This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new system called AGRIPI for remotely managing agricultural activities using wireless sensors, the Internet of Things, and a mobile application. AGRIPI would allow farmers to monitor soil moisture, humidity, pH levels, and detect animal/insect sounds using sensors connected to a Raspberry Pi microcontroller. The data would be sent via the Internet of Things to a mobile app, giving farmers remote control and monitoring from their phone. This could automate watering and use sounds to ward off animals, providing a low-cost solution to common farming challenges.
In a developing country like India, where agriculture is the backbone of the country, agriculture is plagued by several problems like small and
fragmented land holdings, manures, pesticides, chemicals used for agriculture etc. consumers also increasingly demand for the healthy diet that is rich
in quality and free of agricultural chemicals and pesticides. Our project fills in the above said difficulties and demands using hydroponics we can go
organic. Since it is done in the controlled environment, it can be done anywhere like room terrace, balcony etc. also large amount of plants can be
planted in a less place. This type of agriculture could be high yielding if monitored and controlled efficiently. We propose a project that controls the
necessary conditions required for the plant to grow hydroponically and also cultivators may control the agriculture remotely using IoT.
IoT Based Smart Horticulture Monitoring Systemijtsrd
For smart horticulture system, one person take care of everything is some difficult due to his busy life style, but the healthy food and financially feasible life time is very important. Now a days the vegetables containing more chemical wastages that affect the human life time. The smart horticulture systems provide the each one to create the food healthy and ensure the quality of the vegetables to create home itself using this horticulture. The normal person can keep the horticulture running and the plants healthy in case the primary person becomes unavailable. The horticulture production needs less labour, less capital, has faster returns than normal production. And it cannot be easily influenced by the climate. Therefore the nurseries are wanted subsequent to next to vegetable under growers. It be extremely easier said than done en route for be alive inside incriminate of scattered horticulture lacking a isolated atmosphere monitor arrangement. In current technology, there appeared a canopy remote monitoring system based on Ethernet. In this system we make use of dissimilar module such since Global System Monitoring, 8051 next to the alike moment as organizer, be on fire detecting antenna, warmth detect feeler, dampness detect feeler, and exhibit the being there of gab resting on 16X2 LCD lying on the receiver surface. If any gas exceeds the value automatically send alert message has to be given to concerned person .whether prediction can be predicted by using machine learning technique so we aware of the whether condition due to climate changes. This project is created as a product and gives the healthy life and small scale level business. Shahin. K | Kanimozhi. R | Balachandar. A ""IoT Based Smart Horticulture Monitoring System"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23466.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/23466/iot-based-smart-horticulture-monitoring-system/shahin-k
Conceptual Design and Implementation of Simulated Version of Context Aware Ag...Editor IJMTER
It is very tedious and difficult for Farmers to monitor and track every event happening in
the farming land. In order to overcome the difficulties facing by Farmers and hence to improve the
comfort level of Farmer it has become inevitable to go for technology assisted context aware
precision agriculture. In order to realize the context aware precision agriculture the various
technologies like WIFI, Bluetooth, Sensors, GPS, GPRS, Mobile Computing, Cloud Computing,
Distributed Computing has to be integrated along with Artificial Intelligence techniques. The context
aware computing technology can be used to provide farming land context based services to farmer.
The research work presented in this paper proposes a conceptual design and implementation of
simulation version of context aware agricultural land monitoring system. The proposed system sends
a mobile and web based notifications related to normal and abnormal status that prevails in the
farming land.
Advance Agro Farm Design With Smart Farming, Irrigation and Rain Water Harves...IJOAEM
The paper presents the design of agriculture farm especially for the plane region which can well utilize by the farmer to sort out the scarcity of water for crop growth. The farmers are subjected with the lots of problem in agriculture like improper irrigation, selection of crops, non availability of whether information according to their region, the problem from pest and wild animals. Due to these problems, the suicidal case of farmers gets increase day by day. These problems can be sort out by using IoT. Here we use Arduino Yun having inbuilt Wi-Fi to transfer and analyze data using any IoT platform likes Kaa IoT, Watson IoT, and Cayenne. We can use different IoT communication technology like Z-wave, 6LowPAN, Thread, Sigfox, and Neul to communicate various sensors to the external world according to the application. Here we simulate the design of entire sensor network used in this project using NetSim simulator and emulator software. After emulation of designed network design by taking 50 m as field size, we obtained various graphs which show throughput of each link from sensor node up to the monitoring base station, graphs of various parameter like packet transfer, collided packets, payload and overhead transmitted and battery consumed by each sensor for specified duration. Also, farmers are able to grow a health hazard free crop for the upcoming generation.
Today, majority of the farmers are dependent on agriculture for their survival. But
majority of the agricultural tools and practices are outdated and it yields less crop
products, because everything is depends on environment and Government support. The
world population is becoming more comparatively cultivation land and crop yield. It is
essential for the world to increase the yielding of the crop by adopting information
technology and communication plays a vital role in smart farming. The objective of this
research paper to present tools and best practices for understanding the role of
information and communication technologies in agriculture sector, motivate and make
the illiterate farmers to understand the best insights given by the big data analytics using
machine learning
In a developing country like India, where agriculture is the backbone of the country, agriculture is plagued by several problems like small and
fragmented land holdings, manures, pesticides, chemicals used for agriculture etc. consumers also increasingly demand for the healthy diet that is rich
in quality and free of agricultural chemicals and pesticides. Our project fills in the above said difficulties and demands using hydroponics we can go
organic. Since it is done in the controlled environment, it can be done anywhere like room terrace, balcony etc. also large amount of plants can be
planted in a less place. This type of agriculture could be high yielding if monitored and controlled efficiently. We propose a project that controls the
necessary conditions required for the plant to grow hydroponically and also cultivators may control the agriculture remotely using IoT.
IoT Based Smart Horticulture Monitoring Systemijtsrd
For smart horticulture system, one person take care of everything is some difficult due to his busy life style, but the healthy food and financially feasible life time is very important. Now a days the vegetables containing more chemical wastages that affect the human life time. The smart horticulture systems provide the each one to create the food healthy and ensure the quality of the vegetables to create home itself using this horticulture. The normal person can keep the horticulture running and the plants healthy in case the primary person becomes unavailable. The horticulture production needs less labour, less capital, has faster returns than normal production. And it cannot be easily influenced by the climate. Therefore the nurseries are wanted subsequent to next to vegetable under growers. It be extremely easier said than done en route for be alive inside incriminate of scattered horticulture lacking a isolated atmosphere monitor arrangement. In current technology, there appeared a canopy remote monitoring system based on Ethernet. In this system we make use of dissimilar module such since Global System Monitoring, 8051 next to the alike moment as organizer, be on fire detecting antenna, warmth detect feeler, dampness detect feeler, and exhibit the being there of gab resting on 16X2 LCD lying on the receiver surface. If any gas exceeds the value automatically send alert message has to be given to concerned person .whether prediction can be predicted by using machine learning technique so we aware of the whether condition due to climate changes. This project is created as a product and gives the healthy life and small scale level business. Shahin. K | Kanimozhi. R | Balachandar. A ""IoT Based Smart Horticulture Monitoring System"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23466.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/23466/iot-based-smart-horticulture-monitoring-system/shahin-k
Conceptual Design and Implementation of Simulated Version of Context Aware Ag...Editor IJMTER
It is very tedious and difficult for Farmers to monitor and track every event happening in
the farming land. In order to overcome the difficulties facing by Farmers and hence to improve the
comfort level of Farmer it has become inevitable to go for technology assisted context aware
precision agriculture. In order to realize the context aware precision agriculture the various
technologies like WIFI, Bluetooth, Sensors, GPS, GPRS, Mobile Computing, Cloud Computing,
Distributed Computing has to be integrated along with Artificial Intelligence techniques. The context
aware computing technology can be used to provide farming land context based services to farmer.
The research work presented in this paper proposes a conceptual design and implementation of
simulation version of context aware agricultural land monitoring system. The proposed system sends
a mobile and web based notifications related to normal and abnormal status that prevails in the
farming land.
Advance Agro Farm Design With Smart Farming, Irrigation and Rain Water Harves...IJOAEM
The paper presents the design of agriculture farm especially for the plane region which can well utilize by the farmer to sort out the scarcity of water for crop growth. The farmers are subjected with the lots of problem in agriculture like improper irrigation, selection of crops, non availability of whether information according to their region, the problem from pest and wild animals. Due to these problems, the suicidal case of farmers gets increase day by day. These problems can be sort out by using IoT. Here we use Arduino Yun having inbuilt Wi-Fi to transfer and analyze data using any IoT platform likes Kaa IoT, Watson IoT, and Cayenne. We can use different IoT communication technology like Z-wave, 6LowPAN, Thread, Sigfox, and Neul to communicate various sensors to the external world according to the application. Here we simulate the design of entire sensor network used in this project using NetSim simulator and emulator software. After emulation of designed network design by taking 50 m as field size, we obtained various graphs which show throughput of each link from sensor node up to the monitoring base station, graphs of various parameter like packet transfer, collided packets, payload and overhead transmitted and battery consumed by each sensor for specified duration. Also, farmers are able to grow a health hazard free crop for the upcoming generation.
Today, majority of the farmers are dependent on agriculture for their survival. But
majority of the agricultural tools and practices are outdated and it yields less crop
products, because everything is depends on environment and Government support. The
world population is becoming more comparatively cultivation land and crop yield. It is
essential for the world to increase the yielding of the crop by adopting information
technology and communication plays a vital role in smart farming. The objective of this
research paper to present tools and best practices for understanding the role of
information and communication technologies in agriculture sector, motivate and make
the illiterate farmers to understand the best insights given by the big data analytics using
machine learning
Internet of Things (IoT) is the internetworking of physical devices. This system has the ability to transfer data over a network. Mostly without requiring human intervention.Internet-connected to the physical world via ubiquitous sensors.
It is connecting each and everything to the internet.
A Survey on Wireless Sensor Network based Technologies for Precision Agricul...IJMER
This paper provides the information related to previous work that has been done in the field of
agriculture using the wireless sensor network technology over a period of past few years. We also studied
the wireless protocols that were used previously. These protocols have limitation of short range which
requires multi hopped network as in Zigbee and Bluetooth communication technologies. The multi
hopping can be avoided by the use of appropriate long range wireless protocol such as WiMaX, GSM and
medium range Wi-Fi protocols.
Over recent years, there have been important advances in several technologies related to wireless
communications and networking applications in the agricultural practices. Based on survey results, a
more research can be done for providing best technological solution to the common challenges in
agriculture. This research would be helpful to develop a device having flexibility, local intelligences and
decision power. Hand held device option can be useful in precision agriculture for various commercial
crops in Indian scenario.
Automation in Agriculture and IoT
Cloud Technologies providing Complete Solution for all
Academic Projects Final Year/Semester Student Projects
For More Details,
Contact:
Mobile:- +91 8121953811,
whatsapp:- +91 8522991105,
Email ID: cloudtechnologiesprojects@gmail.com
By applying IoT to agriculture it is easy to observe and interact with physical world. Synergizing Internet of Things and Cloud Computing can help the farmers to share useful information regarding cultivation on social networks, and also helps in ensuring global food and farming security
Agriculture is essential to the prosperity of agricultural countries like India.
Thus, the suggested strategy is to use automation and internet of thing (IoT)
technology to make agriculture smart. Applications enabled by the IoTs
include irrigation decision assistance, crop growth monitoring and selection,
and more. an Arduino-powered technology that boosts agricultural
productivity. This study's main goal is to find the least quantity of water
necessary to grow crops. Most farmers squander a lot of time on the fields
rather than concentrating on the water that plants have access to at the right
moment. The suggested system determines the required amount of water
based on the data obtained from the sensors. Two sensors provide data on
the soil's temperature, humidity, amount of sunlight each day, and soil
temperature to the base station. The suggested systems must determine the
amount of water required for irrigation based on these criteria. The system's
main benefit is the use of precision agriculture (PA) in conjunction with
cloud computing, which will maximise the use of water fertilisers while
maximising crop yields and also assist in determining field weather
conditions.
Internet of Things (IoT) is the internetworking of physical devices. This system has the ability to transfer data over a network. Mostly without requiring human intervention.Internet-connected to the physical world via ubiquitous sensors.
It is connecting each and everything to the internet.
A Survey on Wireless Sensor Network based Technologies for Precision Agricul...IJMER
This paper provides the information related to previous work that has been done in the field of
agriculture using the wireless sensor network technology over a period of past few years. We also studied
the wireless protocols that were used previously. These protocols have limitation of short range which
requires multi hopped network as in Zigbee and Bluetooth communication technologies. The multi
hopping can be avoided by the use of appropriate long range wireless protocol such as WiMaX, GSM and
medium range Wi-Fi protocols.
Over recent years, there have been important advances in several technologies related to wireless
communications and networking applications in the agricultural practices. Based on survey results, a
more research can be done for providing best technological solution to the common challenges in
agriculture. This research would be helpful to develop a device having flexibility, local intelligences and
decision power. Hand held device option can be useful in precision agriculture for various commercial
crops in Indian scenario.
Automation in Agriculture and IoT
Cloud Technologies providing Complete Solution for all
Academic Projects Final Year/Semester Student Projects
For More Details,
Contact:
Mobile:- +91 8121953811,
whatsapp:- +91 8522991105,
Email ID: cloudtechnologiesprojects@gmail.com
By applying IoT to agriculture it is easy to observe and interact with physical world. Synergizing Internet of Things and Cloud Computing can help the farmers to share useful information regarding cultivation on social networks, and also helps in ensuring global food and farming security
Agriculture is essential to the prosperity of agricultural countries like India.
Thus, the suggested strategy is to use automation and internet of thing (IoT)
technology to make agriculture smart. Applications enabled by the IoTs
include irrigation decision assistance, crop growth monitoring and selection,
and more. an Arduino-powered technology that boosts agricultural
productivity. This study's main goal is to find the least quantity of water
necessary to grow crops. Most farmers squander a lot of time on the fields
rather than concentrating on the water that plants have access to at the right
moment. The suggested system determines the required amount of water
based on the data obtained from the sensors. Two sensors provide data on
the soil's temperature, humidity, amount of sunlight each day, and soil
temperature to the base station. The suggested systems must determine the
amount of water required for irrigation based on these criteria. The system's
main benefit is the use of precision agriculture (PA) in conjunction with
cloud computing, which will maximise the use of water fertilisers while
maximising crop yields and also assist in determining field weather
conditions.
AN AMELIORATED METHODOLOGY FOR THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SMART PLANT S...AM Publications,India
In India Agriculture is the main profession. Majority of the farmers are dependent on the traditional approach of farming where they have to stay in their lands either for supplying the water to the crops or to monitor the moisture level in the soil and also the growth of plants. There is a possibility of excess water at some part of the land and there is a deficiency of water on the other side. This is one of the major problems to the farmer where he has to continuously monitor the flow of water. In this paper, we are proposing an automated smart plant system which supply the required quantity of water to the land, measures the moisture content in the soil using moisture sensor, and also measures the temperature and humidity in that area using temperature and humidity sensor. The proposed system is developed using hardware devices such as Arduino uno, Sensors, Relay board, Ethernet shield etc. In this system we are using a mobile phone to control all the equipments and devices which are connected in the system and we also send signals to start and stop the device through the mobile phone only.
IoT in Agriculture.Unlike conventional internal combustion engine vehicles th...Bijay Sharma
Unlike conventional internal combustion engine vehicles that rely
on gasoline or diesel fuel, electric vehicles use electricity as their primary source of power. T
IoT in Agriculture. This shows how IoT can helpful in the agricultural sector.Bijay Sharma
bases on Internet of things. This shows how IoT can helpful in the agricultural sector. This shows how advance can the agriculture will be by using IoT.
Authors are invited to submit theoretical or empirical papers in all aspects of management, including strategy, human resources, marketing, operations, technology, information systems, finance and accounting, business economics, and public sector management. IJMRR is an international forum for research that advances the theory and practice of management. The journal publishes original works with practical significance and academic value.
Design and Layout of Automatic Soil Moisture, Temperature and Humidity Regula...ijtsrd
This paper proposes an automated irrigation and temperature cum humidity regulation system which monitors and maintains the desire Soil Moisture, Temperature and Humidity content accordingly within a polyhouse. Microcontroller ATMEGA328P on Arduino UNO platform is used to implement the control unit. The setup uses soil moisture sensor and DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor to measure the exact value of moisture, temperature and humidity levels. An LCD display is used to monitor the required levels. Deepika S | Anushya. J | Raaghul. B | Vinopalan. P | Nithya U "Design and Layout of Automatic Soil Moisture, Temperature and Humidity Regulation in Polyhouse" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49590.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/49590/design-and-layout-of-automatic-soil-moisture-temperature-and-humidity-regulation-in-polyhouse/deepika-s
Agriculture is the major income source in India. Many farmers in India use the traditional way for crop production. Weather conditions in India has changed a lot nowadays. Agriculture in India depends upon weather conditions. There are many traditional ways to increase crop production like Irrigation, greenhouse, fertilizers, etc., but keeping in mind about the current weather conditions we need a smarter way to monitor the weather conditions. Now smart farming is possible because of the Internet of Things IoT . IoT uses different enabling technologies like cloud computing, big data analytics, wireless sensor network, embedded systems. Using IoT, we can track live data like weather conditions, soil moisture, temperature, humidity, soil PH, soil nutrition levels, water level from any place. The motive of this paper is to know about smart farming techniques and technologies in terms of the Internet of Things. Mrunal Mohan Mestry "Analyzing Smart Agriculture in Terms of IoT" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30345.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/30345/analyzing-smart-agriculture-in-terms-of-iot/mrunal-mohan-mestry
A Food Monitoring System Based on Bluetooth Low Energy and Internet of ThingsIJERA Editor
A Food Monitoring System Based on Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE) and Internet of Things(IoT)have provided a plethora of benefits to a variety of commercial industries, including the agricultural, biomedical, cosmetics, environmental, food manufacturing, military, pharmaceutical, regulatory,and various scientific research fields. In this System there exists a gas sensor which is used to detect the gases evolved from the food, temperature sensor to detect the temperature of the food storage area and the humidity sensor to check the humidity. The collected data from the test samples is transferred to the application through Bluetooth using Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE) or Internet of Things(IoT) based on the range of the server. The system uses a GSM/GPRS public wireless network for remote data transfer The combination of internet of things technology, GSM / GPRS public wireless network technology and Internet significantly reduces the cost of the system, with leading limitless scope of tracking recognition, which enhances the comprehensive performance of the system greatly.Advances have improved productattributes, uniformity, and consistency as a result of increases in quality control capabilities afforded by A Food monitoring system based on Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE) and Internet of Things of all phases of industrial manufacturing processes. This paper is a review of some of the more important and modern applications that have been of greatest benefit to the humankind
The Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture revolutionizes traditional farming practices by integrating smart technologies. Through sensor networks, data analytics, and connectivity, IoT empowers farmers with real-time insights into crop conditions, soil health, and equipment performance. This transformative approach enhances efficiency, resource utilization, and sustainability in agricultural processes, marking a significant leap toward precision farming.
Here we tried to focus briefly on IoT in agriculture topic. Hope it will help you.
An effective identification of crop diseases using faster region based convol...IJECEIAES
The majority of research Study is moving towards cognitive computing, ubiquitous computing, internet of things (IoT) which focus on some of the real time applications like smart cities, smart agriculture, wearable smart devices. The objective of the research in this paper is to integrate the image processing strategies to the smart agriculture techniques to help the farmers to use the latest innovations of technology in order to resolve the issues of crops like infections or diseases to their crops which may be due to bugs or due to climatic conditions or may be due to soil consistency. As IoT is playing a crucial role in smart agriculture, the concept of infection recognition using object recognition the image processing strategy can help out the farmers greatly without making them to learn much about the technology and also helps them to sort out the issues with respect to crop. In this paper, an attempt of integrating kissan application with expert systems and image processing is made in order to help the farmers to have an immediate solution for the problem identified in a crop.
Design and Development of IoT and Cloud Based Smart Farming System for Optimu...ijtsrd
"India is a land of farmers Agriculture plays major role in the economical development and growth of our country, it contributes nearly 17 18 of total GDP according to 2017 18 economic survey .It acts as the main source of employment for 60 of the population. Nearly 70 of rural households and farmers depends upon the agriculture .Indian farming relies on either rain fed farming or irrigation system for the water usages in agriculture , very less states and places of our country falls under rain –fed farming where as maximum farming is dependent on Irrigation system but the availability of water resources in our country for agriculture is very less hence there is a need of water conservation for better yield and maximise the cost of production . Most of the framers are using old irrigation systems like Drip irrigation, micro irrigation, sprinklers, pivot etc to reduce the utilisation of water .They still follow the traditional methods of watering the crops thereby watering the crops unevenly, sometimes they may water the crops less or more or sometimes unnecessarily this may lead to wastage of water and soil moisture level may decrease. In the proposed smart agricultural system the researcher focuses to overcome the problems in this traditional irrigation systems used for agriculture by implementing the IoT and cloud is .In this system various vegetable crops and soil samples with different moisture level are considered and sensors are placed in the fields that provides soil moisture levels as input to the aurduino uno and this uploads the soil moisture levels frequently to the cloud through internet and WIFI module and depending upon these soil moisture levels the motor switches to ON OFF state there by watering the crops only when the soil becomes dry at certain level according to threshold values programmed in the Microcontroller. This system works with very less human involvements .The farm statistical report can be viewed by the farmer anytime on the App , thereby making optimal utilization of water for better crop yield S. A. Nagaonkar | Dr. S. D. Bhoite | 30129 ""Design and Development of IoT and Cloud Based Smart Farming System for Optimum Water Utilization for Better Yield"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Fostering Innovation, Integration and Inclusion Through Interdisciplinary Practices in Management , March 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23066.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/23066/design-and-development-of-iot-and-cloud-based-smart-farming-system-for-optimum-water-utilization-for-better-yield/s-a-nagaonkar"
Similar to Agricultural Management through Wireless Sensors and Internet of Things (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
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and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
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findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
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Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
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Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
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Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
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The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
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irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
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Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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million tones to a total of 470 million tons in 2050, 72 percent of which would be supplied from developing
countries.
The world must produce more nutrient and fiber contained food to feed a growing population. In the
agriculture depended developing countries like India, China, Brazil etc., the feed stocks playing vital role in
over all development. It has been a standard practice for the farmers to be present in person at his/her
agriculture site through out the crop life cycle for managing, maintaining and protecting crops. The need for
“Smart Agriculture” arises due to this requirement, where 70% of the farming time is just monitoring and
managing but not the actual field work. This research foucesses a proposed platform consisting of Web
based Smartphone Applications combined with Wireless sensors.
The research on making the agricultural management “Smart” started with study and review of
Wireless Sensor applications in Agriculture, in the field of Animal husbandry, green house, wild life, coal
mines etc. In today’s world mobiles, have proven to simplify most of our activities. Applying these princples
of remote management and portability to the back-bone of World economy – “Agriculture” changes the way
the Indian/global farmers perform their farming activities. A system and method is proposed for automation
of agricultural activities with the help of these technologies. The system helps the field monitoring activities
like water pumping scheduling, plant monitoring, protection from animals and insects etc. to be remotely
managed with the help of Mobile sensors and Mobile Apps. A patent is filed for this research and
development of software and hardware is in progress.
1.1. Applications of Sensors
An important application of sensors in agriculture is in the direct measurement of soil chemistry
through tests such as pH, moisture, nutrient content, Humidity, temperature. Soil testing results are important
to obtain to get high yield with good quality. ISE (Ion Selective Electrode) and ISEFT (ion-sensitive field-
effect transistor) sensors have also been used to monitor the uptake of ions by plants. The rate of nutrient
uptake is determined by the demand of the plant, which is dependent on the growth rate and on the status of
the plant’s nutrient content. Ion-selective sensors have been developed to detect a variety of ions. ISE sensors
have been developed to monitor nitrogen ions in the soil and crops. Hi-tech systems are in demand to help
grow high-performance crops. Researchers are using sensors to match the crops to different soils and weather
conditions.
1.1.1. Sensors in Farming
The day-to-day farming activities are focused on how to grow plants, kill weeds and pests, identify
and correct plant diseases, apply fertilizers, and estimate growth/yield of crops. They involve a handful of
tasks which are performed in the field, that is, seeding, weeding, fertilizing, and watering, which are
repetitive, mundane, and labor-intensive. Nevertheless, these very tasks are vital and precursory decision-
making steps prior to actual farming activities and crop cycling to be effective.
1. Disease identification & Diagnosis
2. Fertilizer Calculator
3. Soil Study
4. Water Study
5. Need of Crop Needs Estimation
6. Analysis of Crop Produce Readiness
7. Identification Temperature and Humidity (for Horticulture crops)
1.1.2. Sensors in Greenhouses
The main objective of Greenhouses is to provide the required inputs to plants at the right time in the
correct ratio. Sensors are mainly used in a greenhouse system to measure temperature, control temperature,
humidity, CO2, aeration, ventilation, lighting, thermal and solar shading; regulating hot water and steam
heating systems, fog and mist prevention to list a few but many more applications are being updated
continuously.
1.1.3. Sensors in Livestock
The farming industry is an important sector of the global economy with an annual turnover of 100
billion dollars. USA, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Spain, China are major players in farming industries. In
livestock farming management, sensors are used to determine the pH level and the temperature inside a
cow’s rumen and to monitor important vital signs such as core temperature, heart rate, and blood oxygen
levels by tagging RFID (Radio Frequency identification) sensors.
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1.1.4. Sensors in Wildlife
The rapid growth of human population in the world impelled by agricultural and industrial growth
has led to the conversion of forests into human settlements. Due to this, wild animals face severe shortage of
water and food. In Asian countries like India and Bangladesh wild elephants, panthers and lions have often
entered villages causing panic to humans. In these conditions sensors are crucially helpful not only in
tracking and monitoring the animals which enter villages but also a major necessity in ascertaining animal
species and populations.
1.1.5. Other Applications of Sensors
Acoustic sensors were developed for identification of soil texture. It functions by measuring the
change in noise level due to the interaction of a tool with soil particles. Airflow sensors were used to
measure soil air permeability, measure percentage of moisture, identify soil structure and to distinguish
different types of soils. Electrochemical sensors play a major role in agricultural fields. These sensors are
used to measure the macro and micro nutrients in the soil, salinity and pH. Electromagnetic sensors are used
to map electrical conductivity and transient electromagnetic response, identify electrical response, adjust
variable rate application in real-time. Other important applications are identification of residual nitrates and
organic matter in the soil. Mechanical sensors use a mechanism that penetrates or cuts through the soil and
records the force measured by strain gauges or load cells.
Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based fused smart sensors to measure real-time plant
transpiration monitoring using this sensor. Optical sensors are used to predict clay, organic matter and
moisture content. Ultrasonic ranging sensors Apple tree canopies are analyzing by this U R sensors. Raman
& F T I.R spectroscopy structural differences of celluloses can be detected by F T I R and Raman
Spectroscopy. Reflect metersis specifically used for determination of moisture in oil palm fruits.
Optoelectronic sensors are used to detect weed in wide row crops. Eddy covariance sensors helps in
quantifying of carbon metabolism of peat lands. Fluorescence-based optical sensor is used for plant
constituent assessment, mainly to supervise grape maturation. Acoustic sensor is used for classification of
seeds by analyzing their sound absorption spectra. Soft water level-based (SWLB) sensors are used in
agriculture catchments to characterize the hydrological behavior SWLB are very helpful sensors.
Optical and microwave sensors are used for characterizing olive grove canopies. LIDAR sensors are
used to get dynamic measurement information regarding fruit-tree leaf area and it is combined with GPS to
get 3D map. Majorly this sensor are used for estimating biomass in alpine forest. Argos sensor is a satellite-
based sensor system which collects, processes and disseminates environmental data from fixed and mobile
platforms worldwide. APR Sensors Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) is an amateur radio-based
system for real time tactical digital communications of information of immediate value in the local area. GIS
Sensors A geographic information system or geographical information system sensor is used to capture,
store, manipulate, analyze, manage and present all types of spatial or geographical data. Surveillance sensors
are used for monitoring the behavior, activities and/or other changing information in animals. Telematics
sensors used for telecommunication between two places or two vehicles in the forest. Telemetry sensors are
used to collect data from remote or inaccessible points. For example, crocodile or shark movements under
water.
2. THE PROPOSED RESEARCH METHOD - AGRIPI
The aim of this research work is to invent a mobile based sensor automation system to determine the
soil condition (physical and chemical) including humidity, the pH of soil and water and water levels in the
field. A major advantage of this device is the incorporation of various animal / insect sounds as signals. As an
example, the vibrations made by elephants entering premises can be received as input signals based on the
earth’s vibration. The sensor is programmed to imitate the sound of buzzing bees which will not only stop
elephants from entering the field but will set off an alarm to alert the monitoring personnel. Similarly, bird
scan be warded off from spoiling crops before the harvest by placing sensors that will make suitable sounds
to petrify them. To avoid any failure of its function due to power failures and surges, the device is made with
solar rechargeable batteries. This device also takes care of switching on or off the watering systems remotely
which helps farmers to precisely monitor and set timers for the water pumping systems using the smart app in
the mobile device.
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Figure 1. Functional block diagram
2.1. Features
Soil moisture and humidity sensors measure the moisture levels of the soil
Sound sensors sense the noises made by certain birds and animals
Ion-selective field effect transistors measure the Soil PH levels and fertility levels
Power switches take care of switching on and off the watering systems
Acoustic sensors and Beehive simulators provide information about Elephants and other animal intrusion
and keep them away
The agricultural automation featires stated above can be achieved by using Wireless Sensors and the
Internet of Things and developing the hardware and software systems involved. Below is a brief description
of the hardware and software systems used for building this Low cost Agricultural Automation device-
AGRIPI.
RASPBERRY PI microcontroller board and peripherals
GROVE PI+ board interfacing sensor devices to the RASPBERRY PI microcontroller
Grove Wireless sensor network setup for moisture and humidity sensors, acoustic sensors, buzzers, IR
camera and Ion-selective field effect transistors
Android/IOS installed mobile for running the mobile application software
Web server for storing the data and downloading on to a mobile device
Network powered switches and breadboard wires
Python Software architecture and development for RASPBERRY PI bring up and functioning
Android/IOS application software architecture and development
Solar panel to provide Input power supply, Ethernet and USB cables
3. PROCEDURE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED
The input sensor information is collected on to a base station processor and processed and uploaded
on to the internet through Internet of Things. This information is received on an Android/IOS based mobile
device with an application developed for Android/IOS devices that displays the required information and
allows the farmers to monitor and control the agricultural automation parameters with simple Graphical User
Interface. AGRIPI automates all monitoring and control farming tasks by providing control from an
Android/IOS application software installed on the farmer’s mobile device.
The carefully selected sensors for moisture and humidity, buzzer and sound sensors, relays, power
switches, light sensors etc. get connected to the AGRIPI base station. The combination of sensors along with
the data logger and the base station RASPBERRY PI and GROVE PI+ makes an ideal hardware platform for
this agricultural automation project. The software architecture using SPI and I2C interfaces communicates
with the sensors and the Android/IOS application software efficiently.
As soon as the device is setup, solar powered battery powers up the device and RASPBERRY PI
board and GROVE PI+ boards boot sequence starts and both boards complete the booting sequence using
Linux operating system boot image “RASPBIAN”. Wireless Sensors sense the agricultural parameters and
send these to the data logger using PYTHON scripts. Data logger processes this data and uploads the files to
Internet of Things. Mobile device downloads these files from Internet of Things using web servers and
Android/IOS application software. The data is displayed in the form of graphs, plots etc. on the mobile
device using Android/IOS application” AGRISOFT”. Smart easy to use Graphical User Interface (GUI) is
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developed that displays this data in the form of plots hourly, daily, weekly and monthly formats. The Farmer
is provided with a set of on/off power buttons for switching on/off the watering systems, bee simulators and
other simulated noises for bird and animal control. The RASPBERRY PI and GROVE PI+ boards get the
control information back on Internet of Things and start running the required PYTHON scripts for starting
the required buzzers, sensors and water pumping system control. The buzzers, sensors and watering systems
get power on/off set with timers etc. and do the required automation job.
Software development using Python packages, mobile application development using Linux
operating system on the Raspberry PI and GROVE PI+ microcontroller hardware development platform is
the work in progress for this research activity.
3.1. Functioning and Software, Hard ware details of AGRIPI AND AGRISOFT
Figure 2. Functional Flowchart
4. EXISTING RESEARCH METHODS AND STATISTICS
There are certain products that are available in this area (Reference: [36]), these products address the
problems like data logging and analysis, but do not provide an off the shelf solution to farmers that is easy to
use, portable and in-expensive.
This research addesses all the issues farmers are facing today like getting the knowledge of Soil
moisture and humidity, Seasonal animals or insect attacks, Soil PH levels for fertilizer usage suggestions and
organic farming, automation of watering systems using their mobiles. Beehive simulators provide
information about Elephants and other animal intrusion and keep them away. The proposed solution also
provides features like ease of use, portability and very low cost per device.
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As per the data provided in the article Courtesy www.businessinsider.com [34] “BI Intelligence,
Business Insider's premium research service, predicts that IoT device installations in the agriculture world
will increase from 30 million in 2015 to 75 million in 2020, for a compound annual growth rate of 20%. The
U.S. currently leads the world in IoT smart agriculture, as it produces 7,340 kgs of cereal (e.g. wheat, rice,
maize, barley, etc.) per hectare (2.5 acres) of farmland, compared to the global average of 3,851 kgs of cereal
per hectare”
Figure 3. Statistics on the Amount of Data Generated by the Average Farm per Day
This data generated by the Farm, if analyzed and used for futuristic decision making on the farm
parameters like watering schedules, plant and seed selection, crop protection from seasonal attacks of animals
and insects etc. The hardware and software platforms being developed and tested in this research work will
address this problem as the Wireless Sensors provide the data to the data logger and the base station.
RASPBERRY PI and GROVE PI+ hardware platform processes this data and captures using the SPI and I2C
interfaces to provide the data for analysis and display to the Android/IOS application running on the Mobile
device.
5. EXPECTED RESULTS AND ANALYSIS – AGRIPI
The design and development of the hardware and software components involved in making the
agricultural management “Smart” is the expected result in this research work. Currently the research is in the
coding and development phase and this is a review paper for the proposed approach to make Agriculture
Smart. The results will be published along with the result and data analysis after the field testing of this
device in the Agricultural farms.
In today’s world mobiles, have proven to simplify most of our activities. Applying these princples
of remote management and portability to the back-bone of World economy – “Agriculture” changes the way
the Indian/global farmers perform their farming activities. A system and method is proposed for automation
of agricultural activities with the help of these technologies. The system helps the field monitoring activities
like water pumping scheduling, plant monitoring, protection from animals and insects etc. to be remotely
managed with the help of Mobile sensors and Mobile Apps. A patent is filed for this research and
development of software and hardware is in progress.
5.1. Patent On this Research Work
This research work is based on an original patent pending invention, by the first author of this paper
Mrs Sridevi Navulur, Research scholar, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Koneru lakshmiah
University, Guntur Dist) - 522 502, A.P. India.
7. ISSN: 2088-8708
IJECE Vol. 7, No. 6, December 2017 : 3492 – 3499
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5.2. Title of the patent
System and Method for Remote Management and Automation of Agricultural Activities through
Wireless Sensors and Internet of Things - 3093/CHE/2015, June 2015.
5.3. Patenting Authority
Intellectual Property India, Patent Office, Intellectual Property Building.
6. CONCLUSION
This research work based on the patent pending invention, a mobile-based sensor automation system
for agricultural automation, is aimed to change the way the farmers perform their agricultural activities and
help in automating their field monitoring activities like water pumping scheduling, plant monitoring,
protection from animals and insects etc. The all electronic mobile-app based system under development is to
be affordable, easy to install in the field and delivers results with good level of accuracy and prediction.
Future areas of work are completing the software and hardware development, integration, testing and testing
the results and accuracy of the system in the agricultural fields.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank my internal and external research guides, Dr. Chandra Sekhara Sastry sir and
Dr. Giri Prasad sir who have provided continuous motivation for this work. I am especially thankful for my
Parents, my husband, my sons and all my family members. Farming issues faced by Indian farmers is an
inspiration for this research work. The goal of this research is to improve the quality of life for farmers and
aid them with automation tools they can easily operate with for their day to day activities as well as long
term crop planning.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Mrs Sridevi Navulur has over 15 years of Industry experience with a demonstrated history of
working in the wireless industry. Skilled in Semiconductors, VLSI Design, Internet of Things,
Wireless Communiactions and Embedded System Design. Strong Engineering Professional
working towards her Doctorate of Philosophy (Ph.D.) focused in Smart appliances and
automation using Wireless Sensors and Internet of things from KL University. She is a Life
Member of I.E.T.E. Contact Details: 2508, Windsor Ridge Drive, Westborough, MA-01581,
USA.
Dr. A.S.C.S. SASTRY, Professor and Head of the Department is an academician and a
researcher who has worked in various capacities in a career spanning over 15 years. He obtained
his B.E. (Electronics) from Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, M.Tech. (ECE) from COE,
Kakinada and PhD from JNT University, Hyderabad in the area of Pattern recognition (Image
Processing) in the year 2008. He has 30 publications in International and National
Journals/Conferences to his credit. He is a Life Member of I.E.T.E and I.S.T.E. His research /
interested areas include Embedded System Design, Image and Signal Processing Applications
and Real Time Systems. Contact Details: C-112, Computer Block, KL University.
Dr. M/N. Giri Prasad has an experience of over 27 years in Teaching and Research and has
published over 72 Papers in several National and International Journals and Conferences. His
Research areas include Bio-Medical Signal Processing, Image Processing, Microcontrollers,
Communications and Instrumentation. Contact Details: Address: Department of ECE,
JNATUACE, Anantapuramu.
