Agriculture Development Programme’s / Scheme’s in India (2000 to 2013)

Seminar Incharge Speaker
Dr. J. P. Yadav Sunil Kumar Meena
Professor Ph.D. Scholar
Department of Extension Education Department of Extension Education
SKN COA, Jobner (Jaipur) SKN COA, Jobner (Jaipur)
(SKN Agriculture University, Jobner-Jaipur)
Credit seminar
On
Agriculture Development Programme’s / Scheme’s in India
(2000 to 2013)

Agriculture Development Programme / Scheme :
Terminology:
Agriculture is the science, art, or occupation concerned with cultivating
land, raising crops, and feeding, breeding, and raising livestock; farming.
the production of crops, livestock, or poultry etc. .
What is development: development can be defined as bringing about
social change that allows people to achieve their human potential. ...
Furthermore, development is often regarded as something that is done by
one group (such as a development agency) to another (such as rural
farmers in a developing country).

What is Programme: The word 'programme' has several distinct
meanings in the dictionary. It means a proclamation, a prospectus, a list of
events, a plan of procedures, a course of action prepared or announced
beforehand, a logical sequence of operations to be performed in solving a
problem. When used by an organisation, it means a prospectus or a
statement issued to promote understanding and interest in an enterprise.
Development Programme: The process of formulating, improving, and
expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work
plans (excluding computer program development).

Scheme: an official plan or system for doing or organizing something
Policy: a plan of action agreed or chosen by a government, a company, etc.

Introduction:
The Government has been, since country’s independence, formulating
policies, programs, projects and schemes and investing significant financial
resources through every Five-Year Plan to accelerate the rural development. All
these programs and schemes being implemented by the concerned ministries and
departments of the union and state governments in the area of education, health,
drinking water, sanitation, transport and communication and supporting
infrastructure, among others, have shown varying degree of response and
performance at the grassroots level, and of course, much less than expected in
respect of measurable indicators of human development index.

Concept
The policy and programs of rural development aim at alleviating rural
poverty, generating employment and removing hunger and malnourishment
accompanied by the enrichment of the quality of human life as reflected by
significantly improved human development index. The problem of rural
development, however, is not merely one of development of rural areas but
of the development of rural communities to dispel ignorance and poverty
and assist the process of creating a self-reliant and self-sustaining, healthy
modern little community.

Concept
The increased income is expected to be so distributed as to result in
significant diminution of inequalities of income and wealth and reflect better
human development index. Every rural family should have its reasonable
share in the generation of the GDP and increasing per capita income.

Pre-Independent Programme in India:
Year Place Person/agency
1903
Scheme of Rural Reconstruction at the
Sunderbans in Bengal
Sir Daniel Hamilton
1920 Gurgaon project in Haryana Mr. F.L. Brayne
1920 Sriniketan experiment in Bengal Sri Rabindra Nath Tagore
1920 Seva-gram experiment in Wardha in Gujarat Shree Mahatma Gandhi
1928 Marthandam project in Kerala
Dr. Spencer Hatch
Young Men Christian Association
(YMCA)
1932 Baroda village reconstruction project Shree B.T. Krishnamachari
1945 Indian village service Dr. W.H. Wisher
1946
Firka Vikas Yojana in Madras (now in
Tamilnadu)
Government of Madras

Post-Independent Programme in India:
Year Programme/scheme Person/agency/ approach
1948
Nilokheri experiment
(Mazdoor Manzil)
Shree S. K. Dey
1948 Etawah pilot project Albert Mayer
1952 CDP Community Development Programme
1953 NES National Extension Service
1954 CDB Community Development Block
1957 Panchayati Raj Panchayati Raj Democratic Decentralization
Table 1. Community development

Table 2. Technological development
1960 IADP Intensive Agricultural District Programme
1963-64 ICDP Intensive Cattle Development Project
1964 IAAP Intensive Agricultural Area Programme
1966 HYVP High Yielding Variety Programme
1974 KVK Krishi Vigyan Kendra
1974 T&V Training & Visit System
1979 LLP Lab to Land Programme
1983 NAEP National Agricultural Extension Project
1986 TMO Technology Mission on Oilseeds
1995 TAR-IVLP Technology Assessment and Refinement Institute Village
Linkage Programme
1998 NATP National Agricultural Technology Project
1998 ATIC Agricultural Technology Information Centre
1999 ATMA Agricultural Technology Management Agency

Table 3. Other development Programme
1970-1971 SFDA Small Farmers Development Agency
1970-1971 MFAL
Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers
Programme
1970-1971 DPAP Drought Prone Areas Programme
1972-1973 PPTD Pilot Project for Tribal Development
1978-1979 IRDP Integrated Rural Development Programme
1979 TRYSEM Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment
1980 NREP National Rural Employment Programme
1982 DWCRA
Development of Women and Children in Rural
Areas
1989 JRY Jawahar Rojgar Yojana

Agriculture Development Programme in
India from Year 2000:

1. National Agricultural Insurance Scheme

National Agricultural Insurance Scheme(NAIS)
National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) is the
Government sponsored crop insurance scheme under
implementation in the country since Rabi 1999-2000
season as part of risk management in agriculture with the
objective of providing financial support to the farmers in
the event of failure of crops as a result of natural
calamities, pests and diseases. Agriculture Insurance
Company of India (AIC) Ltd. is the Implementing Agency
of the Scheme.

National Agricultural Insurance Scheme(NAIS)
The scheme is available to all the farmers – loanee and non-loanee
both - irrespective of their size of holding. It envisages coverage of all the
food crops (cereals, millets and pulses), oilseeds and annual
commercial/horticultural crops, in respect of which past yield data is
available for adequate number of years.

National Agricultural Insurance Scheme(NAIS) Cont..
The premium rates are 3.5% per cent (of sum insured) for bajra and
oilseeds, 2.5% for other Kharif crops; 1.5% for wheat and 2% for other Rabi
crops. In the case of commercial/horticultural crops, actuarial rates are
being charged. At present small and marginal farmers are entitle to subsidy
of 10% of the premium charged from them which is shared equally by
Centre and State Governments.
The scheme is operating on the basis of ‘Area Approach’ i.e. defined
areas for each notified crops – block, tehsil, Mandal, firka, circle, gram
panchayat etc

A. Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme
To improve further and make the scheme easier & more farmer
friendly, a Joint Group was constituted by GOI to study the existing
crop insurance schemes. Based on the recommendations of the Joint
Group and view/comments of various stakeholders, a proposal on
Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS) was
prepared which has been approved for implementation on pilot basis
in 50 districts during the remaining period of 11th Plan from Rabi
2010-11.

A. Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme
The salient improvements made in MNAIS are as under:
 Actuarial premium with subsidy in premium ranging upto 75% to all farmers;
 Only upfront premium subsidy is shared by the Central and State Government on
50:50 basis and all claims liability is on the insurance Company.
 Unit area of insurance reduced to village/ village panchayat level for major crops.
 Indemnity for prevented sowing/planting risk and for post harvest losses due to
cyclone (coastal areas);
 On account payment up to 25% of likely claims as immediate relief to farmers;
 Uniform seasonality discipline for loanee and non-loanee farmers;

This scheme
was merged in
Pradhan Mantri
Fasal Bima
Yojana in Feb
2016

Annapurna Yojana:
A. Introduction
The scheme which is 100 percent centrally
sponsored has been launched from April 2000.
B. Objectives
The scheme aims at providing food security
to those senior citizens who are eligible under
the National Old Age Pension Scheme
(NOAPS) but have remained uncovered by it.

Annapurna Yojana: Cont…..
C. Features
1. Applicable to both rural and urban areas
2. Provision month of 10 kg of food free-of-cost to each beneficiary per month
3. Distribution of Entitlement Cards to the beneficiaries.
D. Target beneficiaries/criteria for selection
Assistance under the scheme is available to BPL beneficiaries (male or female) who
satisfy the following conditions:
(a) 65 years of age or above.
(b) Must be a destitute having little or no regular means of subsistence come own
sources of income or through financial support from family members or other sources.
(c) Must be a recipient of pension under the NOAPS or any State Pension Scheme.

ANTYODAYA ANNA YOJANA {AAY}:
AAY was a step in the direction of making TPDS aim
at reducing hunger among the poorest segments of the
BPL population. A National Sample Survey Exercise
pointed towards the fact that about 5% of the total
population in the country sleeps without two square
meals a day. This section of the population could be
called as "hungry”. In order to make TPDS more
focused and targeted towards this category of
population, the "Antyodaya Anna Yojana” (AAY) was
launched in December, 2000 for one crore poorest of
the poor families.

ANTYODAYA ANNA YOJANA {AAY}: Cont…..
 AAY involved identification of one crore poorest of the poor families from
amongst the number of BPL families covered under TPDS within the
States and providing them food grains at a highly subsidized rate of
Rs.2/- per kg. for wheat and Rs.3/- per kg for rice. The States/UTs were
required to bear the distribution cost, including margin to dealers and
retailers as well as the transportation cost. Thus, the entire food subsidy
was passed on to the consumers under the scheme.
 The scale of issue that was initially 25 kg per family per month was
increased to 35 kg per family per month with effect from 1st April 2002.

PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK YOJANA (PMGSY)

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY):
 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
(PMGSY) was launched on 25th December,
2000. It centrally sponsored scheme to
provide road connectivity in rural areas of the
country. The aim of program is to connect all
habitations with a population of 500 persons
and above in plain areas and 250 persons
and above in hilly and desert areas.

Objectives
The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
was launched with the objective of providing
the rural areas with the betterment of socio-
economic conditions through the formation of
durable, all-weather condition road
connectivity, especially to the areas of
unconnected habitation and the other core
areas as well.

4.3 Significance of PMGSY:
A. Ease of Access and Ease of Movement
B. Overall Development
C. Better Employment Opportunities

1. Lack of dedicated funds
2. Inefficiency and lack of focus amongst the planners
3. Inconsistent working season and tough terrains
4. Lack of material and manpower necessary for construction
Challenges faced by PMGSY

Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) :
SGRY is a centrally sponsored scheme
into which the two schemes namely,
Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS)
and Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana
(JGSY) administered by the Panchayats
and Rural Development Department have
been merged with effect from 2001-02.
Introduction:

1.Providing additional wage employment and food security in the
rural areas,
2.Creation of durable community, social and economic assets, and
3.Development of infrastructure
1 Objective of SGRY:

1.Implementation on cost sharing basis between Centre and
States in the proportion 75: 25,
2.Five kgs of food grains (kind component) shall be distributed as
part of wages per person per day,
3.Remaining wages (cash component) will be paid every week and
the 'notified minimum wages' ensured,
2 Features of SGRY:

4. Distribution of food grains will be made to the workers preferably
at the work site,
5.The works to be taken up under SGRY will be labour intensive
leading to the creation of additional wage-employment,
6.Engagement of contractors is banned in executing any work
under this scheme.
2 Features of SGRY:

The SGRY will be available to all rural poor (BPL and APL) who
are in need of wage employment and are willing work around
his/her village or habitation. take up manual or unskilled work
around his/her village or habitation.
3. Target beneficiary and location:

PRADHAN MANTRI GRAMODAYA YOJANA

Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY):
Introduction: Housing is a basic requirement for human well-
being. Not only do all citizens need shelter, they also require in
their houses such facilities as drinking water and proper sanitation.
It is towards this end that a new initiative has recently been
announced, as part of the Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana
(PMGY), in the field of provision of rural shelter, which is focused
to extend benefits to the rural poor. :

The Ministry of Rural Development has been entrusted the responsibility
of providing shelter to the poor in the rural areas. While the Ministry are
already implementing Schemes, including the Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY), in
the sphere of Rural Housing, considering the magnitude of the task it has
been felt to be imperative to supplement the efforts being made in this
direction through the introduction of a Comprehensive Scheme which aims
at reducing the shortage of houses for Below Poverty Line (BPL) families in
the rural areas and also assists in the healthy development of the habitat in
these areas.

6. Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY):
The Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (Gramin
Awaas) will generally, be based on the pattern of the Indira
Awaas Yojana and will be implemented in the rural areas
throughout the country.

Target Group: The target group for houses under the scheme
will be the people who are living Below the Poverty Line in the
rural areas, belonging to Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribes,
freed bonded labourers and non-SC/ST categories. Not more than
40% of the total allocation during a financial year can be utilized
for construction of dwelling unit for non-SC/ST BPL families, while
funds to the tune of 3% will be earmarked for benefit of BPL
disabled persons.

Valmiki Ambedkar Awaas Yojana
Valmiki Ambedkar Awaas Yojana is a centrally-
sponsored scheme which strives to uplift the living
condition of people living in slums across the country. The
prime motto of this scheme is to transform and uplift the
way of life of the slum-dwellers.

Need to improve conditions of slum dwellers
Launched in 2001, the Valmiki Ambedkar Awaas Yojana is a
centrally sponsored scheme which aims to improve the living
conditions of slum dwellers across India, hoping to transform the
way of life in these slums. Given the fact that the growth of our
nation depends on the growth of individuals, this scheme hopes to
help slum dwellers utilize their potential, helping them achieve a
decent standard of living.

Objectives of Valmiki Ambedkar Awaas Yojana:
The primary objective of Valmiki Ambedkar Awaas Yojana is to provide
shelter for people living in urban slums. This scheme is targeted to those
who are under the poverty line, and aims to either build new shelter or
upgrade existing shelter for thousands of slum dwellers. Through this, it
hopes to achieve a goal of providing shelter for everyone, while eliminating
slums from cities at the same time. Apart from shelter, the scheme aims at
providing a healthy environment which can be used to help people crawl
out of the poverty line, helping them improve their standard of living.

Swajaldhara:
As a measure of supplementing the State initiative in the
sector of rural water supply, the need for taking up
community based rural water supply had long been felt. It
is against this background that the Government of India
launched the present community-based drinking water
project in the year 2002.

1. Supply of drinking water, and
2. Enhancing quality of life of the users.
Objectives:
Swajaldhara:

Features:
1. Demand driven project with community participation approach,
2. Panchayats to plan, implement, operate and maintain the drinking water
schemes,
3. Advance payment of 10 percent of the estimated capital cost by the
community.
4. Project cost excluding the community contribution to be borne by the
government of India, and
5. Piped water system with provision for house connection.
Swajaldhara:

At the initial phase, a single project is to be taken up in a
habitation with 200-250 families. Again such project may be
started in areas where tubewells are successful, good aquifer is
available and water quality problems like arsenic etc. do not exist.
Preference may be given to places where electricity is available.
Criteria for selection of project sites:
Swajaldhara:

HARIYALI (2003) :
To involve village communities in the implementation of watershed
projects under all the area development programmes namely, Integrated
Wastelands Development Programme (IWDP), Drought Prone Areas
Programme (DPAP) and Desert Development Programme (DDP), the
Guidelines for Watershed Development were adopted w.e.f.1.4.1995, and
subsequently revised in August 2001. To further simplify procedures and
involve the Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs) more meaningfully in planning,
implementation and management of economic development activities in
rural areas, these new Guidelines called Guidelines for Hariyali are being
issued.

HARIYALI (2003) :
The objectives of projects under HARIYALI will be: –
• Harvesting every drop of rainwater for purposes of irrigation, plantations
including horticulture and floriculture, pasture development, fisheries etc.
to create sustainable sources of income for the village community as well
as for drinking water supplies.
 Ensuring overall development of rural areas through the Gram
Panchayats and creating regular sources of income for the Panchayats
from rainwater harvesting and management.
Objectives

HARIYALI (2003) :
 Employment generation, poverty alleviation, community empowerment
and development of human and other economic resources of the rural
areas.
 Mitigating the adverse effects of extreme climatic conditions such as
drought and desertification on crops, human and livestock population for
the overall improvement of rural areas.
 Restoring ecological balance by harnessing, conserving and developing
natural resources i.e. land, water, vegetative cover especially plantations.
Objectives:

HARIYALI (2003) :
 Encouraging village community towards sustained community
action for the operation and maintenance of assets created and
further development of the potential of the natural resources in
the watershed.
 Promoting use of simple, easy and affordable technological
solutions and institutional arrangements that make use of, and
build upon, local technical knowledge and available materials.
Objectives:

Provision of Urban Amenities
in Rural Areas (PURA):

Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA):
 Vision of PURA President Dr. A.P.J. Kalam's address on eve of Republic Day 2003 “Knowledge
Powered PURA •
 Vision of transformation to a ‘developed’ India can only be realized if we launch a mega mission for
empowering the rural people
 Creation of physical, electronic and knowledge connectivity's leading to economic connectivity in
villages. Such a model of establishing a circular connectivity among the rural village complexes will
accelerate rural development process by empowerment
 PURA to be a business proposition economically viable and managed by entrepreneurs, local people
and small scale industrialists
 Government’s support should be in the form of empowering such management agencies, providing
initial economic support and finding the 2 right type of management structure and leaders to manage
and maintain ”

Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA): :
Pilot Phase: Hon’ble Prime Minister announced implementation of PURA on
Independence Day, 2003
• Planning Commission moved a Cabinet Note on PURA scheme and this was
approved in-principle in January 2004
• A pilot phase was implemented from 2004-05 till 2006-07 with concurrence
of Planning Commission and a total budget of Rs. 30 crore
• Cabinet gave ex post-facto approval to pilot phase in March 2006
• Rs.4 - 5 crore per cluster (over a period of 3 years) in 7 clusters in 7 States
to provide connectivity: transport, power, electronic, knowledge, market and
provision of drinking water and health facilities

6. :
Experience of Pilot Projects:
1. No business plan. Conventional mode of scheme delivery. No participation of private
partners
2. Largely infrastructure centric without factoring lead economic activities •
3. Criteria for project site selection did not factor growth potential •
4. No ownership at State level •
5. Lack of institutional structure with dedicated professional support •
6. No convergence with other schemes of rural development or other Departments After
appraising the pilot phase, Planning Commission advised in 2007 that PURA may be
re-designed as a demand-driven programme through Public Private Partnership
(PPP) mode.

PURA Model:
Depending upon the region and the state of present development PURA can
be classified in three different categories.
Type A : Type A cluster is situated closer to an area and having minimal road
connectivity, limited infrastructure, limited support - school, primary health centre,
Type B: It is situated closer to urban area but has sparsely spread
infrastructure and no connectivity.
Type C cluster located far interior with no infrastructure, no connectivity and no
basic amenities.

Bharat Nirman :
With an objective to change the face of rural India, the ambitious four-year
(2005-09) business plan' has been launched by the Union Government on May
16, 2005. Six key areas have been identified under this plan which are:
(a) Irrigation;
(b) Roads;
(c) Drinking Water;
(d) Housing;
(e) Electricity; and
(f) Telephone.

6. :
Aims and objectives:
(a) Irrigation: Under the plan, it has been proposed to bring an additional 10 million
hectares under assured irrigation. This will entail an investment of 67,000 crore, at
the rate of 75,000 per hectare.
(b) Roads: The Bharat Nirman plan has an ambitious vision to connect all villages
that have a population of 1,000, or 500 in hilly areas with a road. With a view to
redressing the situation of rural road connectivity, the Pradhan Mantri Gramin Sadak
Yojana (PMGSY) was launched on 15th August, 2000 to provide all weather access
unconnected habitations, with a population of 1000 and above by 2002-03, and 500 by
2007. The PMGSY is a 100 percent centrally sponsored scheme.
Bharat Nirman :

6. :
(c) Drinking water: To supply safe drinking water has been a challenge for the
economy. So, it has been decided to provide drinking water to the remaining 74,000
habitations, that are uncovered, by 2009.
d) Housing: Under this scheme, 60 lakh additional houses are to be constructed for
the poor. The Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) is the major scheme for construction of houses
for the poor, free-of-cost. The Ministry of Rural Development provides equity support to
the Housing and Urban Development Cooperation (HUDCO) for this purpose.
Bharat Nirman :

6. :
(e) Electricity: According to 1991 Census, 1,25,000 out of 5,87,556 villages did not
have connectivity with electricity. The Bharat Nirman project entails to ensure this facility
to the remaining villages and offer connection to 2.3 crore households.
(f) Telephone: The sixth and last target under Bharat Nirman is to give telephone
connectivity to the remaining 66,822 villages. By 30 November, 2009 more than 5,20,000
villages will be connected with village public telephone.
Bharat Nirman :

6. :
Nature of funding
This programme will entail an investment of over 1,74,000 crores over a four
year period. This scheme is in tune with the country's commitment of fulfilling the
UN Millennium Development Goals. There is no plan to impose any cess or
additional tax to fund this business plan. Bulk of the huge outlay is already part of
the expenditure budgets of the Centre and the States.
Bharat Nirman :

6. : National Horticulture Mission
National Horticulture Mission (NHM) is an Indian horticulture Scheme
promoted by Government of India. It was launched under the 10th five-year
plan in the year 2005-06.While Government of India contributes 60%, 40%
share is contributed by State Governments.
The NHM's key objective is to develop horticulture to the maximum potential
available in the state and to augment production of all horticultural products
(fruits, vegetables, flowers, coco, cashew nut, plantation crops, spices,
medicinal aromatic plants) in the state.

6. : National Horticulture Mission
objectives NHM:
1. To provide holistic growth of the horticulture sector through an area based regionally
differentiated strategies
2. To enhance horticulture production, improve nutritional security and income support
to farm households
3. To establish convergence and synergy among multiple on-going and planned
programmes for horticulture development
4. To promote, develop and disseminate technologies, through a seamless blend of
traditional wisdom and modern scientific knowledge
5. To create opportunities for employment generation for skilled and unskilled persons,
especially unemployed youth

6. : National Horticulture Mission: :

6. : National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) :
The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) was launched by
the Prime Minister on 12th April 2005, to provide accessible,
affordable and quality health care to the rural population,
especially the vulnerable groups.
A special focus has been given to the Empowered Action
Group (EAG) States. The States of North-East, J&K and
Himachal Pradesh are also considered. This is to ensure that the
necessary attention is delivered wherever needed.

6. : National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) :
Objectives and Components of NRHM:
The essence of NRHM is a health delivery system that functions independently, is
community-owned and decentralized. The mission also aims to deliver constant support
to those who contribute to the social determinants of health. Basic objectives to
implement NRHM are:
 Reduction in infant mortality rate and maternal mortality rate
 Ensuring population stabilization
 Prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases
 Upgrading AYUSH(Ayurvedic Yoga Unani Siddh and Homoeopath) for promotion of a
healthy lifestyle.

6. :
13. National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) :
Major initiatives under NRHM are as follows:
1. ASHA:
2. Rogi Kalyan Samiti (Patient Welfare Committee)/Hospital Management
Society:
3. The United Grants to Sub-Centres
4. Health Care Service Delivery
5. Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram

National Agriculture Innovation Project

National Agriculture Innovation Project {2006}:
The Government of India has launched the National Agricultural
Innovation project with a credit support of the World Bank. The ICAR is
operating the Project. The overall objective of the project is to facilitate
accelerated and sustainable transformation of Indian agriculture for
rural poverty alleviation and income generation by the application of
agricultural innovations through collaboration among public research
organizations, farmers’ groups, NGOs, the private sector and the civil
societies and other stakeholders.

The National Agricultural Innovation Project contributes to the
sustainable transformation of Indian agricultural sector to more of a
market orientation to relieve poverty and improve income. The specific
aim is to accelerate collaboration among public research organizations,
farmers, the private sector and stakeholders in using agricultural
innovations.

6. :
The Basic Principles
1. To give the agricultural research and technology development system an
explicit development and business perspective through innovative models. In other
words, the agricultural research system should be able to support agriculture as a
business venture and also as a means of security of livelihood of the rural Indian
while maintaining excellence in science.
2. To make the National Agricultural Research System a 'pluralistic' system where every
Organisation having stake in agricultural research: public, private or civil society, has
to play a role.
3. Working in well-defined partnership groups with clear common goals and
understanding on sharing responsibilities and benefits.

6. :
The Basic Principles
4.Funding through competition so that a wide choice of excellent innovative
ideas come in from the stakeholders themselves.
5.Work with focus, plan and time frames.
Develop well-tested models for application of agricultural research and
technology for profitability of farming, income generation and poverty
alleviation.

6. :
Components of NAIP
The NAIP will function through four components:
1.The ICAR as the Catalyzing Agent for the Management of Change in the
Indian NARS
2.Research on Production to Consumption Systems (PCS)
3.Research on Sustainable Rural Livelihood Security (SRLS) and
4.Basic and Strategic Research in the Frontier Areas of Agricultural
Sciences (BSR)

6. :
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guaranti Act
(MGNREGA)
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA) is an Indian legislation enacted on 7th September 2005 and
launched on Feb 2,2006 from Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh, that aims to
guarantee the 'right to work' and ensure livelihood security in rural areas by
providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial
year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled
manual work.

6. : Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guaranti Act (MGNREGA)
2 Objectives of NREGA
A.Augmenting wage employment.
B.Strengthening natural resource management through works that address
causes of chronic poverty like drought, deforestation and soil erosion and so
encourage sustainable development.
C.Strengthening grassroots processes of democracy.
D.Infusing transparency and accountability in governance.
E.Strengthening decentralization and deepening processes of democracy by
giving a pivotal role to the Panchayati Raj Institutions in planning, monitoring
and implementation.

6. : Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guaran Act (MGNREGA)
SALIENT FEATURES OF MGNREGA •
i) Adult members of a rural household willing to participate, have to apply for registration,
either orally or in written, to Gram Panchayat; they will be provided with a Job Card
within 15 days after verification, with proper photographs of the members willing, free of
cost!
ii) Employment will be given within 15 days of application for work; if not ,daily
unemployment allowance as per the Act, has to be paid; liability of payment of
unemployment allowance is of the State.
iii) Work should ordinarily be provided within 5 km radius of the village. In case work is
provided beyond 5 km, extra wages of 10% are payable to meet additional transportation
and living expenses.

SALIENT FEATURES OF MGNREGA
iv) Wages are to be paid according to the Minimum Wages Act 1948 for
agricultural laborers in the State, unless the Centre notifies a wage rate which will
not be less than Rs. 245/ per day. Equal wages will be provided to both men and
women.
v) Disbursement of wages has to be done on weekly basis and not beyond a
fortnight in any case.
vi) At least one-third beneficiaries shall be women who have registered and
requested work under the scheme.

SALIENT FEATURES OF MGNREGA
vii) Work site facilities such as crèche, drinking water and shade have to be
provided.
viii) Permissible works predominantly include water and soil conservation,
afforestation and land development works. Contractors and machinery are not
allowed.
ix) A 60:40 wage and material ratio has to be maintained.
x) The Central Government bears the 100 percent wage cost of unskilled manual
labor and 75 percent of the material cost including the wages of skilled and semi-
skilled workers

Management Information System (MIS)
A web enabled MIS www.nrega.nic.in has been developed. This makes
data transparent and available in the public domain to be equally accessed by all.
Benefits availed through NREGA MIS: E-Governance for Masses:
• Computerization of all NREGA activities
• All information available for public access •
Accuracy ensured in payment of wages to workers •
Lodging of complaints through Grievance Redressal System Assists Gram
Panchayats in NREGA Implementation:  Tracking of 100 days of employment to
a household 

Activity In MNREGA:
i. Water Conservation and water harvesting including contour trenches, contour bunds,
boulder checks, gabion structures, underground dykes, earthen dams, stop dams and
spring shed development;
ii. Drought Proofing including plantation and afforestation;
iii. Irrigation canals including micro and minor irrigation works;
iv. Provision of irrigation facility, dug out farm pond, horticulture, plantation, farm bunding
and land development;

Activity In MNREGA:
v. Renovation of traditional water bodies including desilting of tanks;
vi. Land Development;
vii. Flood control and protection works including drainage in water logged areas,
deepening and repairing of flood channels, chaur renovation, construction of storm
water drains for coastal protection;
viii. Rural connectivity to provide all weather access, including culverts and roads within
a village, wherever necessary;

Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
RKVY scheme was initiated in 2007 as an umbrella scheme for ensuring holistic
development of agriculture and allied sectors by allowing states to choose their own
agriculture and allied sector development activities as per the district/state agriculture
plan. The scheme has come a long way since its inception and has been implemented
across two plan periods (11th and 12th). Till 2013-14, the scheme was implemented as an
Additional Central Assistance (ACA) to State Plan Scheme with 100% central assistance.
It was converted into a Centrally Sponsored Scheme in 2014-15 also with 100% central
assistance. Since 2015-16, the funding pattern of the scheme has been altered in the
ratio of 60:40 between Centre and States (90:10 for North Eastern States and Himalayan
States). For Union Territories the funding pattern is 100 % central grant.

RKVY scheme incentivizes States to increase public investment in Agriculture
& allied sectors. Under RKVY, States have been provided flexibility and autonomy
for selection, planning approval and execution of projects/programs under the
scheme as per their need, priorities and agro-climate requirements. The funds are
released to the State Governments/UTs on the basis of projects approved in the
State Level Sanctioning Committee Meeting (SLSC) headed by the Chief
Secretary of the concerned State, which is the empowered body to approve
projects under the scheme. It is for the State Govt. to further implement the
scheme in the State as per its requirement in areas which requires focused
attention for increasing production and productivity in the State.

Objectives of the programme:
1.To incentivize the states that increase their investment in Agriculture and
allied sectors.
2.To provide flexibility and autonomy to the States in planning and
executing programmes for agriculture
3.To ensure the preparation of Agriculture Plans for the districts and states.
4.To achieve the goal of reducing the yield gaps in important crops.
5.To maximize returns to the farmers.
6. To address the agriculture and allied sectors in an integrated manner

SECTORS UNDER RKVY
1.Crop Husbandry
2.Animal Husbandry, Dairy Development and Fisheries
3.Agricultural Research and Education
4.Agricultural Marketing
5.Food storage and Warehousing
6.Soil and Water Conservation
7.Agricultural Financial Institutions
8.Other Agriculture Programmes and Cooperation

A. Regular RKVY-RAFTAAR -70% of annual outlay will be allocated among States
as per criteria under following heads.
a. Infrastructure and assets- 50% (of 70%) of regular RKVY-RAFTAAR outlay- pre-
harvest infrastructure- 20%, post-harvest infrastructure- 30%
b. Value addition linked production projects (agribusiness models) that provide assured
additional income to farmers including Public Private Partnership for Integrated
Agriculture Development (PPPIAD) projects- 30% (of 70%) of regular RKVY outlay.
c. Flexi funds- 20% (of 70%) of regular RKVY-RAFTAAR outlay. States can use this
fund for supporting any projects as per their local needs preferably for innovative
activities in agriculture and allied sectors.

B. RKVY-RAFTAAR special sub-schemes – 20% of total annual outlay
- based on national priorities as notified by Govt. of India from time to time
for development of region and problem specific areas.
C. Innovation and agri-entrepreneur development - 10% of annual
outlay-for encouraging innovation and agri-entrepreneurs through skill
development and financial support. It will support incubatees, incubation
centers, KVKs, awards etc. These funds will be with Central Govt.
(DAC&FW) including 2% of administrative costs at the Centre

Total Completed Project:
Sr No. Fin. Year No Cost (in Crore)
1 2007-08 439 1294.80
2 2008-09 738 3175.10
3 2009-10 989 3410.23
4 2010-11 1225 5290.41
5 2011-12 996 4848.30
6 2012-13 1084 5292.02
7 2013-14 878 17218.85
8 2014-15 1263 15347.57
9 2015-16 281 1460.40
10 2016-17 264 1814.91
11 2017-18 181 1362.51
12 2018-19 112 924.56
13 2019-20 67 546.25
14 2020-21 18 137.55
15 2021-22 0 0.00
Total 8535 62123.46

Total ongoing project in India:
Sr No. Fin. Year No Cost (in Crore)
1 2007-08 23 114.80
2 2008-09 87 702.74
3 2009-10 131 1176.71
4 2010-11 311 2956.55
5 2011-12 517 3549.47
6 2012-13 681 6839.70
7 2013-14 585 4218.48
8 2014-15 838 6330.94
9 2015-16 903 5546.99
10 2016-17 923 6601.33
11 2017-18 899 6719.54
12 2018-19 829 5111.94
13 2019-20 745 4049.73
14 2020-21 569 4370.79
15 2021-22 306 2133.48
Total 8347 60423.19

Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP):
Rural women form the most productive work force in the economy of majority of the
developing nations including India. Agriculture, the single largest production endeavour in India,
contributing to 16% of the GDP is increasingly becoming a female activity. Agriculture sector
employs 80% of all economically active women; they comprise 33% of the agricultural labour
force and 48% of self employed farmers. About 18% of the farm families in India, according to
NSSO Reports are reported to be headed by women. Beyond the conventional market –
oriented, narrower definition of ‘productive workers’, almost all women in rural India can be
considered as ‘farmers’ in some sense, working as agricultural labourers, unpaid workers in the
family farm enterprises or combination of the two.
The “Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana” (MKSP), a sub component of the Deendayal
Antodaya Yojana-NRLM (DAY-NRLM) seeks to improve the present status of women in
Agriculture, and to enhance the opportunities available to empower her.

Objectives of MKSP
The primary objective of the MKSP is to empower women in agriculture by
making systematic investments to enhance their participation and productivity, as
also create and sustain agriculture-based livelihoods of rural women. By
establishing efficient local resource-based agriculture, wherein women in
agriculture gain more control over the production resources and manage the
support systems, the project seeks to enable them to gain better access to the
inputs and services provided by the government and other agencies. Once the
production capacities of women in agriculture improve, food security ensues for
their families and communities.

Specific objectives of MKSP are as under:
A. To enhance the productive participation of women in agriculture;
B. To create sustainable agricultural livelihood opportunities for women in agriculture;
C. To improve the skills and capabilities of women in agriculture to support farm and non-
farm-based activities;
D. To ensure food and nutrition security at the household and the community level;
E. To enable women to have better access to inputs and services of the government and
other agencies;
F. To enhance the managerial capacities of women in agriculture for better management of
bio-diversity;
G.To improve the capacities of women in agriculture to access the resources of other
institutions and schemes within a convergence framework.

National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)

Sustaining agricultural productivity depends on quality and availability of natural
resources like soil and water. Agricultural growth can be sustained by promoting
conservation and sustainable use of these scarce natural resources through appropriate
location specific measures. Indian agriculture remains predominantly rainfed covering
about 60% of the country’s net sown area and accounts for 40% of the total food
production. Thus, conservation of natural resources in conjunction with development of
rainfed agriculture holds the key to meet burgeoning demands for food grain in the
country. Towards this end, National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) has been
formulated for enhancing agricultural productivity especially in rainfed areas focusing on
integrated farming, water use efficiency, soil health management and synergizing
resource conservation.

NMSA derives its mandate from Sustainable Agriculture Mission which is one of
the eight Missions outlined under National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC).
The strategies and programmers of actions (POA) outlined in the Mission Document,
that was accorded ‘in principle’ approval by Prime Minister’s Council on Climate
Change (PMCCC) on 23.09.2010,aim at promoting sustainable agriculture through a
series of adaptation measures focusing on ten key dimensions encompassing Indian
agriculture namely; ‘Improved crop seeds, livestock and fish cultures’, ‘Water Use
Efficiency’, ‘Pest Management’, ‘Improved Farm Practices’, ‘Nutrient Management’,
‘Agricultural insurance’, ‘Credit support’, ‘Markets’, ‘Access to Information’ and
‘Livelihood diversification’.

During XII Five Year Plan, these measures are being embedded and
mainstreamed onto ongoing/proposed Missions/ programmes / Schemes of Dept. of
Agriculture & Cooperation (DAC&FW) through a process of restructuring and
convergence. NMSA architecture has been designed by converging, consolidating
and subsuming all ongoing as well as newly proposed activities/programmes related
to sustainable agriculture with a special emphasis on soil & water conservation, water
use efficiency, soil health management and rainfed area development. The focus of
NMSA will be to infuse the judicious utilization of resources of commons through
community based approach.

Objectives of NMSA:
1. To make agriculture more productive, sustainable, remunerative and climate resilient
by promoting location specific Integrated/Composite Farming Systems.
2. To conserve natural resources through appropriate soil and moisture conservation
measures.
3. To adopt comprehensive soil health management practices based on soil fertility
maps, soil test based application of macro & micro nutrients, judicious use of fertilizers
etc.
4. To optimize utilization of water resources through efficient water management to
expand coverage for achieving ‘more crop per drop’.

Objectives of NMSA:
5. To develop capacity of farmers & stakeholders, in conjunction with other on-going Missions
e.g. National Mission on Agriculture Extension & Technology, National Food Security
Mission,National Initiative for Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) etc., in the domain of
climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.
6. To pilot models in select blocks for improving productivity of rainfed farming by mainstreaming
rainfed technologies refined through NICRA and by leveraging resources from other
schemes/Missions like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
(MGNREGS), Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP), RKVY etc.
7. To establish an effective inter and intra Departmental/Ministerial co-ordination for
accomplishing key deliverables of National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture under the aegis
of NAPCC.

COMPONENTS
1.Rainfed Area Development (RAD)
2.Sub-Mission on Agroforestry (SMAF)
3.National Bamboo Mission (NBM)
4.Soil Health Management (SHM)

1. Rainfed Area Development (RAD)
Rainfed Area Development (RAD) will adopt an area based approach for
development and conservation of natural resources along with farming
systems. This component has been formulated in a ‘watershed plus
framework’, i.e., to explore potential utilization of natural resources
base/assets available/created through watershed development and soil
conservation activities / interventions under MGNREGS, NWDPRA,
RVP&FPR, RKVY, IWMP etc.

2. Sub-Mission on Agroforestry (SMAF)
Sub-Mission on Agroforestry has been launched in 2016-17 to encourage tree
plantation on farm land “Har Medh Par Ped”, along with crops/ cropping system.
The scheme is being implemented in the States which have liberalized transit
regulations for selected tree species.
The implementation of the sub-mission will result in providing additional income
opportunities for farmers, Increase in tree cover through will lead to higher carbon
sequestration and compliment the national initiatives on climate change
adaptation and mitigation and trees grown on farm land will help in enriching soil
organic matter

3. National Bamboo Mission (NBM)
Bamboo is a versatile group of plants which is capable of providing
ecological, economic and livelihood security to the people. India has the
highest area (13.96 million ha) under bamboo and is the second richest
country, after China, in terms of bamboo diversity with 136 species (125
indigenous and 11 exotic). The annual production of bamboo in India is
about 14.6 million tonnes and annual yield varies from 1 to 3 tonnes per ha,
a major issue to be addressed.

4. Soil Health Management (SHM)
Soil Health Management (SHM) will aim at promoting location as well
as crop specific sustainable soil health management including residue
management, organic farming practices by way of creating and linking soil
fertility maps with macro-micro nutrient management, appropriate land use
based on land capability, judicious application of fertilizers and minimizing
the soil erosion/degradation

5. Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture: Monitoring, Modeling and
Networking (CCSAMMN)
Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture: Monitoring, Modeling and
Networking (CCSAMMN) will provide creation and bidirectional (land/farmers to
research/scientific establishments and vice versa) dissemination of climate
change related information and knowledge by way of piloting climate change
adaptation/mitigation research/model projects in the domain of climate smart
sustainable management practices and integrated farming system suitable to
local agro-climatic conditions.

5. Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture: Monitoring, Modeling and
Networking (CCSAMMN)
Comprehensive pilot blocks will be supported to illustrate functional mechanism
for dissemination of rainfed technologies, planning, convergence and coordination with
flagship schemes/Missions like MGNREGS, IWMP, Accelerated Irrigation Benefit
Programme (AIBP), RKVY, NFSM, NHM, NMAET etc. Such an integrated action of input
and output flows across agriculture, livestock and other production systems will harness
the growth potential of the rainfed production systems, imparting sustainability of local
production systems while negotiating climate change risks.

National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM):
Aajeevika - National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) was launched by
the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), Government of India in June 2011.
Aided in part through investment support by the World Bank, the Mission aims at
creating efficient and effective institutional platforms of the rural poor, enabling
them to increase household income through sustainable livelihood
enhancements and improved access to financial services.
NRLM set out with an agenda to cover 7 Crore rural poor households,
across 600 districts, 6000 blocks, 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats and 6 lakh villages
in the country through self-managed Self Help Groups (SHGs) and federated
institutions and support them for livelihoods collectives in a period of 8-10 years.

In addition, the poor would be facilitated to achieve increased access
to rights, entitlements and public services, diversified risk and better social
indicators of empowerment. DAY-NRLM believes in harnessing the innate
capabilities of the poor and complements them with capacities (information,
knowledge, skills, tools, finance and collectivization) to participate in the
growing economy of the country.
In November 2015, the program was renamed Deendayal Antayodaya
Yojana (DAY-NRLM).

The approach encompassed the following four inter-related tasks:
 Mobilizing poor households into functionally effective SHGs and their
federations
 Enhancing access to bank credit and financial, technical and marketing
services
 Building capacities and skills for gainful and sustainable livelihoods
development
 Converging various schemes for efficient delivery of social and economic
support services to poor households

Nai Roshni Scheme
Nai Roshni – The Scheme for Leadership Development
of Minority Women was implemented in 2012-13. It comes
under the Ministry of Minority Affairs.
It is a welfare scheme for the development of minority
women in order to inculcate confidence and empower
them by providing knowledge and techniques.

Nai Roshni Scheme
Nai Roshni Scheme Objectives
 Nai Roshni Scheme is a Government welfare scheme launched to empower minority
women with knowledge, basic techniques and tools which would help them interact
with government banks and other institutions on all levels.
 The scheme has been implemented through NGOs, civil societies and government
institutions.
 Minority women can apply for the scheme online as well.
 The scheme helps in fighting different social stigmas such as poverty, as women and
children are the worst sufferers of poverty.
 It empowers the minority women to stand up for their rights and help them grow
economically thus strengthening civil society.

National Employability Enhancement
Scheme

National Employability Enhancement Scheme
NEEM Scheme, also known as National Employability
Enhancement Scheme, is a pioneering initiative taken
jointly by AICTE and Government of India. The Scheme
aims at producing skilled labors and counters the
problem of the skilled labor shortage in India. It
provides for on the job training to the candidates. NEEM
Scheme also has some great incentives for the
participating industries. Industries becoming part of
the NEEM Scheme enjoy liability free workforce. They can

National Employability Enhancement Scheme
Objective as per official declaration: The objective
of National Employability Enhancement Mission (NEEM) is
to offer on the job practical training to enhance the
employability of a person either pursuing his or her
PostGraduation/graduation/diploma in any technical or
non-technical stream or has discontinued
studies after Class 10th to enhance his/her
employability.

Agriculture Development Programme’s / Scheme’s in India (2000 to 2013)

Agriculture Development Programme’s / Scheme’s in India (2000 to 2013)

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