By 2025, solar power in sunny regions of the world will be cheaper than power from coal or gas / Success depends on stable regulatory conditions
In a few years, solar energy plants will deliver the most inexpensive power available in many parts of the world. By 2025, the cost of producing power in central and southern Europe will have declined to between 4 and 6 cents per kilowatt hour, and by 2050 to as low as 2 to 4 cents, according to a study by the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems commissioned by Agora Energiewende. Agora Energiewende is an independent German think tank dedicated to research on the future of the electrical power system. The study uses only conservative assumptions about technological developments expected for solar energy. Technological breakthroughs could make electricity even cheaper, but these potential developments were not taken into consideration.
Solar power is already cost-effective: In the sunny, desert country of Dubai, a long-term power purchase contract was signed recently for 5 cents per kilowatt hour, while in Germany large solar plants deliver power for less than 9 cents. By comparison, electricity from new coal and gas-fired plants costs between 5 and 10 cents per kilowatt hour and from nuclear plants as much as 11 cents.
“The study shows that solar energy has become cheaper much more quickly than most experts had predicted and will continue to do so,” says Dr. Patrick Graichen, Director of the Agora Energiewende. “Plans for future power supply systems should therefore be revised worldwide. Until now, most of them only anticipate a small share of solar power in the mix. In view of the extremely favourable costs, solar power will on the contrary play a prominent role, together with wind energy – also, and most importantly, as a cheap way of contributing to international climate protection.”
The study also reveals that electricity generation costs for solar power are highly dependent on financial and regulatory frameworks, due to the high capital intensity of photovoltaic installations. Poor regulation and high risk-premiums reflected in interest rates can raise the cost of solar plants by up to 50 percent. This effect is so great, that it can even outweigh the advantage offered by greater amounts of sunshine. Graichen says: “Favourable financing conditions and stable legal frameworks are therefore vital conditions for cheap, clean solar electricity. It is up to policy makers to create and maintain these conditions.”
Created virtual company which provides solutions on Project Feasibility, Viability Alternatives, Current Scenario Project Development, Plans Budgeting and Costing, Strategic Management of Solar energy.
This webinar is dedicated to the findings of the 3rd issue of the PV Grid Parity Monitor for Residential Consumers.
The Photovoltaic Grid Parity Monitor analyses PV competitiveness with retail electricity prices for residential consumers and assesses local regulation for self-consumption of 21 cities in 12 countries (Australia, Brazil, Chile, France, Germany, Italy, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Spain, UK, USA).
It is based on a rigorous and transparent methodology and has used real and updated data provided by local PV installers, local PV associations and other reliable players from the PV industry. A specific and in-depth analysis of retail electricity rates for each of the 21 cities is included.
Given that PV Grid Parity represents a unique opportunity to develop a local and sustainable power generation technology in a cost-effective way, this Monitor aims at giving benchmark elements and good practice models to foster the development of this technology.
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webinar/3rd-photovoltaic-grid-parity-monitor-residential-consumers-session-1
Germany is Europe’s biggest energy consumer. As a large and industrial country with moderate natural endowments, it sets an example of what can be done with a progressive energy policy. Germany leads the charge on renewables, has an ambitious energy efficiency policy, is committed to phasing out nuclear power generation and uses ETS revenues fully for the fight against climate change. However, the future of the German energy transition is rather uncertain. Are energy prices sustainable with the current high taxation rates? How to expand the high-voltage grid to integrate wind generation from the North? What will be the future role of coal and gas? This webinar presentation reviews the most important energy statistics for Germany, focussed on a few highlights of its energy policy and concludes with a series of open discussion points.
Wind farm development and operation - A case studyLeonardo ENERGY
This application note presents a case study for the development of a small wind farm. It discusses each of the four phases of a wind project in detail (feasibility study, pre-building phase, building phase, and operation & maintenance).
The section on the feasibility study includes site selection criteria and a discussion of the methodology for the assessment of the likely energy yield – a critically important factor in the investment decision. Often, several sites will need to be investigated before making a selection.
During the pre-building phase the necessary planning and building permissions must be obtained and a connection contract negotiated with the local network operator. The feed-in tariff – the money received for the energy produced – must be negotiated. Decisions made during these early stages determine the return on investment of the wind farm.
The case study continues with details of the steps to be taken to ensure rapid commissioning and reliable operation. The note concludes with a financial analysis highlighting the importance of an accurate energy yield assessment and adequate feed-in tariff.
At the scale of a town district, a community solar self-consumption project is not only possible technically and legally, but also financially viable today.
In this article, we will discuss ‘allocation keys’ to break down the energy produced between the various participating consumers in order to obtain the desired balance between redistribution of benefits to those who truly consume solar energy and profitability for the investor.
Created virtual company which provides solutions on Project Feasibility, Viability Alternatives, Current Scenario Project Development, Plans Budgeting and Costing, Strategic Management of Solar energy.
This webinar is dedicated to the findings of the 3rd issue of the PV Grid Parity Monitor for Residential Consumers.
The Photovoltaic Grid Parity Monitor analyses PV competitiveness with retail electricity prices for residential consumers and assesses local regulation for self-consumption of 21 cities in 12 countries (Australia, Brazil, Chile, France, Germany, Italy, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Spain, UK, USA).
It is based on a rigorous and transparent methodology and has used real and updated data provided by local PV installers, local PV associations and other reliable players from the PV industry. A specific and in-depth analysis of retail electricity rates for each of the 21 cities is included.
Given that PV Grid Parity represents a unique opportunity to develop a local and sustainable power generation technology in a cost-effective way, this Monitor aims at giving benchmark elements and good practice models to foster the development of this technology.
http://www.leonardo-energy.org/webinar/3rd-photovoltaic-grid-parity-monitor-residential-consumers-session-1
Germany is Europe’s biggest energy consumer. As a large and industrial country with moderate natural endowments, it sets an example of what can be done with a progressive energy policy. Germany leads the charge on renewables, has an ambitious energy efficiency policy, is committed to phasing out nuclear power generation and uses ETS revenues fully for the fight against climate change. However, the future of the German energy transition is rather uncertain. Are energy prices sustainable with the current high taxation rates? How to expand the high-voltage grid to integrate wind generation from the North? What will be the future role of coal and gas? This webinar presentation reviews the most important energy statistics for Germany, focussed on a few highlights of its energy policy and concludes with a series of open discussion points.
Wind farm development and operation - A case studyLeonardo ENERGY
This application note presents a case study for the development of a small wind farm. It discusses each of the four phases of a wind project in detail (feasibility study, pre-building phase, building phase, and operation & maintenance).
The section on the feasibility study includes site selection criteria and a discussion of the methodology for the assessment of the likely energy yield – a critically important factor in the investment decision. Often, several sites will need to be investigated before making a selection.
During the pre-building phase the necessary planning and building permissions must be obtained and a connection contract negotiated with the local network operator. The feed-in tariff – the money received for the energy produced – must be negotiated. Decisions made during these early stages determine the return on investment of the wind farm.
The case study continues with details of the steps to be taken to ensure rapid commissioning and reliable operation. The note concludes with a financial analysis highlighting the importance of an accurate energy yield assessment and adequate feed-in tariff.
At the scale of a town district, a community solar self-consumption project is not only possible technically and legally, but also financially viable today.
In this article, we will discuss ‘allocation keys’ to break down the energy produced between the various participating consumers in order to obtain the desired balance between redistribution of benefits to those who truly consume solar energy and profitability for the investor.
Grid-Intelligent Solar: Unleashing the Full Potential of Utility-Scale Solar ...SolarPower Europe
This report shows that solar is not only the lowest cost power source in many regions and crucial to meet EU climate targets, but also a reliable partner that helps to keep the grid stable and supports Europe’s security of supply.
ICIS webinar - Price sensitivity analysis with neural networksICIS
The power markets are full of what if’s. The impact of renewable generation on spot power prices has naturally generated a great deal of volatility in the markets. Inputs and assumptions such as power demand, changing weather forecasts, and available capacities are just some of the key drivers that help predict the price of power. But what if there is more wind generation than expected? What happens if demand for power turns out to be stronger than anticipated?
While uncertainties in the market cannot be eliminated, they can be identified, quantified and their impact assessed on positions and portfolios. The goal of this webinar is to explain how Neural Networks power price models can help to assess the sensitivities that can impact spot prices in the German day ahead market and how you can use this to your advantage.
Future Electricity Markets: key pillars with high shares of wind and PVLeonardo ENERGY
More and more countries world-wide are targeting high shares of wind and solar photovoltaics in their electricity mix. To integrate high shares of these variable renewable energy sources, the electricity system needs to become more flexible in order to balance supply and demand at all times. The webinar will discuss key design features of future electricity markets, including incentives for more flexible fossil-fuel based and renewable-based power generation, modifications to the design of electricity markets, incentives for more flexible demand, and storage options.
Replicable NAMA Concept - Promoting the Use of Energy Efficient Motors in Ind...Leonardo ENERGY
* Introduces Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs).
* Proposed structure and design of the NAMA.
* Template for countries wishing to adopt the NAMA concept.
Cost development of renewable energy technologiesLeonardo ENERGY
This course covers the cost development of renewable energy technologies, which includes the analysis of technological change, in particular with regard to technological learning, the assessment of learning rates of renewable energy technologies available in literature and forecasting studies. For many (energy) technologies, a log-linear relation was found between the accumulated experience and the technical (e.g. efficiency) and economic performance (e.g. investment costs). The rate at which cost decline for each doubling of cumulative production is expressed by the progress ratio (PR). A progress ratio of 90% results in a learning Rate (LR) of 10% and similar cost reduction per doubling of cumulative production (IEA 2000; Junginger, Sark et al. 2010). Learning curves for the renewable energy technologies as well as levelised cost of electricity will be presented. The latter also include the impact of resource conditions (e.g. wind and solar yield) at different locations as well as operation and maintenance costs and fuel expenditures in the case of biomass technologies.
V SIMPOSIO EMPRESARIAL INTERNACIONAL FUNSEAM: LOS RETOS DEL SECTOR ENERGÉTICO
CLAUSURA
Presentación
D. Antonio Brufau, Presidente de Repsol
Conferencia de clausura
La regulación en la consecución de los Retos Energéticos: el papel de ACER: D. Alberto Pototschnig, Director de ACER
Concentrated Solar Power Storage in South AfricaDavid Williams
Concentrated Solar Power Storage in South Africa
The guide 'CSP Storage: South Africa' provides insight into the current and future prospects of storage technology,
as well as assessing the dispatchability potential for the South African market. In addition, it contains
exclusive extracts from the CSP Today business intelligence reports.
Grid-Intelligent Solar: Unleashing the Full Potential of Utility-Scale Solar ...SolarPower Europe
This report shows that solar is not only the lowest cost power source in many regions and crucial to meet EU climate targets, but also a reliable partner that helps to keep the grid stable and supports Europe’s security of supply.
ICIS webinar - Price sensitivity analysis with neural networksICIS
The power markets are full of what if’s. The impact of renewable generation on spot power prices has naturally generated a great deal of volatility in the markets. Inputs and assumptions such as power demand, changing weather forecasts, and available capacities are just some of the key drivers that help predict the price of power. But what if there is more wind generation than expected? What happens if demand for power turns out to be stronger than anticipated?
While uncertainties in the market cannot be eliminated, they can be identified, quantified and their impact assessed on positions and portfolios. The goal of this webinar is to explain how Neural Networks power price models can help to assess the sensitivities that can impact spot prices in the German day ahead market and how you can use this to your advantage.
Future Electricity Markets: key pillars with high shares of wind and PVLeonardo ENERGY
More and more countries world-wide are targeting high shares of wind and solar photovoltaics in their electricity mix. To integrate high shares of these variable renewable energy sources, the electricity system needs to become more flexible in order to balance supply and demand at all times. The webinar will discuss key design features of future electricity markets, including incentives for more flexible fossil-fuel based and renewable-based power generation, modifications to the design of electricity markets, incentives for more flexible demand, and storage options.
Replicable NAMA Concept - Promoting the Use of Energy Efficient Motors in Ind...Leonardo ENERGY
* Introduces Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs).
* Proposed structure and design of the NAMA.
* Template for countries wishing to adopt the NAMA concept.
Cost development of renewable energy technologiesLeonardo ENERGY
This course covers the cost development of renewable energy technologies, which includes the analysis of technological change, in particular with regard to technological learning, the assessment of learning rates of renewable energy technologies available in literature and forecasting studies. For many (energy) technologies, a log-linear relation was found between the accumulated experience and the technical (e.g. efficiency) and economic performance (e.g. investment costs). The rate at which cost decline for each doubling of cumulative production is expressed by the progress ratio (PR). A progress ratio of 90% results in a learning Rate (LR) of 10% and similar cost reduction per doubling of cumulative production (IEA 2000; Junginger, Sark et al. 2010). Learning curves for the renewable energy technologies as well as levelised cost of electricity will be presented. The latter also include the impact of resource conditions (e.g. wind and solar yield) at different locations as well as operation and maintenance costs and fuel expenditures in the case of biomass technologies.
V SIMPOSIO EMPRESARIAL INTERNACIONAL FUNSEAM: LOS RETOS DEL SECTOR ENERGÉTICO
CLAUSURA
Presentación
D. Antonio Brufau, Presidente de Repsol
Conferencia de clausura
La regulación en la consecución de los Retos Energéticos: el papel de ACER: D. Alberto Pototschnig, Director de ACER
Concentrated Solar Power Storage in South AfricaDavid Williams
Concentrated Solar Power Storage in South Africa
The guide 'CSP Storage: South Africa' provides insight into the current and future prospects of storage technology,
as well as assessing the dispatchability potential for the South African market. In addition, it contains
exclusive extracts from the CSP Today business intelligence reports.
İsitmə, havalandırma, soyutma sistemləri və avadanlıqları üzrə montajçıFirdovsi Mutallimov
İşçilər temperaturu tənzimləyən mexaniki, maye və ya qazla işləyən, elektrik və elektron isitmə, soyutma avandanlıqlarını quraşdırır, onların fəaliyyətinə nəzarəti həyata keçirir və təmir edirlər.
CATIA V5. Przykłady efektywnego zastosowania systemu w projektowaniu mechanic...Wydawnictwo Helion
Wykorzystywanie systemów CAD w biurach projektowych to dziś niemal standard. Niestety -- ogrom inwestycji związanych z zakupem i wdrożeniem takich systemów powoduje, że szkolenie pracowników dotyczące zasad efektywnego korzystania z narzędzi projektowych jest często pomijane lub przeprowadzane w minimalnym zakresie. Skutkiem tego jest niższa od zakładanej wydajność pracy i niepotrzebna złożoność wielu projektów. Opanowanie systemu CAD w stopniu wystarczającym do wypracowania metodologii pracy w zespole, optymalnego skonfigurowania interfejsu użytkownika aplikacji oraz odpowiedniego zaplanowania modelu ma tu ogromne znaczenie. Tylko wtedy możliwe jest przyspieszenie procesu projektowania, zautomatyzowanie typowych, powtarzających się etapów projektowania oraz zapewnienie zgodności projektu z normami branżowymi czy zakładowymi.
Książka "CATIA V5. Przykłady efektywnego zastosowania systemu w projektowaniu mechanicznym" przedstawia najlepsze praktyki projektowe stosowane do rozwiązywania różnych problemów konstrukcyjnych. Nie jest to podręcznik użytkownika ani opis funkcji systemu CATIA. Opisano tu sposoby realizacji konkretnych zadań z naciskiem na wydajność pracy oraz właściwe wykorzystanie dostępnych narzędzi. Każdy temat przedstawiony jest na przykładzie, co ułatwia jego zrozumienie i zastosowanie w innych projektach.
* Asocjatywność i projektowanie współbieżne
* Projektowanie typowych elementów konstrukcyjnych
* Szablony konstrukcyjne i inteligentne modele
* Projektowanie części formowanych
* Modele bryłowe i powierzchniowe
Wykorzystaj wiedzę zawartą w tej książcei popraw wydajność swojej pracy.
Jak rozpoznawać trendy w otoczeniu firmy i reagować na nieJarosław Rubin
Efektywny menedżer powinien posiadać kompetencje pozwalające na wykrywanie zmian i turbulencji w otoczeniu przedsiębiorstwa i przygotowanie strategicznych reakcji na takie zmiany. Dzięki Systemowi Zarządzania Zmianą menedżer może może odpowiednio szybko wykryć zmiany w otoczeniu firmy, poddać je analizie, później jak najszybciej podjąć działania, aby rozpoznać 1) szanse, które mogą się pojawić i będzie można je wykorzystać, a także 2) zagrożenia dla działalności, aby je zminimalizować albo zneutralizować.
Fenomen bitcoina, czym nie jest bitcoin w świetle polskiego prawa, jak można rozumieć bitmonety?, problemy natury prawnej (wybrane case studies i rozważania), do czego można jeszcze wykorzystać bitcoin?
Содержание:
1. Цель.
2. Давайте повторим.
3. Два принципа представления изображений.
4. Векторная графика - объектно-ориентированная.
5. Панель рисования в MS Word.
6. Сравните панели рисования Paint и MS Word.
7. Изучим панель рисования.
8. Свойства линии, заливка, объем.
9. Создать поздравительную открытку.
10. Домашнее задание.
ISES 2013 - Day 2 - Ole Grimsrud (Vice President Resource and Development, S...Student Energy
How To Maximize The Triple Bottom Line: People, Planet and Profit.
Fossil fuels is a convenient and inexpensive source of energy, which will, if managed well, accelerate development. On the other hand, the use of fossil fuels results in increased emissions of greenhouse gases.
Is it time to rethink the management of fossil resources?
V SIMPOSIO EMPRESARIAL INTERNACIONAL FUNSEAM: LOS RETOS DEL SECTOR ENERGÉTICO
MESA 1. RETOS PARA EL SECTOR DE LA ELECTRICIDAD
Inversión en proyectos intensivos en capital y señales de mercado: Dña. Ana Quelhas, Directora de Planificación Energética del Grupo EDP
Preside la mesa: D. Ferran Tarradellas, Director Representación en Barcelona de la Comisión Europea
Janez Kopac, Director of the Energy Community SecretariatWEC Italia
Slides presentate in occasione del Seminario "The Energy transition in Europe: different pathways, same destination? organizzato da Edison in collaborazione con WEC Italia il 29 maggio 2013 a Roma - TWITTER #NRGstrategy
This application note provides an overview of the most relevant characteristics and considerations regarding commercial and tertiary sector photovoltaic (PV) power plants (100 kW to 2 MW). It is aimed at potential investors, including industrial and tertiary sector companies, communities and financial institutions, among other parties.
Over the past decade, the competitiveness of PV as opposed to other electricity sources has improved considerably, mainly driven by new technological improvements and cost reductions per unit of installed power. In many situations, PV systems represent a profitable and relatively low risk investment opportunity. Nevertheless, a case-by-case analysis should be performed to properly evaluate each project.
The principal technological choices to be made during a PV plant development project concern the actual PV panels, the mounting structures, the inverter, and the storage system. Relatively few major types of systems are currently available on the market for each of these components. This application note describes their main advantages and disadvantages. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the difficulties and risks that can be encountered during the PV plant development process.
The business model of the project will be determined by the local system of government incentives. This application note depicts key issues related to financing and the economics of a PV investment. It describes the choice between a corporate loan and a leasing formula and the calculation of the Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Finally, it executes a sensitivity analysis on the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of the PV plant. The cost of the EPC contractor and the local irradiation level turn out to be major parameters influencing the result. The discount rate and the lifetime of the PV plants influence the LCOE to a lesser extent. Note that the LCOE needs to be compared with retail electricity prices for residential PV projects, with commercial electricity rates before VAT for company PV projects, and with the cost of other electricity generation sources (e.g. a gas fired combined cycle plant) for electrical utility PV projects.
Carsten Rolle, Executive Director WEC Germany WEC Italia
Slides presentate in occasione del Seminario "The Energy transition in Europe: different pathways, same destination? organizzato da Edison in collaborazione con WEC Italia il 29 maggio 2013 a Roma - TWITTER #NRGstrategy
Energiezekerheid in onzekere tijden: gaat het licht uit? Een lezing van Johan Albrecht, Faculteit Economie & Bedrijfskunde (Ugent) in het Turnhoutse Wetenschapcafé op 15 oktober 2014
In a very optimistic lecture, Yves GIRAUD, the EDF Generation Economics & Strategy Director, then compared different electricity sources to conclude that nuclear energy will play an important role in the future.
IndustRE - Renewables and Industrial Demand Side ManagementLeonardo ENERGY
IndustRE is a H2020 project with two aims within two timeframes.
Project Aims
The flexibility potential of large industrial users’ electricity demand presents an opportunity to deal simultaneously with two issues at the top of the European energy policy agenda:
Cost-effective integration of variable renewable electricity
into the power systems of Europe
The rising cost of electricity and its effects on the
competitiveness of European industry
Within the IndustRE project, the electricity-intensive industries of Europe work closely with the renewable energy sector in order to promote innovative business models and regulatory improvements that create win-win situations. The project aims to:
Present suitable business models and facilitate their
adoption
Formulate policy recommendations
Quantify the potential benefits for the power system
Move industry and variable renewable energy plant operators into action
Similar to Agora EnergyWende Think Tank : Future Cost of PV Key Insights Presentation (20)
The Big Oil Reality Check report finds that the climate pledges and plans of 8 international oil and gas companies fail to align with international agreements to phase out fossil fuels and to limit global temperature rise to 1.5ºC.
Publication May 2021
IEA publication, May 2024
Critical minerals, which are essential for a range of clean energy technologies, have risen up the policy agenda in recent years due to increasing demand, volatile price movements, supply chain bottlenecks and geopolitical concerns. The dynamic nature of the market necessitates greater transparency and reliable information to facilitate informed decision-making, as underscored by the request from Group of Seven (G7) ministers for the IEA to produce medium- and long-term outlooks for critical minerals.
The Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2024 follows the IEA’s inaugural review of the market last year. It provides a snapshot of industry developments in 2023 and early 2024 and offers medium- and long-term outlooks for the demand and supply of key energy transition minerals based on the latest technology and policy trends.
The report also assesses key risks to the reliability, sustainability and diversity of critical mineral supply chains and analyses the consequences for policy and industry stakeholders. It will be accompanied by an updated version of the Critical Minerals Data Explorer, an interactive online tool that allows users to explore the latest IEA projections.
Science Publication
Global projections of macroeconomic climate-change damages typically consider
impacts from average annual and national temperatures over long time horizons1–6
.
Here we use recent empirical fndings from more than 1,600 regions worldwide over
the past 40 years to project sub-national damages from temperature and precipitation,
including daily variability and extremes7,8
. Using an empirical approach that provides
a robust lower bound on the persistence of impacts on economic growth, we fnd that
the world economy is committed to an income reduction of 19% within the next
26 years independent of future emission choices (relative to a baseline without
climate impacts, likely range of 11–29% accounting for physical climate and empirical
uncertainty). These damages already outweigh the mitigation costs required to limit
global warming to 2 °C by sixfold over this near-term time frame and thereafter diverge
strongly dependent on emission choices. Committed damages arise predominantly
through changes in average temperature, but accounting for further climatic
components raises estimates by approximately 50% and leads to stronger regional
heterogeneity. Committed losses are projected for all regions except those at very
high latitudes, at which reductions in temperature variability bring benefts. The
largest losses are committed at lower latitudes in regions with lower cumulative
historical emissions and lower present-day income.
Science Publication: The atlas of unburnable oil for supply-side climate poli...Energy for One World
Nature Communication, Publication 2024
To limit the increase in global mean temperature to 1.5 °C, CO2 emissions must
be drastically reduced. Accordingly, approximately 97%, 81%, and 71% of
existing coal and conventional gas and oil resources, respectively, need to
remain unburned. This article develops an integrated spatial assessment
model based on estimates and locations of conventional oil resources and
socio-environmental criteria to construct a global atlas of unburnable oil. The
results show that biodiversity hotspots, richness centres of endemic species,
natural protected areas, urban areas, and the territories of Indigenous Peoples
in voluntary isolation coincide with 609 gigabarrels (Gbbl) of conventional oil
resources. Since 1524 Gbbl of conventional oil resources are required to be left
untapped in order to keep global warming under 1.5 °C, all of the above-
mentioned socio-environmentally sensitive areas can be kept entirely off-
limits to oil extraction. The model provides spatial guidelines to select
unburnable fossil fuels resources while enhancing collateral socio-
environmental benefits.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Skye Residences | Extended Stay Residences Near Toronto Airportmarketingjdass
Experience unparalleled EXTENDED STAY and comfort at Skye Residences located just minutes from Toronto Airport. Discover sophisticated accommodations tailored for discerning travelers.
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RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptx
Agora EnergyWende Think Tank : Future Cost of PV Key Insights Presentation
1. Current and Future Cost of Solar Photovoltaics
Key Insights
FEBRUARY 2015
2. Agora Energiewende - who we are
2
• Independent and non-partisan Think Tank, 18 Experts • Mission: How do we make the Energiewende in
Germany a success story?
• Financed with 15 million Euro by the Mercator
Foundation and the European Climate Foundation
(Project duration: 2012-2017)
• Analyzing, assessing, understanding, discussing,
putting forward proposals
www.agora-energiewende.com
4. Objective:
provide a range of future cost scenarios to
support discussion on role of solar PV
4
Cost of solar
PV today
Ambitious
assumptions
Cost of solar
PV in 2050
Min
Max
Conservative
assumptions
Own illustration
5. Focus on large scale systems and crystalline
silicon technologies – breakthroughs are far
from impossible but not considered here
5
Own illustration
Solar PV technologySolar PV system size
1kW 10 kWp 100 kWp 1 MWp 10 MWp > 100 MWp
Private house Industry Ground-mounted
Focus
Source: Fotolia/Smileus Source: Naturstrom AG
Einteilung nach: EPIA, Solar Generation 6, 2011
Thin-film-Technologies Other Technologies
Concentrating Photovoltaics
High concentration
Dye-sensitized solar cells
Many other technologies
Crystalline Silicon-Technologies
Focus
Sources: Fotolia/ls_design, Fraunhofer ISE
6. Future solar module prices in different scenarios
are based on the historical “learning rate”
6
Own illustration
Scenario 4,
year 2050:
140 - 210 EUR/kWp
Scenario 1,
year 2050:
270-360 EUR/kWp
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
Expert discussion: Scenarios of market development Resulting cost of solar modules based on „learning rate“
Example of methodology used
Backup
Scenario 1,
most pesimistic:
175 GW in 2050
Scenario 4,
PV-Breakthrough:
1780 GW in 2050
20502014
World market solar PV modules, in GW
2014:
~40 GW
http://www.sunpower.de/haus/solarmodule/x-series/
7. Feed-in tariff for new large-scale solar photovoltaic in Germany
Key Insight 1:
Solar photovoltaics is already today a low-cost
renewable energy technology
7
*Nominal values, Feed-in tariff applicable at first of January each year, value 2015 excl. adjustment of 0,4 ct/kWh for direct marketing.
Source: German renewable energy law, Agora Energiewende
43
8,7
0
10
20
30
40
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
~80%
ct/kWh*
For Comparison:
8. Cost of electricity from new solar power plants in Southern and Central Europe
Key Insight 2:
Solar power will soon be the cheapest form of
electricity in many regions of the world.
8
*Real values in EUR 2014; bandwidth represent different scenarios of market, technology and cost development, as well as power plant location between south of
Germany (1190 kWh/kWp/y) and south of Spain (1680 kWh/kWp/y). Source: Own illustration
For Comparison:
cost of electricity from
fossil fuels:
ct/kWh* 2015 2050
8
6
4
2
2025 2035
- 1/3
- 2/3
Most
optimistic
assumptions,
highest
irradiation
Most
pessimistic
assumption,
lowest
irradiation
9. Cost of electricity of solar PV at different costs of capital, example southern Germany and southern Spain in 2025
Key Insight 3:
Financial and regulatory environments will be
key to reducing cost in the future.
9
* Real values in EUR 2014 ** Weighted average cost of capital (WACC)
Source: own illustration
ct/kWh*
Higher cost of capital,
higher cost
6
4
Germany (south) Spain (south)
5% 5% 7,5% 10%Cost of capital:**
More sun,
lower cost
2
10. Cost of electricity and contribution to power system per technology, scenario for Germany 2035*
Key Insight 4:
Most scenarios fundamentally underestimate the
role of solar power in future energy systems.
10
* Contribution of renewables based on scenario B2035 of grid development plan 2015, cost of electricity for other technologies based on Agora Energiewende 2014
Source: own illustration
Costofelectricity
Contribution to power system
Cost-optimal decarbonisation with
higher share of cheapest technology?
Solar PV
Biomass
Wind offshore
Wind onshore
10% 30%20%
5ct/kWh
15ct/kWh
10ct/kWh
„expensive with low contribution“
„cheap with high
contribution“
Illustrative
13. Cost of electricity from new solar power plants in North America, Australia, India and Mena region
Solar power will soon be the cheapest form of
electricity in many regions of the world.
13
* Real values EUR 2014; full load hours based on [27], investment cost bandwidth based on different scenarios of market, technology and cost development; assuming
5% (real) weighted average cost of capital; Source: Own illustration
in ct/kWh*
10
6
4
2
8
North America (1,5 – 5,8)
Australia (1,6 – 4,9)
India (1,6 - 3,7)
Mena (1,6 - 3,7)
2015 20502025 2035
14. UK: Current and future cost of solar energy
14
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: United Kingdom
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 800 - 1150 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
15. Spain: Current and future cost of solar energy
15
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Spain
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1350 - 1900 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
16. France: Current and future cost of solar energy
16
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: France
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1000 - 1550 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
17. Poland: Current and future cost of solar energy
17
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Poland
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 950 - 1050 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
18. 18
Full report available at: http://www.agora-energiewende.org/
Comments and feedback welcome!
daniel.fuerstenwerth@agora-energiewende.de
Media contact:
christoph-podewils@agora-energiewende.de
20. Online tool (Microsoft Excel) allows calculation
of current and future cost of solar PV in different
countries and currencies
20
Available (for free) at: www.agora-energiewende.org/pv-lcoe
To calculate cost of electricity in your country:
1. Go to tab „Cost of solar per country …in other currency“
2. Select a country
3. (Select cost of capital - optional)
4. Select currency to display
21. Greece: Current and future cost of solar energy
21
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Greece
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1300 - 1800 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
22. Germany: Current and future cost of solar
energy
22
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Germany
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 900 - 1200 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
23. Italy: Current and future cost of solar energy
23
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Italy
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1200 - 1650 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
24. Austria: Current and future cost of solar energy
24
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Austria
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1050 - 1250 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
25. Denmark: Current and future cost of solar
energy
25
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Denmark
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1050 - 1100 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
26. Finland: Current and future cost of solar energy
26
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Finland
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 850 - 1250 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
27. Latvia: Current and future cost of solar energy
27
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Latvia
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1100 - 1250 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
28. Romania: Current and future cost of solar
energy
28
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Romania
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1100 - 1250 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
29. Hungary: Current and future cost of solar energy
29
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Hungary
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1100 - 1200 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
30. Czech Republic: Current and future cost of solar
energy
30
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Czech Republic
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 950 - 1050 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
31. Estonia: Current and future cost of solar energy
31
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Estonia
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1150 - 1250 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
32. Lithuania: Current and future cost of solar
energy
32
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Lithuania
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1050 - 1200 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
33. Bulgaria: Current and future cost of solar energy
33
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Bulgaria
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1150 - 1300 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
34. Slovakia: Current and future cost of solar energy
34
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Slovakia
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 950 - 1100 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
35. Slovenia: Current and future cost of solar energy
35
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Slovenia
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1150 - 1300 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
36. Montenegro: Current and future cost of solar
energy
36
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Montenegro
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1100 - 1350 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
37. Macedonia: Current and future cost of solar
energy
37
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Macedonia (FYROM)
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1150 - 1350 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
38. Serbia: Current and future cost of solar energy
38
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Serbia
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1100 - 1200 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
40. Australia: Current and future cost of solar
energy
40
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Australia
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1050 - 1850 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
41. China: Current and future cost of solar energy
41
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: China
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1150 - 1750 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
42. India: Current and future cost of solar energy
42
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: India
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1400 - 1850 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
43. Turkey: Current and future cost of solar energy
43
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Turkey
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1350 - 1750 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
44. South Korea: Current and future cost of solar
energy
44
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Korea, South
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1300 - 1350 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
45. USA: Current and future cost of solar energy
45
Ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development; a global market for modules,
inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: United States
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 1350 - 1950 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
46. Russia: Current and future cost of solar energy
46
Exchange rates based on time of analysis (may 2014); ranges include differences in solar irradiation within the country as well as scenarios of technology and global market development;
a global market for modules, inverters and other cost components is assumed, short-term effects of higher cost in new markets (e.g. first GW in a specific country) are not considered
Currency:
EUR
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Levelized Cost of electricity from large scale solar PV: Russia
2015 2025 2035 2050
ctEUR2014/kWh
Full load hours: 850 - 1550 kWh/kWp p.a.,
Cost of capital (WACC): between 5% and 10%
48. Different approaches were applied to estimate
future cost of components and were discussed
in detail in expert workshops
48
Overview of Methodology Applied to Estimate Total System Cost in 2050
Backup
Component Cost in 2014 Cost in 2050Logic of calculation
Balance of
System
Module
Inverter
Learning curve
Learning curve
Component based
49. Short term market estimations for 2015 are used
as starting point for scenario estimations*
49
*For 2015, the average of 4 available market forecast is used
Own illustration
PV market development, GW per year
Backup
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Input Expert Discussion
IHS (Q1 2014)
Deutsche Bank
EPIA (2013)- Average
CAGR
2000-2013
50%
CAGR
2013-2020 ~
17%
Not considered in analysis
CAGR
2013-2015
~20%
50. Number of Duplications in Cumulated Production
Does not Differ Strongly Across All Scenarios
50
Own illustration
Cumulated PV production in scenarios, in TW; duplications
Backup
8
6,2
7
5,5
Number of
Duplications
2013-2050
51. Crosscheck with global electricity demand:
PV break-through scenario only feasible with
Electricifcation
51
Own illustration
Global Electricity Demand and PV Generation, in 1000*TWh
Backup
Demand based on…
Prof. BreyerIEA
40%91%
18%42%
10%22%
5%12%
Crosscheck of scenarios:
PV share of electricity
demand in 2050
52. Increasing module efficiency will lead to cost
reductions in all other parts of the power plant
52
Own illustration
Total land area needed for PV power plant with 1 MWp
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Today:
(Module Efficiency ~15%)
2050:
(Module Efficiency ~30%)
~2
soccer
fields
~1
soccer
field
Effect of higher module efficiency:
• Less modules to install
• Less weight to transport
• Less structures to build
• Less surface to use
~2x Efficiency
~50% Surface
53. Future Balance-of-System cost are based on
scenarios of module efficiency and further analysis
53
*Detailed analysis of cost drivers and impacts, including those beyond module efficiency, as well as results of expert discussions included in study
Own illustration
Example of methodology used
Backup
Scenarios of module efficiency Resulting balance-of-system (BOS) cost*
„Conservative“ „Average“ „Optimistic“
Today Scenario 2050
~15%
~24%
~30%
~35%
2050
pure c-Si
2050
dual-junction
2050
triple-junction
Technology assumed
2014 2050 max
(all worst case
assumption)
-39% -65%
~340
EUR/kWp
~210
EUR/kWp
~120
EUR/kWp
2050 min
(all best case
assumption)
54. Inverter for large scale solar PV power plants
have developed tremendously over the last decade
54
Own illustration, Fraunhofer ISE
Example of technology development: Inverter
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30 kW PV-inverter
manufactured 2004
370 kg -> 12 kg/kW 30 kW PV-inverter
manufactured 2008
155 kg -> 5 kg/kW
20 kW PV-inverter
manufactured 2014
40 kg -> 2 kg/kW
Possible technical progress:
• SiC power modules
• higher switching frequency higher power
density
• higher voltage levels in utility scale inverters
55. Future Cost of Inverters are estimated based
on the „Price Experience Curve“
55
Own illustration, Fraunhofer ISE
Inverter Price, Cumulated Produced Capacity
Backup
Scenario 1:
40 EUR/kWp
Scenario 4:
20 EUR/kWp
Scenario 3:
30 EUR/kWp
Source of historic data: SMA
56. Resulting total cost of ground mounted PV systems
in 2050 ranges between 280 and 610 EUR/kWp – assuming
no technology breakthroughs (conservative estimate)
56
Own illustration
Cost of PV System, in EUR/kWp
Backup
550
357
135
110
43
20
335
206
117
BOS
Module
Inverter
2014
~1000 €/kWp
~610 €/kWp
~280 €/kWp
2050
Max Min