Agriculture answers
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This document discusses several topics related to agriculture and ecology: 1. Deforestation can lead to soil erosion, increased carbon dioxide levels, and loss of biodiversity. 2. Using chemical versus biological pest control methods: chemicals fluctuate over time but biological controls are more constant; chemicals may not reach all plants. 3. Interspecific competition was shown between spruce and heather over light and nutrients; spruce grows better when heather is controlled. 4. Speciation occurs when populations become isolated and develop differences over time due to varying environments and natural selection, allowing them to breed but not mix ecologically. Increased diversity supports more niches and food sources. 5. Beach
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![Agriculture
1. (a) Soil erosion / mud slides / flooding / leaching
of minerals – trees no longer protect soil from rain / from
wind / roots no longer hold soil;
Increased CO2 (in air) OR “greenhouse effect” – trees remove
CO2 / trees photosynthesise / burning releases CO2;
Less diversity / loss of (forest) species / fewer individuals – loss
of food / loss of habitat / niches / ecosystem;
Changed rainfall patterns / drought – less transpiration from trees; 2 max
(b) 1. Suitable habitat / food nearby for displaced animals;
2. Later recolonisation possible from adjacent areas;
3. Reference to sufficient time for recovery (e.g. not felled again
for 280 years); 3 max
[5]
2. (a) greenflies take in (small mass of) insecticide from roses/leaves;
ladybirds eat large numbers of/more/many greenflies;
bioaccumulation idea / insecticide cannot be excreted/remains in
body/stored in fat/not broken down; 3
(b) (i) chemical: numbers fluctuate throughout year;
biological: numbers fairly constant throughout year /
accurate description; 2
(ii) number of plants drops because of spraying/reapplication, then
rises because insecticide washed away/new plants grow; 1
(c) (i) chemical: some plants/parts of plants are not sprayed / spray washes
off before it has effect;
plant may be resistant to spray; (Reject ‘ immune’) 2
(ii) biological: because biological control never eats all plants;
as weeds diminish so do control agents and/or vice versa / is balance
between food and consumer; 2
[10]
3. (a) interspecific; 1
(b) one mark for two resources e.g. light; named nutrient, water; 1
Hyde Clarendon Sixth Form College 1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/agricultureanswers-121221082853-phpapp01/85/Agriculture-answers-1-320.jpg)
![(c) (i) one mark for working showing spruce and heather as control;
0.16/0.17 metres per year; 2
(ii) produces substance/ nutrient which stimulates
growth of spruce / inhibits growth of spruce /
provides nitrogen-fixing bacteria; 1
[5]
4. (a) similar characteristics / physically similar / DNA similar;
breed among themselves;
to produce fertile offspring;
do not share same ecological niche with any other species; max 2
(b) (i) isolation;
no gene flow between populations;
variation;
different environmental factors;
natural selection / selection for specific alleles / characteristics;
change in allele / phenotype frequency;
changes over a long period of time; max 4
(b) (ii) more habitats / niches;
more / greater range of food for herbivores;
more / greater range of food for carnivores / predators;
more detritus; max 2
(c) colonisation / description e.g. seeds blown in / pioneer species;~
succession;
alteration of habitat / more humus / deeper soil;
development of herbaceous / field layer;
followed by shrub layer; max 4
[12]
5. (a) Shells;
Spray/flooding by seawater;
Weathering of underlying rock;
Nitrogen fixation;
Excretory products; max 2
Hyde Clarendon Sixth Form College 2](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Some of them attain a height up to half meter or a little more.
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1. Microbes play important roles in ecosystems by recycling nutrients and driving biochemical processes like the nitrogen cycle. Bacteria and archaea are involved in nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification.
2. Sewage treatment harnesses microbes to break down organic waste through aerobic and anaerobic digestion. Biofilms and microbial communities in trickling filters and reed beds lower the biological oxygen demand and remove nutrients from sewage water.
3. Anaerobic digestion by methanogenic archaea produces methane from organic materials like sewage sludge. The process occurs in three stages carried out by different microbial communities that convert waste to methane via intermediate products.
Managing for Healthy Roots
This document discusses managing plant roots for health. It provides examples of root systems from different crops and environments. Healthy roots are white in color, proliferate in all directions, and efficiently use soil resources. Unhealthy roots are less efficient and may show deformities or nutrient deficiencies. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding root function and architecture through direct observation.
Genetics Of Legume Rhizobium Symbiosis
The document discusses the genetics of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis. It describes how:
1) Farmers have known for millennia that legumes improve soil fertility through nitrogen fixation via their symbiotic relationship with rhizobia bacteria in root nodules.
2) In the late 19th century, it was discovered that the root nodules themselves were responsible for converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia through the microorganisms now known as rhizobia.
3) A complex process involving infection of roots by rhizobia, nodule development, nitrogen fixation in nodules, and nodule senescence allows legumes to fix atmospheric nitrogen thanks to their symbiotic relationship
Community structure and distribution of benthic cyanobacteria in 2
This document summarizes studies on microbial community succession in two Dutch chalk grassland sites with different soil pH properties. Techniques like 16S rRNA gene sequencing and microarrays were used to analyze bacterial community composition over time. At one site with a stable intermediate pH, steady microbial succession was observed as nutrition availability changed. Fermicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the main phyla identified, with their relative abundances varying between the sites and over time in relation to soil pH and nutrient levels. The studies provide insights into how soil microbial communities change during plant community succession under different edaphic conditions.
Role of microbes in pollution indication
Microbes can serve as bioindicators of pollution in the environment. Different types of microbes indicate different types of pollution, such as algae indicating organic pollution and lichens being sensitive to air pollution like nitrogen oxides. Bacteria are the most abundant microbes in wastewater and changes in their presence and activity can signify the condition of the wastewater treatment process. Viruses can also act as indicators of human fecal pollution in aquatic environments. Overall, monitoring microbes allows for a cost-effective way to assess pollution levels and the performance of treatment systems.
Heavy Metals in Irrigated Crops along Tatsawarki River in Kano, Nigeria
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
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Community structure and distribution of benthic cyanobacteria in 2
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Ecology & Ecosystem
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This document contains an answer scheme for an end of semester test in Grade 11. It provides the questions asked in the test and the marking scheme for student responses. The test covered topics related to population ecology, including predator-prey interactions, food webs, methods for estimating population sizes, biodiversity indices, and energy flow through ecosystems. The summary provides the essential information while being concise.
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This mark scheme provides guidance to examiners on how to award marks for answers on a biology exam. It shows the requirements to receive marks and gives examples of acceptable answers. While it does not discuss the examiners' meeting, it should be used along with the question paper and examiner report to ensure consistent marking. Cambridge will not discuss the specific details of the mark scheme.
MULTIFACETED POTENTIAL OF EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES (WATER HYACINTH) LADENED WITH ...
Water hyacinth is an invasive aquatic plant that has spread widely and poses ecological issues. However, it also has potential value-added and therapeutic uses that could help address the invasion. It can be used for bioremediation to remove pollutants from wastewater. Its biomass can also be converted to biofuels like biodiesel and bioethanol, providing renewable energy. Additionally, extracts from water hyacinth have shown therapeutic effects, though more research is still needed to fully understand its medical applications. Utilizing water hyacinth for these beneficial purposes could help curb its invasion while providing useful products.
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- 1. Agriculture 1. (a) Soil erosion / mud slides / flooding / leaching of minerals – trees no longer protect soil from rain / from wind / roots no longer hold soil; Increased CO2 (in air) OR “greenhouse effect” – trees remove CO2 / trees photosynthesise / burning releases CO2; Less diversity / loss of (forest) species / fewer individuals – loss of food / loss of habitat / niches / ecosystem; Changed rainfall patterns / drought – less transpiration from trees; 2 max (b) 1. Suitable habitat / food nearby for displaced animals; 2. Later recolonisation possible from adjacent areas; 3. Reference to sufficient time for recovery (e.g. not felled again for 280 years); 3 max [5] 2. (a) greenflies take in (small mass of) insecticide from roses/leaves; ladybirds eat large numbers of/more/many greenflies; bioaccumulation idea / insecticide cannot be excreted/remains in body/stored in fat/not broken down; 3 (b) (i) chemical: numbers fluctuate throughout year; biological: numbers fairly constant throughout year / accurate description; 2 (ii) number of plants drops because of spraying/reapplication, then rises because insecticide washed away/new plants grow; 1 (c) (i) chemical: some plants/parts of plants are not sprayed / spray washes off before it has effect; plant may be resistant to spray; (Reject ‘ immune’) 2 (ii) biological: because biological control never eats all plants; as weeds diminish so do control agents and/or vice versa / is balance between food and consumer; 2 [10] 3. (a) interspecific; 1 (b) one mark for two resources e.g. light; named nutrient, water; 1 Hyde Clarendon Sixth Form College 1
- 2. (c) (i) one mark for working showing spruce and heather as control; 0.16/0.17 metres per year; 2 (ii) produces substance/ nutrient which stimulates growth of spruce / inhibits growth of spruce / provides nitrogen-fixing bacteria; 1 [5] 4. (a) similar characteristics / physically similar / DNA similar; breed among themselves; to produce fertile offspring; do not share same ecological niche with any other species; max 2 (b) (i) isolation; no gene flow between populations; variation; different environmental factors; natural selection / selection for specific alleles / characteristics; change in allele / phenotype frequency; changes over a long period of time; max 4 (b) (ii) more habitats / niches; more / greater range of food for herbivores; more / greater range of food for carnivores / predators; more detritus; max 2 (c) colonisation / description e.g. seeds blown in / pioneer species;~ succession; alteration of habitat / more humus / deeper soil; development of herbaceous / field layer; followed by shrub layer; max 4 [12] 5. (a) Shells; Spray/flooding by seawater; Weathering of underlying rock; Nitrogen fixation; Excretory products; max 2 Hyde Clarendon Sixth Form College 2