance the road construction against compiling government developmental initiatives. A financing mechanism is therefore proposed in this presentation. This Innovative finance model ensure private capital investments funding development against government financing. This provides a breather to the government as they focus on other initiatives and the private sector wins through greater financial and social returns inherent in these financing structures.
Municipal Finances in India and Alternative Sources of Municipal FinanceRavikant Joshi
This PPT delivered to CEPT University Students provides detailed and latests information about municipal finances in India as of 2021 and discusses potential of alternative sources of finance for municipal bodies of India
This document discusses urban infrastructure financing in Sub-Saharan Africa. It presents a conceptual framework for sources of capital finance including land-based financing instruments. Examples are given of different countries and cities using various land-based financing approaches like 'in-kind' developer contributions, land leasing, and development charges. However, the study finds that land-based financing currently makes a small contribution to infrastructure finance in Sub-Saharan Africa. While some areas have development charges, several countries do not use the revenue for infrastructure. There is potential to increase funding through improved use of development charges and other land value capture mechanisms.
The document provides information on India's Smart Cities Mission. It defines a smart city as having basic infrastructure and using smart solutions to improve services. The mission aims to provide infrastructure, improve quality of life, and apply smart solutions. Cities will be selected through a two stage process to develop areas using three models: retrofitting existing areas, redeveloping areas, and developing greenfield sites. Selected cities will form SPVs to oversee area-based development focusing on aspects like housing, transportation, and use of smart technologies. The government will invest Rs. 100 crore per city for five years to catalyze additional funding.
government of India has launched "Smart Cities Mission" on 25th June 2015.
This is a presentation explaining the guidelines and procedure for this mission.
India’s economic growth rates higher than most developed countries in recent years, a
majority of the country’s population still residue unbanked. Financial Inclusion is a relatively
new socio-economic concept in India that aspire to change this dynamic by providing
financial services at affordable costs to the underprivileged, who might not otherwise be
aware of or able to afford these services. Global trends have revealed that in order to achieve
inclusive development and growth, the expansion of financial services to all sections of society
is of utmost importance. As a whole, financial inclusion in the rural as well as financially
backward pockets of cities is a win-win opportunity for everybody involving – the
banks/NBFC’s intermediaries, and the left-out urban population. Banks will handle core
infrastructure and services while intermediaries known as Business Correspondents (BC’s)
will be the executors and act as the face of these banking & financial institutions in dealing
with end-users. Therefore, it is assumed that financial inclusion can initiate the next
revolution of growth and prosperity. In the 21st century, India has been pulling all the right
levers to advance financial inclusion and economic citizenship by channelling its own
transactions to lubricate the system. India’s journey towards economic ascension relies on
how the 65% unbanked population of India (conservative 2012 estimate by World Bank) is
enabled with financial infrastructure.
Financial inclusions a pavement towards the future growthTapasya123
This document discusses financial inclusion in India and its importance for future growth. It summarizes various committees established by the Reserve Bank of India to promote financial inclusion. Key recommendations include expanding access to banking services in rural areas through business correspondents, developing differentiated banking licenses, and setting targets to provide universal access to bank accounts. However, progress on financial inclusion has been mixed as many rural villages and small businesses still lack access to formal financial services. More work is needed to make financial inclusion programs sustainable and ensure the unbanked population can benefit from banking.
This document provides an overview of smart cities in India and the Smart Cities Mission. It discusses:
- What a smart city is, with basic infrastructure, smart solutions, and area-based development.
- The objectives of the mission to provide infrastructure, quality of life, sustainability, and set examples for replication.
- The strategy of applying smart solutions city-wide and developing areas through retrofitting, redevelopment, or greenfield models.
- Key aspects like basic infrastructure, area-based development components, city selection process, proposal preparation, implementation and financing.
- Examples of area-based developments like Bhendi Bazaar redevelopment and GIFT City greenfield project.
- Ch
The document provides an overview of the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) program in India. Key points include:
- AMRUT aims to improve basic infrastructure and services in 500 cities, including water supply, sewerage/sanitation, transport and parks.
- Cities will prepare Service Level Improvement Plans (SLIPs) and states will submit aggregated State Annual Action Plans (SAAPs) for funding approval.
- Funding will cover up to 1/2 or 1/3 of project costs depending on city size. States must contribute at least 20%.
- Reforms such as e-governance, accounting systems and building codes are also
The document discusses various financial instruments and legal forms that can be used to finance water and sanitation projects through capital markets, including bonds, BOTs, PPPs, and others. It provides examples of how bond markets have been developed in countries like India and initiatives taken in African countries. Key requirements for developing a local capital market include an efficient government debt market, institutions to mobilize long-term savings, and continued support from international lenders to leverage local funds.
Many of governments is looking at ways to make key investment into infrastructure. Canada is proposing the infrastructure bank as part of leveraging private sector capital with government moneys. This presentation looks at the issues facing private sector investment into infrastructure like roads, bridges, airports and transit systems.
Annual Conference on Roads & Highways : Going ForwardInfraline Energy
Twelfth five year plan. The value of roadways and bridge infrastructure in India is expected to grow at a CAGR of 17.4% between 2012-17, to reach USD 10 Billion.
Indian road sector is looking forward to play a vital role in changing the connectivity landscape of the country by creating an extensive network of seamless, world class highways/roads highways which will provide linkages with minor ports, industrial towns and tourist centers.
The Road Development Plan Vision: 2021”prepared by the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MORTH) envisaged a modest target of development of 10,000 km length of Expressways in the Country by 2021, against a need of Expressway Network of 15,766 km by 2020. Indian Government is committed that now participation in the Indian road sector will allow Investors to do business in a stable economic environment bolstered by sound and consistent policies and processes as well as an improved governance that will reduce the time and cost of doing business. It has launched major initiatives along with the amendments in old policies to upgrade and strengthen the road sector. The current government aims that the investment in this sector should be cost-effective, responsive, safe and environmentally sustainable. However key issues faced by the sector which should be addressed are delay in project awards, flimsy financial funding, and rigidities in contractual arrangements, land acquisition,delay in dispute resolution and various departmental clearances issues. Challenges are many – overall economic downturn, lack of equity in the market, difficulty in arranging debt, highly-leveraged balance sheets for highway developers.Environmental concerns have been on the top concern for the road sector. The provision of efficient, flexible, safe and clean transport infrastructure can be regarded as a necessary precondition for economic development as it boosts productivity by facilitating the movement of people and goods.
There is an improvement in domestic macro factors which has put India on a relatively stronger footing, Further India needs to bulletproof itself from adverse effects of recent global volatility and also needs to seize the opportunities that have emerged, and are likely to emerge, due to the changing world economic order.This spells out the need to accelerate growth of the roads network in the near future, and thus address the specific challenges.
Infraline is organizing “Annual Conference on Roads & Highways: Going Forward” which aims to focus on the specific challenges which will accelerate growth of the roads network in the near future. Groupthink emerging out of a collective assembly of all stakeholders has frequently been a great way to find solutions to stiff challenges.
Investors will want investment protection built into their model including returns
Government would have to back projects with government debt as well as support through grants and subsidies
Taxpayers would be paying tolls or higher transit fees
Middle class is already tax to death as such an new tolls or fees will mean less money for other goods and services
Transit cannot exist without subsidies.
Only 10% of the so called $180B infrastructure is going to support exports - http://business.financialpost.com/pmn/commodities-business-pmn/agriculture-commodities-business-pmn/grain-industry-raising-concerns-over-growing-backlog-of-grain-shipments or https://canada.constructconnect.com/joc/news/uncategorized/2018/02/scotiabank-says-pipeline-constraints-cost-economy-10-7-billion-2018
The Blue Ribbon Commission on Transportation Funding was formed by the Morrisville Town Council in 2013 to study possible funding sources for transportation projects and report their findings. The 11-member Commission evaluated 17 financing methodologies and funding sources using criteria of sufficiency, timeliness, predictability, equity, suitability, and cost.
The Commission recommended the Town continue using general obligation bonds, property tax, motor vehicle registration fee, Powell Bill funds, development requirements, NCDOT STIP funding, CAMPO/Federal funding, and CDBG infrastructure grants. The Commission agreed these sources were sufficient, timely, predictable, equitable, suitable and low-cost options for funding transportation.
Carlos Alberto Sandoval - Infraestructure Opportunities and FDN's RoleProColombia
FDN is a Colombian development finance institution specialized in infrastructure project finance and structuring. It has committed USD 2.1 billion to infrastructure projects in only 4 years, including USD 1.1 billion to Colombia's 4G highway program. FDN provides financial services such as debt, equity, and guarantees. It also offers advisory services for project structuring. Some of the major infrastructure projects that will require funding over the next 5 years include highways, airports, ports, railways, urban mobility systems, and renewable energy generation. FDN is developing new financial products to mobilize more private resources for Colombia's growing infrastructure needs.
Public-Private Partnerships - Business & Legal IssuesLou Milrad
This document discusses public-private partnerships (P3s) and provides an overview of their key aspects. It defines P3s as cooperative ventures between public and private sectors that allocate resources, risks, and rewards to best meet public needs. The document outlines various P3 models and their characteristics. It also addresses the advantages and challenges of P3s, how to allocate risks, examples of P3 experience in Canada and other countries, and generally positive public opinion of P3s.
This document summarizes best practices for financing water management presented at a ministerial forum in Guadeloupe. It discusses water as both an economic and social good, and the challenges of financing its infrastructure and recurrent costs. Sources of financing include tariffs, taxes, loans, and bonds. While cost recovery is ideal, political and social factors often prevent full tariff-based financing. Effective financial management, revenue collection, and regulatory frameworks are keys to sustainable water infrastructure development. Governance models of utilities may also impact their ability to succeed financially.
This document discusses financing water and sanitation projects through capital markets and different financial instruments. It begins by outlining the goals of exploring how to use a national capital market for integrated water resource management. It then defines various legal forms and financial instruments that can be used to fund water projects, such as special purpose vehicles, public-private partnerships, bonds, and loans. The document also discusses how to develop local capital markets, drawing on experiences from India and Africa. It argues that public-private partnerships can work well if the public and private sectors play to their respective strengths, and concludes by encouraging participants to discuss financing water projects in their own contexts.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Dachs itssa march 2012 pp ps financing transport infrastructureitssa-presentations
This document discusses using public-private partnerships (PPPs) to finance urban transport infrastructure in developing cities. It outlines some of the challenges facing urban transport systems, including limited funding and disjointed planning. PPPs are presented as a potential solution by transferring risks to the private sector and leveraging private financing sources. The document then examines different sources of funding for infrastructure projects, including public funds, development finance institutions, and private finance. It analyzes options for capturing land value and other economic benefits to support PPPs. Finally, it provides a case study of the successful Gautrain rapid transit system in South Africa, which used a mix of public and private funding and saw coordinated development around stations.
Believers IAS Academy is one of the best IAS coaching in Bangalore, providing excellent quality mentoring with relevant study materials, excellent guidance from experienced faculty and weekly tests to improve your skills. The online and offline classes are designed to cater to various learning needs of candidates and help them reach their goal of becoming an IAS officer.
For more info : https://www.believersias.com/
Financiang Infrastructural Development in ZimbabweVincent Mutsvene
There are 88,100 km of classified roads in Zimbabwe, 17,400 km of which are paved .About 5 percent of the network is classified as primary roads and has some of the most trafficked arterials that link Zimbabwe with its neighbors. A portion of the Pan-Africa Highway passes through Zimbabwe. This part of the road network plays a major role in the movement of the country’s imports and exports as well as transit freight.
However lately due to fiscal constraints and budgetary ills, the road network has rapidly deteriorated and can be described as in intensive care. There is need for rehabilitation, maintenance and construction of new roads especially the Beitbridge- Chirundu highway ( a transit corridor) linking South Africa and the upper parts of Africa. Road carnage have been prevalent and the busy road is narrow and can not contain the level of traffic flow operating there.
A developmental Imperative therefore presents itself on how to finance the road construction against compiling government developmental initiatives. A financing mechanism is therefore proposed in this presentation. This Innovative finance model ensure private capital investments funding development against government financing. This provides a breather to the government as they focus on other initiatives and the private sector wins through greater financial and social returns inherent in these financing structures.
Municipal Finances in India and Alternative Sources of Municipal FinanceRavikant Joshi
This PPT delivered to CEPT University Students provides detailed and latests information about municipal finances in India as of 2021 and discusses potential of alternative sources of finance for municipal bodies of India
This document discusses urban infrastructure financing in Sub-Saharan Africa. It presents a conceptual framework for sources of capital finance including land-based financing instruments. Examples are given of different countries and cities using various land-based financing approaches like 'in-kind' developer contributions, land leasing, and development charges. However, the study finds that land-based financing currently makes a small contribution to infrastructure finance in Sub-Saharan Africa. While some areas have development charges, several countries do not use the revenue for infrastructure. There is potential to increase funding through improved use of development charges and other land value capture mechanisms.
The document provides information on India's Smart Cities Mission. It defines a smart city as having basic infrastructure and using smart solutions to improve services. The mission aims to provide infrastructure, improve quality of life, and apply smart solutions. Cities will be selected through a two stage process to develop areas using three models: retrofitting existing areas, redeveloping areas, and developing greenfield sites. Selected cities will form SPVs to oversee area-based development focusing on aspects like housing, transportation, and use of smart technologies. The government will invest Rs. 100 crore per city for five years to catalyze additional funding.
government of India has launched "Smart Cities Mission" on 25th June 2015.
This is a presentation explaining the guidelines and procedure for this mission.
India’s economic growth rates higher than most developed countries in recent years, a
majority of the country’s population still residue unbanked. Financial Inclusion is a relatively
new socio-economic concept in India that aspire to change this dynamic by providing
financial services at affordable costs to the underprivileged, who might not otherwise be
aware of or able to afford these services. Global trends have revealed that in order to achieve
inclusive development and growth, the expansion of financial services to all sections of society
is of utmost importance. As a whole, financial inclusion in the rural as well as financially
backward pockets of cities is a win-win opportunity for everybody involving – the
banks/NBFC’s intermediaries, and the left-out urban population. Banks will handle core
infrastructure and services while intermediaries known as Business Correspondents (BC’s)
will be the executors and act as the face of these banking & financial institutions in dealing
with end-users. Therefore, it is assumed that financial inclusion can initiate the next
revolution of growth and prosperity. In the 21st century, India has been pulling all the right
levers to advance financial inclusion and economic citizenship by channelling its own
transactions to lubricate the system. India’s journey towards economic ascension relies on
how the 65% unbanked population of India (conservative 2012 estimate by World Bank) is
enabled with financial infrastructure.
Financial inclusions a pavement towards the future growthTapasya123
This document discusses financial inclusion in India and its importance for future growth. It summarizes various committees established by the Reserve Bank of India to promote financial inclusion. Key recommendations include expanding access to banking services in rural areas through business correspondents, developing differentiated banking licenses, and setting targets to provide universal access to bank accounts. However, progress on financial inclusion has been mixed as many rural villages and small businesses still lack access to formal financial services. More work is needed to make financial inclusion programs sustainable and ensure the unbanked population can benefit from banking.
This document provides an overview of smart cities in India and the Smart Cities Mission. It discusses:
- What a smart city is, with basic infrastructure, smart solutions, and area-based development.
- The objectives of the mission to provide infrastructure, quality of life, sustainability, and set examples for replication.
- The strategy of applying smart solutions city-wide and developing areas through retrofitting, redevelopment, or greenfield models.
- Key aspects like basic infrastructure, area-based development components, city selection process, proposal preparation, implementation and financing.
- Examples of area-based developments like Bhendi Bazaar redevelopment and GIFT City greenfield project.
- Ch
The document provides an overview of the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) program in India. Key points include:
- AMRUT aims to improve basic infrastructure and services in 500 cities, including water supply, sewerage/sanitation, transport and parks.
- Cities will prepare Service Level Improvement Plans (SLIPs) and states will submit aggregated State Annual Action Plans (SAAPs) for funding approval.
- Funding will cover up to 1/2 or 1/3 of project costs depending on city size. States must contribute at least 20%.
- Reforms such as e-governance, accounting systems and building codes are also
The document discusses various financial instruments and legal forms that can be used to finance water and sanitation projects through capital markets, including bonds, BOTs, PPPs, and others. It provides examples of how bond markets have been developed in countries like India and initiatives taken in African countries. Key requirements for developing a local capital market include an efficient government debt market, institutions to mobilize long-term savings, and continued support from international lenders to leverage local funds.
Many of governments is looking at ways to make key investment into infrastructure. Canada is proposing the infrastructure bank as part of leveraging private sector capital with government moneys. This presentation looks at the issues facing private sector investment into infrastructure like roads, bridges, airports and transit systems.
Annual Conference on Roads & Highways : Going ForwardInfraline Energy
Twelfth five year plan. The value of roadways and bridge infrastructure in India is expected to grow at a CAGR of 17.4% between 2012-17, to reach USD 10 Billion.
Indian road sector is looking forward to play a vital role in changing the connectivity landscape of the country by creating an extensive network of seamless, world class highways/roads highways which will provide linkages with minor ports, industrial towns and tourist centers.
The Road Development Plan Vision: 2021”prepared by the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MORTH) envisaged a modest target of development of 10,000 km length of Expressways in the Country by 2021, against a need of Expressway Network of 15,766 km by 2020. Indian Government is committed that now participation in the Indian road sector will allow Investors to do business in a stable economic environment bolstered by sound and consistent policies and processes as well as an improved governance that will reduce the time and cost of doing business. It has launched major initiatives along with the amendments in old policies to upgrade and strengthen the road sector. The current government aims that the investment in this sector should be cost-effective, responsive, safe and environmentally sustainable. However key issues faced by the sector which should be addressed are delay in project awards, flimsy financial funding, and rigidities in contractual arrangements, land acquisition,delay in dispute resolution and various departmental clearances issues. Challenges are many – overall economic downturn, lack of equity in the market, difficulty in arranging debt, highly-leveraged balance sheets for highway developers.Environmental concerns have been on the top concern for the road sector. The provision of efficient, flexible, safe and clean transport infrastructure can be regarded as a necessary precondition for economic development as it boosts productivity by facilitating the movement of people and goods.
There is an improvement in domestic macro factors which has put India on a relatively stronger footing, Further India needs to bulletproof itself from adverse effects of recent global volatility and also needs to seize the opportunities that have emerged, and are likely to emerge, due to the changing world economic order.This spells out the need to accelerate growth of the roads network in the near future, and thus address the specific challenges.
Infraline is organizing “Annual Conference on Roads & Highways: Going Forward” which aims to focus on the specific challenges which will accelerate growth of the roads network in the near future. Groupthink emerging out of a collective assembly of all stakeholders has frequently been a great way to find solutions to stiff challenges.
Investors will want investment protection built into their model including returns
Government would have to back projects with government debt as well as support through grants and subsidies
Taxpayers would be paying tolls or higher transit fees
Middle class is already tax to death as such an new tolls or fees will mean less money for other goods and services
Transit cannot exist without subsidies.
Only 10% of the so called $180B infrastructure is going to support exports - http://business.financialpost.com/pmn/commodities-business-pmn/agriculture-commodities-business-pmn/grain-industry-raising-concerns-over-growing-backlog-of-grain-shipments or https://canada.constructconnect.com/joc/news/uncategorized/2018/02/scotiabank-says-pipeline-constraints-cost-economy-10-7-billion-2018
The Blue Ribbon Commission on Transportation Funding was formed by the Morrisville Town Council in 2013 to study possible funding sources for transportation projects and report their findings. The 11-member Commission evaluated 17 financing methodologies and funding sources using criteria of sufficiency, timeliness, predictability, equity, suitability, and cost.
The Commission recommended the Town continue using general obligation bonds, property tax, motor vehicle registration fee, Powell Bill funds, development requirements, NCDOT STIP funding, CAMPO/Federal funding, and CDBG infrastructure grants. The Commission agreed these sources were sufficient, timely, predictable, equitable, suitable and low-cost options for funding transportation.
Carlos Alberto Sandoval - Infraestructure Opportunities and FDN's RoleProColombia
FDN is a Colombian development finance institution specialized in infrastructure project finance and structuring. It has committed USD 2.1 billion to infrastructure projects in only 4 years, including USD 1.1 billion to Colombia's 4G highway program. FDN provides financial services such as debt, equity, and guarantees. It also offers advisory services for project structuring. Some of the major infrastructure projects that will require funding over the next 5 years include highways, airports, ports, railways, urban mobility systems, and renewable energy generation. FDN is developing new financial products to mobilize more private resources for Colombia's growing infrastructure needs.
Public-Private Partnerships - Business & Legal IssuesLou Milrad
This document discusses public-private partnerships (P3s) and provides an overview of their key aspects. It defines P3s as cooperative ventures between public and private sectors that allocate resources, risks, and rewards to best meet public needs. The document outlines various P3 models and their characteristics. It also addresses the advantages and challenges of P3s, how to allocate risks, examples of P3 experience in Canada and other countries, and generally positive public opinion of P3s.
This document summarizes best practices for financing water management presented at a ministerial forum in Guadeloupe. It discusses water as both an economic and social good, and the challenges of financing its infrastructure and recurrent costs. Sources of financing include tariffs, taxes, loans, and bonds. While cost recovery is ideal, political and social factors often prevent full tariff-based financing. Effective financial management, revenue collection, and regulatory frameworks are keys to sustainable water infrastructure development. Governance models of utilities may also impact their ability to succeed financially.
This document discusses financing water and sanitation projects through capital markets and different financial instruments. It begins by outlining the goals of exploring how to use a national capital market for integrated water resource management. It then defines various legal forms and financial instruments that can be used to fund water projects, such as special purpose vehicles, public-private partnerships, bonds, and loans. The document also discusses how to develop local capital markets, drawing on experiences from India and Africa. It argues that public-private partnerships can work well if the public and private sectors play to their respective strengths, and concludes by encouraging participants to discuss financing water projects in their own contexts.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
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reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
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The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
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IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
2. 2
Presentation Structure
I. Suggested Framework: Definitions and Typology
II. Developed Country Experience- Debt and Equity
III. Developing Countries Experience- Debt and Equity
IV. India – Traditional and Modern
V. India - Case Studies
VI. Some Next Steps
3. 3
1.Suggested Framework: Definitions
Equity PPP’s as Special Purpose Vehicles
with limited recourse
PPP’s as Raising Debt for Public Owned
Infrastructure
PPP’s as mobilizes of finance
PPP”s as efficiency in service delivery
4. 4
Equity PPP’s- assets which can service equity or debt through third
party sales toll roads etc’ Projects such as stand alone commercial
complexes recover debt service from rentals are not worth investing
in and do not constitute infrastructure in any real sense.
Debt PPP’s - environmental infrastructure namely water supply,
sanitation and solid waste need a mixture of debt and grant financing
and should attempt to recover appropriate user charges.
Entity Financing-other municipal infrastructure such as internal
roads, parks, crematoriums etc would have to rely solely on general
revenues to service debt.
I. Suggested Framework: Assets
5. 5
1.Suggested Framework-Types and
Sources of Finance
Assets – Capital Intensive, generate
externalities across space and over time
Smaller cities constrained by scale and
hence limited scope of full cost
recovery
Appropriateness of local currency, long
term debt
6. 6
In general, factors enabling private equity
investment in urban infrastructure are when:
project cash flows can support dividend
expectations
the regulatory framework is in place;
contractual obligations amongst the various
participants with respect to risks,
performance, and returns are clearly defined;
and
there is a sufficient tail in the project life.
1.Suggested Framework- Equity
8. 8
2. Developed Country Experience- Debt
US Capital Market Approach where low capital recourse
to Munis (around US 15 billion 22% going to towns less than
10000 population)
Europe – State Owned Financial Intermediaries – Dexia.
Kommuninvest, Norwegian Bank. PWB in the UK (accounting
for 95% of finance)
Framework developed after 1970 Acts, Accession
Conditions
9. 9
2. Developed Country -Equity
Quantitatively insignificant – 94% of
water and sanitation in the US public
ally owned and privately financed
Europe most waste water Grant finance
of over 35-40 percent
Case Studies – Victoria, Atlanta display
problems of overestimation of demand
10. 10
2. Developing Countries - Debt
Larger Cities established credit
relationships – Joburg, Shanghai,
Mexico City
Smaller Cities – thro intermediaries,
INCA in SA, Finditer in Columbia, DFV
in China…
Macro Adjustments for fiscal space-
Russia, Brazil
11. 11
2.Developing Countries -Equity
Quantitatively insignificant – Brazil
(1.5%) China (4%) South Africa (1%)
Mostly in telecom and expressways
(87%)
Concession usually need renegotiation on
accounted of overestimated
profitability – Malaysia, Brazil,
12. 12
Viable urban financing strategies usually need:
Rational and predictable devolution- largely formula based as in
South Africa, India, Mexico.
Legal frameworks for borrowing, such as The Municipal Finance
Management Act (MFMA) in SA, Urban Local Bodies Act (Tamilnadu),
Master Trust Structure (Mexico).
Domestic market oriented financial intermediaries working with
cities such as DBSA, INCA in S. Africa, Finditer in Columbia and
Dexia in Mexico.
Fiscal space allowing affordable long term interest rates for
financing city infrastructure.
2. Developing Country: Debt
13. 13
3. India – Traditional Financing
City get debt/grants from governments/government
owned financial institutions on basis of guarantees.
Project Implementation by Parastatals/Cities with no
clear duties and responsibilities for servicing debt or
asset maintenance.
Under investment in Urban.
User charges rarely covering even O&M.
Usually resulting in:
Drying up of institutional sources based on state
guarantees on account of ceilings on national liabilities.
Limited low cost / equity / grant type funds.
Excess supply of commercial funds including
multilateral.
14. 14
4. India- Traditional Financing-Functional
and Geographic Fragmentation
What was wrong with this Debt ?
The decisions on accessing debt, competitiveness of its tenor,
interest rate etc – not decided by the cities – but by the State
The most capital intensive projects of water supply, sewerage
etc – had to be implemented by Statutory bodies or
Departments of State Government
The loan – although on the books of the local body – the cash
would actually not reach the city, but would enter State
Governments Accounts – then to the Statutory Water Board
Badly leveraged mainly because – no due diligence on the
capacity to bear debt, level of user charges needed –
sustainability etc.
All this led to a situation of cities – becoming subsistence level
institutions with total apathy to their debt status
15. 15
4.India –74 CA Institutional Setting
The GOI passed the 74th amendment to the
constitution in 1992 :
Mandatory Elections with reservation for women
and weaker sections.
A State Finance Commission to recommend basis
for transfer of resources from state to local
bodies
Division of responsibilities between state and local
bodies
Tamil Nadu passed the conformity legislation to the
amendment in 1994
16. 16
4.Modern Financing- Institutional
Reform
Elections held to all local bodies in 1996 – after a fairly long gap
Chennai Corporation saw an elected body after 23 years
The 1st Finance Commission was set up & recommendations
implemented from 97-98
3.6% of State’s tax revenue passed on urban local bodies
Inter-se allocation based on population, per capita
expenditure and per capita revenue.
15% set apart as an equalization cum incentive fund to
reward performance and ‘handhold’ weak and unviable cities
90% of Entertainment tax passed on to local bodies
The formula based fiscal transfers – resulted in a more buoyant
stream for the local bodies & therefore the issue of bad
leveraging was addressed to same extent.
Institutionalizing of the Finance Commission
17. India: Trends in Equity PPP’s
WB study (2008) 104 projects
Low materiality
Senior Debt from Public Sector banks
(75%)
Most Equity Invested in Airports (USD
167m) Urban less than 2%
Grants substituting equity
17
18. India: Trends in Equity PPP’s
Fitch 2009
Majority need restructuring of debt
(85%)
Projects priced on sponsor- bank
relationships rather than rigorous
appraisals
Two rated projects with cost and time
overruns – Chennai Desal the only Urban
18
20. 20
Karur Bridge Tolls:
The tolls are as follows:
Vehicle Type Single Multiple Monthly
Pass (Rs.) Pass (Rs.) Pass(Rs.)
Car/Jeep/Van 10 15 300
LCV, Tractors 25 35 1050
Trucks 30 45 1350
Bus 30 60 1800
Multi-axle trucks, Cranes,
Earth-moving machines & 50 -- --
similar heavy vehicles
5. TN -Some Transactions-Equity
21. 21
5.TN Some Transactions: Debt
MADURAI INNER RING ROAD
TOLL COLLECTION
(All Fig Rs Million)
Qtr. Months Amt. Cumm Avg Daily Avg. Avg p.m
I. Nov - Dec 00 7.579 7.579 0.124 3.727
II Jan - March 01 12.681 20.259 0.141 4.227
III April - June 01 13.494 33.754 0.148 4.449
IV July - Sep 01 14.203 47.957 0.154 4.631
V Oct - Dec 01 12.107 60.063 0.132 3.948
VI Jan - March 02 11.642 71.706 0.129 3.881
VII April - June 02 14.539 86.245 0.160 4.793
VIII July-Sept 02 12.288 98.533 0.134 4.007
IX Oct - Dec 02 15.245 113.778 0.166 4.971
X Jan-Mar 03 13.255 127.033 0.147 4.418
XI Apr-May 03 7.932 134.965 0.147 4.407
Average 134.965 0.149 4.820
ANALYSIS :
Aggregate Collection till date 134.965 Rs Million
No. of Days of operation 905 Days
Avg. Daily Collection 0.149 Rs Million
Avg. Monthly Collection 4.820 Rs Million
Madurai Bye Pass
22. 22
Madurai replaced its traditional borrowings in the
form of long term loan by its own debt paper.
Madurai is the first municipal corporation in Tamil
Nadu, which has issued debentures for its project
refinancing viz., the Inner Ring Road.
The servicing of the bonds would be met out of
the toll collections arising out of the traffic on the
road.
This issue resulted in a flat cost saving of about
2.50 to 3.00 percentage points to the corporation.
V. Way Forward – Linking Capital Markets
Madurai Bye Pass Bond Issue
23. 23
Alandur Waste-Water Treatment-
Community Equity
Works at Alandur – undertaken after commissioning a
study to access the feasibility of the project based on
user charges.
Tariff rate to cover O&M expenses, debt servicing and
sinking fund allocation;
Deposit mobilization
From household : Rs.5,000/-
From commercial and industrial customers :
Rs.10,000/-
Cross-subsidy scheme for fixation of tariff:
Household : Commercial : Industrial Users = 1:3:5
5.TN Some Transactions
24. 24
6. Next Steps – Linking Capital Markets
Urban Infrastructure, especially water and sanitation
investments require:
long term debt on account of externalities over time and
space
severe fiscal constraints on the supply of equity from
State and local Governments for new investments
substantial low income populations constraining the ability
to pay for high financing costs.
Consequently, the need to link city infrastructure financing
requirements with domestic capital markets is well understood.
Debt finance is a pre-requisite for undertaking essential civic
investments, and in the long run, domestic savings through capital
markets would have to be, the predominant source of supply.
The need for an institutionalized mechanism to raise low cost
funds for water and sanitation is clear cut with the US Bond Bank
as a potential model.
25. 25
Some Next Steps
Working Systemically on Demand and Supply
Develop legal framework – defining purpose, scope
and limits for borrowing at the state level.
Define a process for cities to obtain internal
consent for borrowings including pricing.
Unblock existing supply constraints on Insurance
and Pension Funds.
Assist in securing a potential blend of long term
institutional finance with domestic market.
26. 26
Water and sanitation pooled fund
What does Commercial Finance Assess?
Stable Revenue Streams from devolution and own sources
Demand driven Medium term Investment Plan, Commitment by cities to tariff
and collections
Strength of the Credit Enhancement
What do Cities and National Governments Get?
Systemic Access to Commercial Finance
Leveraging of scarce state grants
Maintenance of Assets built into budgets
Disclosure of Investments and Pricing
27. 27
SystemicAccess for Small and
Medium Cities-WSPF
Umbrella Crd
Enchanc.
Sov.Grant
Sov. Govt.
Transfer
Payments
MLA
WSPF
Reserve
Account
Revenue
Intercept
Partial Credit Guarantee
Technical Assistance
Investors
Bonds
Trustee
Local
Govt.
Project
Local
Govt.
Project
Local
Govt.
Project
Funds
Market Rate
Long term
Principal & Interest payments
If necessary
If necessary
28. 28
The terms of the issue are:
Mode : Private Placement Issue
Issuer : Water and Sanitation Pooled Fund (WSPF) a trust, which
pools infrastructure needs of 14 small cities
Issue Size : Rs. 30.41 Crores USD 10 million approx
Coupon : 9.20% p.a.
Tenor : 15 years (With a put and call option at the end of 10th years)
Redemption : In 15 equal annual instalments
Payment of Interest : Annual payment of coupon on a diminishing balance
method.
Security : Unsecured Issue
Water and Sanitation Fund
29. 29
The Cities and the Investments
LIST OF POOLED PROJECTS
Rs. In 100,000
S.No. Particulars
Project
Cost
Loan amt
sanctioned
Loan
disbursed
Water Supply Schemes:
1 Ambattur Municipality 336.56 67.32 67.32
2 Tambaram Municipality 182.00 109.20 109.20
3 Madhavaram Municipality 325.00 195.00 105.75
4 Rajapalayam Municipality 85.00 51.00 51.00
Adjacent Urban Areas - AUA
5 (I) Alandur Municipality 427.00 403.00 403.00
6 (ii) Pammal Municipality 378.00 357.00 357.00
7 (iii) Ankapathur Town Panchayat 188.00 178.00 178.00
8 (iv) Ullagaram Town Panchayat 298.00 281.00 281.00
9 (v) Porur Town Panchayat 579.00 547.00 547.00
10 (vi) Maduravoyal Town Panchayat 146.00 138.00 138.00
11 (vii) Valsaravakkam Town Panchayat 189.00 179.00 179.00
12 (viii) Meenambakkam Town Panchayat 17.00 16.00 16.00
Under Ground Drainage:
13 Madurai Corporation 1407.00 500.00 325.00
4557.56 3021.52 2757.27
30. 30
The Investors
Water and sanitation pooled fund
Sl. No. Subscribers No. of
Bonds
allotted
1. Karnataka Bank Ltd. 2000
2. ICICI Bank Ltd. 1000
3. Gujarat Industries Power Co.,
Ltd, Provident Fund Trust
11
4. Metlife India Employees
Provident Fund Trust
5
5. City Union Bank Ltd., 25
31. 31
WSPF bonds have created an active secondary market
Bonds sold by original holders to following entities
Beginnings of a New
Market…
1. The Karnataka Bank Ltd
2. The Tata Engineering And Locomotive Company Ltd Superannuation Fund
3. The Tata Engineering And Locomotive Company Ltd Provident Fund
4. Credit Capital Investment Trust Company Ltd Trustees Taurus Mutual Fund
A/C Libra Bond Fund
5. The Tata Engineering And Locomotive Co. Ltd Employees Pension Fund
6. The Baghat Urban Co Operative Bank Limited
7. The Indian Hotels Co. Ltd Employees Provident Fund
8. Trust Capital Services (India) Pvt. Ltd.
9. Digital Globalsoft Limited Provident Fund Trust
10. Staff Provident Fund of Nicholas Piramal India Ltd
11. City Union Bank Limited - Mount Branch
12. Gujarat Industries Power Co. Ltd. Provident Fund Trust
13. Metlife India Employees Provident Fund Trust
14. Advanta India Management Staff Provident Fund