Biodegradable waste consists of organics that can be utilized for food by naturally occurring micro- organisms within a reasonable length of time. The biodegradable organic comprise of agro residue, food processing rejections, municipal solid waste (food waste, leaves from garden waste, paper, cloths/ rags etc.), waste from poultry farms, cattle farm slaughter houses, dairy, sugar, distillery, paper, oil extraction plant, starch processing and leather industries.​ Non-Biodegradable organic materials are organics resistant to biological degradation or have a very low degradation rate. This primarily includes woody plants, Cardboard, cartons, containers, wrappings, pouches, discarded clothing, wooden furniture, agricultural dry waste, bagasse, rice husk etc. 

1. ENERGY
SOURCES OF
GARBAGE

2. Types of Waste
There are different types of waste which are
generated from our daily or industrial activities such
as organic waste, e-waste, hazardous waste, inert
waste
etc. Organic waste refers to waste which degrades or
broken down by microorganisms over time. All orga
nic wastes
are essentially carbon based compounds; though the
y may be diverse in nature and have different degrad
ation rate. Organic waste has significant portion in
overall waste generation in industrial/urban/
agricultural sector and therefore it can be used for
energy generation.
The organic fraction of waste can be further
classified as non-biodegradable and biodegradable
organic waste

3. • Biodegradable waste consists of organics that can
be utilized for food by naturally occurring micro-
organisms within a reasonable length of time.
The biodegradable organic comprise of agro residue,
food processing rejections, municipal solid waste (fo
od waste, leaves from garden waste, paper, cloths/
rags etc.), waste from poultry farms, cattle farm
slaughter houses, dairy, sugar, distillery, paper, oil
extraction plant, starch processing and
leather industries.​
• Non-Biodegradable organic materials are organics
resistant to biological degradation or have a
very low degradation rate. This primarily includes
woody plants,
Cardboard, cartons, containers, wrappings, pouches,
discarded clothing, wooden furniture, agricultural dry
waste, bagasse, rice husk etc.

4. The technology of WTE (waste-to-energy)
incineration, which recovers energy from discarded
MSW and produces electricity and/or steam for
heating, is recognized as a
renewable source of energy and is playing an
increasingly important role in MSW
management in Libya.
Garbage: the four broad categories
Organic waste: kitchen waste, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits.
Toxic waste: old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide
containers, batteries, shoe polish.
Recyclable: paper, glass, metals, plastics.
Soiled: hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids.
Types of solid waste
Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source:
a) Household waste is generally classified as municipal waste,
b) Industrial waste as hazardous waste, and
c) Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste.

5. • Technologies
Waste-to-Energy (WTE) technologies to recover the energy from the waste in the form of Electricity
and Biogas/Syngas are given as below:​
• Bio methanation
Bio methanation is anaerobic digestion of organic materials which is converted into
biogas. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a bacterial fermentation process that operates without free
oxygen and results in a biogas containing mostly methane (~60%), carbon dioxide (~40%) and other
gases. Bio methanation has dual benefits. It gives biogas as well as manure as end product.​
This technology can be conveniently employed in a decentralized manner for biodegradation of
segregated organic wet wastes such as wastes from kitchens, canteens, institutions, hotels, and
slaughter houses and vegetables markets.​
The biogas generated from Bio methanation process can be
burned directly in a gas boiler/burner to produce heat for thermal
application industries and cooking or burnt in a gas engine to
produce electricity. Alternatively, the biogas can be cleaned to
remove the carbon dioxide and other substances,
to produce Boing. This can be injected into the national gas grid
to be used in the same way as natural gas, or used as a vehicle
fuel.​​
By using Bio methanation process, 20-25kgs of Cattle dung can
generate about 1m3 of biogas and further 1m3 of Biogas has

6. • INCINERATION:​
Incineration technology is complete combustion of waste (Municipal Solid Waste or Refuse
derived fuel) with the recovery of heat to produce steam that in turn produces power through
steam turbines.​
The flue gases produced in the boilers have to be treated by an elaborate air pollution
control system. The resultant ash from incineration of solid waste can be used as
construction material after necessary processing while the residue can be safely disposed of
in a landfill.​
This technology is well established technology and has been deployed in many projects
successfully at commercial level in India to treat solid wastes like Municipal Solid Waste and
Industrial solid Waste etc. and generate electricity.​

7. •PYROLYSIS
Pyrolysis uses heat to break down combustible materials
in the absence of oxygen, producing a mixture
of combustible gases (primarily methane, complex
hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide), liquids and
solid residues. The products of pyrolysis process are: (i) a
gas mixture; (ii) a liquid (bio-oil/tar); (iii) a solid residue
(carbon black). The gas generated by either of these
processes can be used in boilers to provide heat, or it can
be cleaned up and used in combustion
turbine generators. The purpose of pyrolysis of waste is to
minimize emissions and to maximize the gain.
GASIFICATION
Gasification is a process that uses high temperatures (500-1800o C) in the presence of limited
amounts of oxygen to decompose materials to produce synthetic gas (a mixture of carbon
monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2)). Biomass, agro-residues, Segregated MSW and RDF pellets
are used in the gasifier to produce Syngas. This gas further can be used for thermal or power
generation purposes
The purpose of gasification of waste is to generate power more efficiently at lower power level (<
2MW) and also to minimize emissions and hence it is an attractive alternative for the thermal
treatment of solid waste.
PYROLYSIS

8. When garbage decomposes, it gives off methane gas. Natural gas is made up of
methane. Pipelines are put into the landfills and the methane gas is collected. It is then
used in power plants to make electricity.
 The total estimated energy generation potential from urban and industrial
organic waste in India is approximately 5690 MW.

9. Sl N Sectors Energy potential – MW
1 Urban Solid Waste 1247
2 Urban Liquid waste 375
3 Paper (liquid waste) 254
4 Processing and preserving of meat
(liquid waste)
182
5 Processing and preserving of meat
(solid waste)
13
6 Processing and preserving of fish,
crustaceans and molluscs
( liquid waste)
17
7 Vegetable Processing (solid
waste)
3
8 Vegetable Raw(solid waste) 579
9 Fruit Processing (solid waste) 8
10 Fruit Raw (solid waste) 203
11 Palm Oil (solid waste) 2
12 Milk Processing/Dairy Products
(liquid waste)
24

10. 14 Tapioca Starch (liquid waste) 36
15 Tapioca Starch (solid waste) 15
16 Sugar (liquid waste) 49
17 Sugar press mud (solid waste) 200
18 Distillery (liquid waste) 781
19 Wine Industry NA
20 Slaughterhouse (solid waste) 48
21 Slaughterhouse (liquid waste) 263
22 Cattle farm (solid waste) 862
23 Poultry (solid waste) 462
24 Chicory (solid waste) 1
25 Tanneries (liquid waste) 9
26 Tanneries (solid waste) 10
Total (MWeq) 5690