Agrobacteruim_mediated_gene_transfer.ppt
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This document discusses Agrobacterium tumefaciens and its use in genetic engineering. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a bacteria that causes crown gall disease in plants by transferring T-DNA from its Ti plasmid into the plant genome. Scientists discovered that the T-DNA transfer mechanism can be used to genetically engineer plants by replacing the T-DNA genes with a gene of interest. The virulence genes and T-DNA borders are required for transfer, while the chromosomal chv genes facilitate bacterial binding to the plant. Now Agrobacterium is widely used to insert foreign genes into plants and produce transgenic crops like tobacco and rice.
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated gene transfer
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that causes crown gall disease in plants. It transfers a segment of DNA called T-DNA from its Ti plasmid into the plant genome, enabling it to modify plant cell growth. The presentation discusses the bacterial characteristics, mechanism of T-DNA transfer, use of Agrobacterium for genetic engineering of plants through insertion of foreign genes in place of tumor-causing genes on the Ti plasmid, and the regeneration of transformed plants. While it is an effective tool for plant genetic engineering, some plant species are not susceptible to Agrobacterium infection.
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Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer, Ti-plasmid, cloning vectors based on Ti-plasmid, advantages disadvantages regarding cloning vectors based on Ti-plasmid are major areas covered in this Presentation.
This bacterium has a large plasmid that induces tumor, and for this reason, it was named tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid.
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This document summarizes Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. It begins with an introduction to gene transformation and describes Agrobacterium as a soil bacterium that causes crown gall disease in plants by transferring genes. It then discusses the classification of Agrobacterium, the history of using Agrobacterium for gene transfer, and components involved like the T-DNA, virulence genes, and chromosomal genes. The document outlines the process of T-DNA transfer from Agrobacterium to plant cells and concludes with some common methods for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer.
Plant transformation gene transfer methods in plants
The ultimate objective of modern plant breeding is to improve a top variety in one single additional character in a predictable and precise manner without disturbing the rest of the genome. Today this is being realised through examples of successful transfer of specific traits into higher plants by gene transfer.
Techniques that open up to the plant breeder the possibility of transferring in a planned manner characters from one organism to another have been developed in microbial genetics. It should be stressed right at the outset that the expression “gene” has different meanings in agriculture and in molecular biology.
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The gene transfer techniques in plant genetic transformation are broadly grouped into two categories:
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Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is commonly used to genetically modify dicot plants through its ability to transfer DNA to plant cells. It causes crown gall disease by transferring oncogenic T-DNA from its tumor-inducing plasmid into wounded plant cells. The T-DNA encodes genes that cause tumor formation and the production of opines, which the bacteria can use as nutrients. The binary vector system was developed to overcome challenges with manipulating large Ti plasmids, allowing foreign genes to be stably introduced between the T-DNA borders and transferred to plant cells. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is now widely used to produce transgenic plants.
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated gene transfer
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that causes crown gall disease in plants. It transfers a segment of DNA called T-DNA from its Ti plasmid into the plant genome, enabling it to modify plant cell growth. The presentation discusses the bacterial characteristics, mechanism of T-DNA transfer, use of Agrobacterium for genetic engineering of plants through insertion of foreign genes in place of tumor-causing genes on the Ti plasmid, and the regeneration of transformed plants. While it is an effective tool for plant genetic engineering, some plant species are not susceptible to Agrobacterium infection.
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Plant transformation gene transfer methods in plants
The ultimate objective of modern plant breeding is to improve a top variety in one single additional character in a predictable and precise manner without disturbing the rest of the genome. Today this is being realised through examples of successful transfer of specific traits into higher plants by gene transfer.
Techniques that open up to the plant breeder the possibility of transferring in a planned manner characters from one organism to another have been developed in microbial genetics. It should be stressed right at the outset that the expression “gene” has different meanings in agriculture and in molecular biology.
Gene Transfer Methods:
The gene transfer techniques in plant genetic transformation are broadly grouped into two categories:
I. Vector-mediated gene transfer
II. Direct or vector less DNA transfer
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens is commonly used to genetically modify dicot plants through its ability to transfer DNA to plant cells. It causes crown gall disease by transferring oncogenic T-DNA from its tumor-inducing plasmid into wounded plant cells. The T-DNA encodes genes that cause tumor formation and the production of opines, which the bacteria can use as nutrients. The binary vector system was developed to overcome challenges with manipulating large Ti plasmids, allowing foreign genes to be stably introduced between the T-DNA borders and transferred to plant cells. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is now widely used to produce transgenic plants.
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2) The T-DNA is flanked by left and right border sequences and encodes genes that cause plant cells to form tumors and produce nutrients for the bacteria.
3) Upon detection of wounded plant cells, genes on the bacterial plasmid and chromosome mediate T-DNA processing and transfer into the plant cell nucleus where it integrates randomly.
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This power point presentation consist of 41 slides. Attempts have been made to illustrate how Agrobacterium behaves us natural genetic engineer. How it can infect a plant through wound and a part of DNA present on Ti plasmid is Tranferred and causes disease as crown gall in the infected plant. In second part of the presentation attempts have been made to describe how Agrobacterium can be utilized for iinsertion of desired gene into the plant,what manipulation are to be made with Agrobacterium.How infection and transfer of desired gene can be made possible.What is the role of plant tissue culture etc.
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that naturally transfers DNA to plant cells and causes crown gall disease. It contains a tumor-inducing plasmid (Ti plasmid) that can be engineered to transfer foreign genes of interest into plant genomes. This process, called Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, is commonly used in genetic engineering due to its high efficiency. The Ti plasmid contains T-DNA that is transferred to plant cells, along with virulence genes that facilitate transfer without being transferred themselves. Transformed plants are regenerated from cultured plant cells or tissues containing the novel genes. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is useful for genetic engineering but has limitations such as a narrow host range and time-consuming
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The document summarizes how Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used for plant genetic engineering. It describes the key components of the Ti plasmid, including the T-DNA, vir genes, and opine catabolism genes. It explains that the Ti plasmid is modified by deleting tumor-causing genes and inserting a gene of interest, along with selectable markers. The modified plasmid is transferred to A. tumefaciens via triparental mating and then used to transform plant cells. Transformed cells are selected using antibiotics and regenerated into transgenic plants.
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1. The document discusses Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation using the soil bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes.
2. It describes the Ti and Ri plasmids contained in A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes that allow for transfer of T-DNA containing genes into plant cells.
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a tool for genetic engineering in plants. It is a soil bacterium that can transfer DNA fragments called T-DNA from its tumor-inducing plasmid into the genome of plant cells. The T-DNA can be modified to contain desirable genes for traits like herbicide or pest resistance. The bacterium recognizes wounded plant cells and transfers T-DNA using virulence genes. Integrated T-DNA is then expressed stably in the plant genome. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is widely used for genetic engineering in plants due to its simplicity, efficiency and ability to transfer large DNA segments.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transformation
This document provides an overview of Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation. It begins with an introduction to genetic transformation methods, including direct and indirect techniques. It then discusses Agrobacterium, including its classification, the history of using it for gene transformation, and features of its T-DNA and virulence genes. The document outlines the process of T-DNA transfer from Agrobacterium to plant cells. Finally, it describes some common methods for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, such as infection through wounds, leaf disk, and co-cultivation techniques.
agro bacterium tumefaciens
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacteria known to cause crown gall disease in plants. It has been used for genetic engineering due to its ability to transfer DNA segments (T-DNA) from its tumor-inducing plasmid into plant cells. The T-DNA can be modified to contain genes of interest. To make A. tumefaciens useful for genetic engineering, the oncogenes are removed to make it nonpathogenic while retaining its DNA transfer ability. The modified T-DNA with genes of interest is then introduced. A. tumefaciens has been used to genetically engineer many important crops like soybean, cotton, maize and produce new varieties with desirable traits.
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An overview of the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer process. Moreover, studied different kinds of Agrobacterium species are involved in this mechanism.
Agrobacterium is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria found mostly in the soil. It is a plant pathogen that is responsible for causing crown gall disease in them. This bacteria is also known as the natural genetic engineer because of it's the ability to integrate its plasmid Gene into the plant genome.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfer of their genetic material T-DNA of Ti-plasmid into the plant cell: A: Agrobacterium tumefaciens; B: Agrobacterium genome; C: Ti Plasmid : a: T-DNA , b: Vir genes , c: Replication origin , d: Opines catabolism genes; D: Plant cell
A Ti-Plasmid (tumor-inducing plasmid) is a ds, circular DNA that often, but not always. It's a piece of genetic equipment that transfers genetic material from bacterial cells means Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plant cells used to induce tumors in the plant. The Ti-plasmid is damage when Agrobacterium is grown above 28 °C. Such cured bacteria don't induce crown gall disease in the plant due to they are avirulent. The Ti-Plasmid are classified into two types on the basis of opine genes are present in T-DNA.
The Plasmid has 196 genes that code for 195 proteins. There is no one structural RNA. The plasmid is 206.479 nucleotides long. the GC content is 56% and 81% of the genetic material is coding genes.
The modification of this plasmid is a very important source in the production of transgenic plants.
The T-DNA must be cut out of the circular plasmid. A VirD1/D2 complex nicks the DNA at the left and right border sequences. The VirD2 protein is covalently attached to the 5' end. VirD2 contains a motif that leads to the nucleoprotein complex being targeted to the type IV secretion system (T4SS).
In the cytoplasm of the recipient cell, the T-DNA complex becomes coated with VirE2 proteins, which are exported through the T4SS independently from the T-DNA complex. Nuclear localization signals, or NLS, located on the VirE2 and VirD2 are recognized by the importin alpha protein, which then associates with importin beta and the nuclear pore complex to transfer the T-DNA into the nucleus. So that the T-DNA can integrate into the host genome.
We inoculate Agrobacterium containing our genes of interest, onto wounded plant tissue explants. The Agrobacterium then transfers the gene of interest into the DNA of the plant tissue.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer is a process by which the Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacterium transfers specific DNA from its plasmid into the genome of plant host cells. A. tumefaciens causes crown gall disease in plants by wounding the stem and injecting tumor-inducing genes. These genes can be replaced by genes of interest for plant transformation. The process involves using an engineered plasmid with the gene of interest, exposing plant explants like rice embryos to A. tumefaciens, and regenerating transgenic plants through callus formation and shoot/root development.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
Agrobacterium is a soil-borne bacteria that can transfer DNA fragments called T-DNA from its tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid into plant cells. This process allows for efficient gene transfer. The T-DNA contains oncogenes that cause tumor formation in plants as well as genes for opine synthesis. Virulence genes on the Ti plasmid regulate T-DNA transfer through a type IV secretion system. There are two main strategies for using Agrobacterium for plant genetic engineering - co-integration vectors, where the gene of interest is inserted into the Ti plasmid, and binary vectors, where the T-DNA and virulence genes are on separate replicons that complement each other in Agrobacterium.
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This document summarizes the process of plant genetic transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. It describes how A. tumefaciens transfers T-DNA from its Ti plasmid into plant cells, integrating the T-DNA into the plant genome and expressing genes that cause crown gall disease. The document also outlines the key steps in the process, from gene transfer to the plant cell through regeneration of a transformed whole plant and methods to detect successful transformation events. Common genes inserted into transgenic crops are also listed, including genes for herbicide and insect resistance.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
This document summarizes Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, which is a process where genes are transferred from Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria to plant cells. Key points include: A. tumefaciens transfers oncogenes from its Ti plasmid to plant genomes, integrating the T-DNA and causing crown gall disease; the process involves virulence genes and results in opine production in the plant; common methods are wounding, co-cultivation, and leaf disks; transformation allows foreign genes to be stably integrated and expressed in plants.
ROLE OF Agrobacterium in plant pathology
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that causes crown gall disease in plants by transferring tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid DNA to host cells.
- The Ti plasmid contains genes (vir genes) required for T-DNA processing and transfer to plant cells. A key vir gene is virE2, which encodes a single-stranded DNA binding protein.
- A study introduced the virE2 gene into Nicotiana benthamiana plants to test if it provides tolerance against Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV), a geminivirus.
- Results showed that virE2 reduced SLCMV infection symptoms and spread in transgenic N. bent
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This document discusses Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil bacterium that causes crown gall disease in plants. It transfers tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid DNA into wounded plant cells, integrating it into the plant genome and causing tumors. The Ti plasmid contains the T-DNA region flanked by borders, which is transferred to plants. It also contains virulence genes and opine catabolism genes. The infection process involves signal induction, bacterial attachment, production of virulence proteins, T-DNA production and transfer into the plant cell nucleus where it integrates.
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The other vectors which are generally used are DNA and RNA viruses.
Agrobacterium CM
1) Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that can transfer DNA fragments (T-DNA) from its tumor-inducing plasmid into plant cells.
2) The T-DNA is flanked by left and right border sequences and encodes genes that cause plant cells to form tumors and produce nutrients for the bacteria.
3) Upon detection of wounded plant cells, genes on the bacterial plasmid and chromosome mediate T-DNA processing and transfer into the plant cell nucleus where it integrates randomly.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer in plants.
This power point presentation consist of 41 slides. Attempts have been made to illustrate how Agrobacterium behaves us natural genetic engineer. How it can infect a plant through wound and a part of DNA present on Ti plasmid is Tranferred and causes disease as crown gall in the infected plant. In second part of the presentation attempts have been made to describe how Agrobacterium can be utilized for iinsertion of desired gene into the plant,what manipulation are to be made with Agrobacterium.How infection and transfer of desired gene can be made possible.What is the role of plant tissue culture etc.
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This document discusses Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. Agrobacterium is a genus of bacteria that can transfer DNA between itself and plants, causing tumors. The most commonly studied species is A. tumefaciens, which causes crown gall disease in plants. A. tumefaciens contains a Ti plasmid that can transfer a segment of DNA (T-DNA) into the host plant genome. The T-DNA contains oncogenes that cause tumor formation and opine synthesis genes. Virulence genes on the Ti plasmid (Vir genes) are required for T-DNA transfer.
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that naturally transfers DNA to plant cells and causes crown gall disease. It contains a tumor-inducing plasmid (Ti plasmid) that can be engineered to transfer foreign genes of interest into plant genomes. This process, called Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, is commonly used in genetic engineering due to its high efficiency. The Ti plasmid contains T-DNA that is transferred to plant cells, along with virulence genes that facilitate transfer without being transferred themselves. Transformed plants are regenerated from cultured plant cells or tissues containing the novel genes. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is useful for genetic engineering but has limitations such as a narrow host range and time-consuming
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The document summarizes how Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used for plant genetic engineering. It describes the key components of the Ti plasmid, including the T-DNA, vir genes, and opine catabolism genes. It explains that the Ti plasmid is modified by deleting tumor-causing genes and inserting a gene of interest, along with selectable markers. The modified plasmid is transferred to A. tumefaciens via triparental mating and then used to transform plant cells. Transformed cells are selected using antibiotics and regenerated into transgenic plants.
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1. The document discusses Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation using the soil bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes.
2. It describes the Ti and Ri plasmids contained in A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes that allow for transfer of T-DNA containing genes into plant cells.
3. The binary vector strategy is discussed as an effective method for inserting foreign genes into the T-DNA and transforming plant cells.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a tool for genetic engineering in plants
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a tool for genetic engineering in plants. It is a soil bacterium that can transfer DNA fragments called T-DNA from its tumor-inducing plasmid into the genome of plant cells. The T-DNA can be modified to contain desirable genes for traits like herbicide or pest resistance. The bacterium recognizes wounded plant cells and transfers T-DNA using virulence genes. Integrated T-DNA is then expressed stably in the plant genome. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is widely used for genetic engineering in plants due to its simplicity, efficiency and ability to transfer large DNA segments.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transformation
This document provides an overview of Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation. It begins with an introduction to genetic transformation methods, including direct and indirect techniques. It then discusses Agrobacterium, including its classification, the history of using it for gene transformation, and features of its T-DNA and virulence genes. The document outlines the process of T-DNA transfer from Agrobacterium to plant cells. Finally, it describes some common methods for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, such as infection through wounds, leaf disk, and co-cultivation techniques.
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacteria known to cause crown gall disease in plants. It has been used for genetic engineering due to its ability to transfer DNA segments (T-DNA) from its tumor-inducing plasmid into plant cells. The T-DNA can be modified to contain genes of interest. To make A. tumefaciens useful for genetic engineering, the oncogenes are removed to make it nonpathogenic while retaining its DNA transfer ability. The modified T-DNA with genes of interest is then introduced. A. tumefaciens has been used to genetically engineer many important crops like soybean, cotton, maize and produce new varieties with desirable traits.
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Agrobacterium is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria found mostly in the soil. It is a plant pathogen that is responsible for causing crown gall disease in them. This bacteria is also known as the natural genetic engineer because of it's the ability to integrate its plasmid Gene into the plant genome.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfer of their genetic material T-DNA of Ti-plasmid into the plant cell: A: Agrobacterium tumefaciens; B: Agrobacterium genome; C: Ti Plasmid : a: T-DNA , b: Vir genes , c: Replication origin , d: Opines catabolism genes; D: Plant cell
A Ti-Plasmid (tumor-inducing plasmid) is a ds, circular DNA that often, but not always. It's a piece of genetic equipment that transfers genetic material from bacterial cells means Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plant cells used to induce tumors in the plant. The Ti-plasmid is damage when Agrobacterium is grown above 28 °C. Such cured bacteria don't induce crown gall disease in the plant due to they are avirulent. The Ti-Plasmid are classified into two types on the basis of opine genes are present in T-DNA.
The Plasmid has 196 genes that code for 195 proteins. There is no one structural RNA. The plasmid is 206.479 nucleotides long. the GC content is 56% and 81% of the genetic material is coding genes.
The modification of this plasmid is a very important source in the production of transgenic plants.
The T-DNA must be cut out of the circular plasmid. A VirD1/D2 complex nicks the DNA at the left and right border sequences. The VirD2 protein is covalently attached to the 5' end. VirD2 contains a motif that leads to the nucleoprotein complex being targeted to the type IV secretion system (T4SS).
In the cytoplasm of the recipient cell, the T-DNA complex becomes coated with VirE2 proteins, which are exported through the T4SS independently from the T-DNA complex. Nuclear localization signals, or NLS, located on the VirE2 and VirD2 are recognized by the importin alpha protein, which then associates with importin beta and the nuclear pore complex to transfer the T-DNA into the nucleus. So that the T-DNA can integrate into the host genome.
We inoculate Agrobacterium containing our genes of interest, onto wounded plant tissue explants. The Agrobacterium then transfers the gene of interest into the DNA of the plant tissue.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer is a process by which the Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacterium transfers specific DNA from its plasmid into the genome of plant host cells. A. tumefaciens causes crown gall disease in plants by wounding the stem and injecting tumor-inducing genes. These genes can be replaced by genes of interest for plant transformation. The process involves using an engineered plasmid with the gene of interest, exposing plant explants like rice embryos to A. tumefaciens, and regenerating transgenic plants through callus formation and shoot/root development.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
Agrobacterium is a soil-borne bacteria that can transfer DNA fragments called T-DNA from its tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid into plant cells. This process allows for efficient gene transfer. The T-DNA contains oncogenes that cause tumor formation in plants as well as genes for opine synthesis. Virulence genes on the Ti plasmid regulate T-DNA transfer through a type IV secretion system. There are two main strategies for using Agrobacterium for plant genetic engineering - co-integration vectors, where the gene of interest is inserted into the Ti plasmid, and binary vectors, where the T-DNA and virulence genes are on separate replicons that complement each other in Agrobacterium.
Bio saftey in transgenics & its products
Transgenic plants are those plants were we insert an foreign gene in an host genome to modify its characters such as Stress tolerance, Virus resistant, Biotic and Abiotic Tolerance etc.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
This document summarizes the process of plant genetic transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. It describes how A. tumefaciens transfers T-DNA from its Ti plasmid into plant cells, integrating the T-DNA into the plant genome and expressing genes that cause crown gall disease. The document also outlines the key steps in the process, from gene transfer to the plant cell through regeneration of a transformed whole plant and methods to detect successful transformation events. Common genes inserted into transgenic crops are also listed, including genes for herbicide and insect resistance.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
This document summarizes Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, which is a process where genes are transferred from Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria to plant cells. Key points include: A. tumefaciens transfers oncogenes from its Ti plasmid to plant genomes, integrating the T-DNA and causing crown gall disease; the process involves virulence genes and results in opine production in the plant; common methods are wounding, co-cultivation, and leaf disks; transformation allows foreign genes to be stably integrated and expressed in plants.
ROLE OF Agrobacterium in plant pathology
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that causes crown gall disease in plants by transferring tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid DNA to host cells.
- The Ti plasmid contains genes (vir genes) required for T-DNA processing and transfer to plant cells. A key vir gene is virE2, which encodes a single-stranded DNA binding protein.
- A study introduced the virE2 gene into Nicotiana benthamiana plants to test if it provides tolerance against Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV), a geminivirus.
- Results showed that virE2 reduced SLCMV infection symptoms and spread in transgenic N. bent
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This document discusses Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil bacterium that causes crown gall disease in plants. It transfers tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid DNA into wounded plant cells, integrating it into the plant genome and causing tumors. The Ti plasmid contains the T-DNA region flanked by borders, which is transferred to plants. It also contains virulence genes and opine catabolism genes. The infection process involves signal induction, bacterial attachment, production of virulence proteins, T-DNA production and transfer into the plant cell nucleus where it integrates.
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Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptx
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptx
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
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Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Agrobacteruim_mediated_gene_transfer.ppt
- 1. Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer Presented by: Francis Timung M.Sc 2nd Semester Session 2013-14
- 2. Agrobacterium tumifaciens Scientific classification: Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Family: Rhizobiaceae Genus: Agrobacterium Species: A. tumefaciens
- 3. Agrobacterium tumifaciens Agrobacterium tumefaciens (updated scientific name: Rhizobium radiobacter) is the causal agent of crown gall disease (the formation of tumors) in over 140 species of dicot. Unlike the nitrogen fixing symbionts, tumor producing Agrobacterium are pathogenic and do not benefit the plant. Economically, A. tumefaciens is a serious pathogen of walnuts, grape vines, stone fruits, nut trees, sugar beets, horse radish and rhubarb.
- 4. Agrobacterium tumifaciens Fig: Different types of plants infected by Crown Gall
- 5. Agrobacterium tumifaciens Fig: Graphical illustration of Agrobacterium infection procedure
- 6. Agrobacterium tumifaciens Fig: Ti Plasmid Genome Organisation 200kb Plasmid. Has four (4) major regions. T-DNA region or Transfer DNA region which has gene for Auxin, Cytokinin and Opine. T-DNA region is integrated into the plant genome. A left and right border repeat. An ORI. Virulence region that has genes that mediate
- 7. Ti-plasmid Organisation: LB Auxin Cytokinin Opine RB T-DNA Region: Auxin and Cytokinin gene induces cell division and proliferation. Opine gene will synthesize opines. LB and RB are required for transfer.
- 8. Ti-plasmid Organisation: virA virB virC virD virE virF virG virH Virulence or Vir Region: Virulence region is organised into 8 operons, virA to virH and has approximately 25 genes. vir region mediates the transfer of T-DNA into the plant genome.
- 9. Mode of Infection: Step 1: Wounded plant region produces acetosyringone as wounded response. Step 2: Bacterial chromosomal genes called chv genes facilitates intimate binding of bacteria to the plant cell at the wounded site. Step 3: Acetosyringone activates vir region binds to virA protein which is an acetosyringone receptor. Step 4: virA phosphorylates virG which demerises and activates expression of all vir operons. Step 5: All the vir genes together mediates T-DNA transfer and its integration into the plant genome. Chv genes = Chromosome virulence genes Vir gene = Virulence genes
- 10. HOW IS Agrobacterium USEFUL IN GENETIC ENGINEERING? The DNA transmission capabilities of Agrobacterium have been vastly explored in biotechnology as a means of inserting foreign genes into plants. Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell, discovered the gene transfer mechanism between Agrobacterium and plants, resulted in the development of methods to alter the bacterium into an efficient delivery system for genetic engineering in plants. The plasmid T-DNA that is transferred to the plant is an ideal vehicle for genetic engineering. This is done by cloning a desired gene sequence into the T-DNA that will be inserted into the host DNA.
- 11. HOW IS Agrobacterium USEFUL IN GENETIC ENGINEERING? Any fragment of DNA can be transferred into the plant genome by replacing the T-DNA with the gene of our interest, provided that: 1). LB and RB repeats should be there 2). Vir region are required to mediate gene transfer 3). Chromosomal genes(Chv genes) are required LB Auxin Cytokinin Opine RB Gene of Interest
- 12. Examples of Agrobacterium mediated plants: Fig 1: Illustrates the Agrobacterium - mediated tobacco transformation. A: Non-transgenic tobacco leaves in germinating medium, B: tobacco leaf discs after Agrobacterium transformation, C: initial stages of callus formation D: Calli towards shoot formation, E: formation of new shoots from calli, F: regenerated plant ready to be transferred to the green house.
- 13. Examples of Agrobacterium mediated plants: Fig 2 : Illustrates the Agrobacterium – mediated Rice transformation. (A) Germination and embryogenic calli induction from dehulled mature seeds. (B) Co-cultivation with A. tumefaciens after removal of endosperm from embryogenic calli. (C) Selection for hygromycin-resistant calli. (D) Shoot induction and shoot elongation from vigorously growing calli. (E) Acclimation and growth of transgenic plants in green house.
- 14. THANK YOU!