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![“The typical project is a collection of ideas held in
the minds of the people on the project. […]
A project is not the sum of all of its documents or
even its code. A great deal of the context of a
project lies in its participants.”
- Matt Heusser
“Just-enough application lifecycle management (ALM)”
http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/news/column/0,294698,sid92_gci1396258,00.html](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/agilealm-101122160747-phpapp01/85/Agile-Application-Lifecycle-Management-ALM-80-320.jpg)
Uploaded byJurgen Appelo
Agile Application Lifecycle Management (ALM)
The document discusses the complexities of application lifecycle management (ALM) in software development, emphasizing the need for adaptability in response to increasing technological and organizational complexity. It highlights the importance of Agile principles and outlines the differences and similarities between Agile and traditional ALM approaches. Additionally, it provides practical tips for implementing Agile ALM, focusing on facilitating communication, supporting best practices, and allowing for flexibility and adaptability in tools and processes.
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Agile Application Lifecycle Management (ALM)
- 1. Agile ALM Application LifecycleManagement Dealing with Complexity Jurgen Appelo jurgen@noop.nl Version 3 http://www.flickr.com/photos/poppacket/4290209522/
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- 3. Can Application LifecycleManagement (ALM) work in an environment that grows ever more complex? And how does this relate to the first Agile principle, which promotes “people over processes and tools?” ALM: Dealing with Complexity
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- 10. The result isa big entangled mess http://www.flickr.com/photos/hryckowian/2029393648/
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- 12. Quasimodo software heart of gold, brokenbody Image via Google Search
- 13. And it doesn’tget easier… http://www.flickr.com/photos/steelmore/221737671/
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- 17. Lehman’s Laws of SoftwareEvolution http://www.flickr.com/photos/pagedooley/1825685405/
- 18. Continuing Change Lehman’s 1stLaw “A system must be continually adapted or else it becomes progressively less capable of satisfying its users.” http://www.flickr.com/photos/untitlism/2609684221/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehman's_laws_of_software_evolution
- 19. Increasing Complexity Lehman’s 2ndLaw “As a system evolves its complexity increases unless work is done to reduce it.” http://www.flickr.com/photos/hinkelstone/2765597758/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehman's_laws_of_software_evolution
- 20. Self-Regulation Lehman’s 3rd Law “Thesystem evolution process is self-regulating with product and process measures closely following a normal distribution.” http://www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/2323537118/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehman's_laws_of_software_evolution
- 21. Organizational Stability Lehman’s 4thLaw “The average activity rate (maintenance) in an evolving system is invariant over its lifetime.” http://www.flickr.com/photos/zyllan/4880446208/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehman's_laws_of_software_evolution
- 22. Conservation of Familiarity Lehman’s5th Law “As a system evolves all people involved with it must maintain mastery of its content and behavior to achieve satisfactory evolution.” http://www.flickr.com/photos/kevinpoh/3586321697/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehman's_laws_of_software_evolution
- 23. Continuing Growth Lehman’s 6thLaw “The functional content of a system must be continually increased to maintain user satisfaction over its lifetime.” http://www.flickr.com/photos/randysonofrobert/376221775/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehman's_laws_of_software_evolution
- 24. Declining Quality Lehman’s 7thLaw “The quality of a system will decline unless it is rigorously maintained and adapted to operational environment changes.” http://www.flickr.com/photos/reinante/4413913423/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehman's_laws_of_software_evolution
- 25. Feedback System Lehman’s 8thLaw “Evolution processes constitute complex feedback systems and must be treated as such to achieve significant improvement over any reasonable base.” http://www.flickr.com/photos/pixel_addict/465394708/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehman's_laws_of_software_evolution
- 26. How can weever deal with all this change? http://www.flickr.com/photos/pagedooley/2845763884/
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- 28. “Application Lifecycle Management(ALM) is a continuous process of managing the life of an application through governance, development and maintenance.” Definition(s) Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_lifecycle_management
- 29. “ALM is aset of disciplines that together govern the process of turning business ideas into software.” Definition(s) “ALM changing to meet development organizations' needs” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_lifecycle_management
- 30. “Any tools, technologies,or techniques that attempt to connect and maintain connections between activities over the life of a piece of software – from the first glint in the glimmer of an executive's eye, through system retirement.” Definition(s) “Just-enough application lifecycle management (ALM)” http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/news/column/0,294698,sid92_gci1396258,00.html
- 31. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ALM.svg ALM visualized inmodels, from bad…
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- 33. “Organizations which designsystems are constrained to produce designs which are copies of the communication structures of these organizations.” Conway’s Law http://www.flickr.com/photos/jeanlouis_zimmermann/570332025/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway's_Law
- 34. ALM 1.0 Separated disciplines Silosof information Fragile integration http://www.flickr.com/photos/eirikref/727551264/
- 35. ALM 2.0 Single repository Rolesand connections “One truth” http://www.flickr.com/photos/sudhamshu/4379880762/
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- 37. Complex Systems “A complexsystem is a system composed of interconnected parts that as a whole exhibit one or more properties (behavior) not obvious from the properties of the individual parts.” Sometimes called the sciences of complexity (plural) http://cfpm.org/pub/users/bruce/thesis/chap4.pdf
- 38. General Systems Theory Autopoiesis(how a system constructs itself) Identity (how a system is identifiable) Homeostatis (how a system remains stable) Permeability (how a system interacts with its environment) Ludwig von Bertalanffy (biologist) 1901-1972 Study of relationships between elements
- 39. Cybernetics Goals (the intentionof achieving a desired state) Acting (having an effect on the environment) Sensing (checking the response of the environment) Evaluating (comparing current state with system’s goal) Norbert Wiener (mathematician) 1894-1964 Study of regulatory systems
- 40. Dynamical Systems Theory Stability(stable states versus unstable states) Attractors (systems getting sucked into stable states) Study of system behavior
- 41. Game Theory Competition versuscooperation Zero sum games versus non-zero sum games Strategies (including evolutionary stable strategies) John von Neumann (mathematician) 1903-1957 Study of co-adapting systems
- 42. Evolutionary Theory Population (morethan one instance) Replication (mechanism of making new instances) Variation (differences between instances) Heredity (differences copied from existing instances) Selection (environment imposes selective pressure) Charles Darwin (naturalist) 1809-1882 Study of evolving systems
- 43. Chaos Theory Strange attractors(chaotic behavior) Sensitivity to initial conditions (butterfly effect) Fractals (scale-invariance) Edward Lorenz (meteorologist) 1917-2008 Study of unpredictable systems
- 44. And more... Dissipative systems(spontaneous pattern-forming) Cellular automata (complex behavior from simple rules) Genetic algorithms (adaptive learning) Social network analysis (propagation of information) Study of all kinds of systems
- 45. The Body ofKnowledge of Systems Complex systems theory is the study of complex systems using multiple system theories
- 46. Simplicity: A NewModel Simple = structure is easily understandable Complicated = structure is very hard to understand Ordered = behavior is fully predictable Complex = behavior is somewhat predictable Chaotic = behavior is very unpredictable Simplification = making something better understandable Linearization = making something more predictable
- 47. Structure-Behavior Model http://www.noop.nl/2010/09/simplicity-a-new-model.html Complex andcomplicated seen as different dimensions
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- 57. Heed “incompressibility” All modelsare wrong, some are useful http://www.flickr.com/photos/speckham/3885641714/
- 58. People Relationships Change Self-organization Emergence Diversity Decentralization Non-linearity Incompressibility One approach tobind them all… http://www.flickr.com/photos/gladius/2332020850/
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- 60. “An iterative andincremental (evolutionary) approach to software development which is performed in a highly collaborative manner by self-organizing teams within an effective governance framework with "just enough" ceremony that produces high quality solutions in a cost effective and timely manner which meets the changing needs of its stakeholders.” Definition Agile Modeling http://www.agilemodeling.com/essays/agileSoftwareDevelopment.htm
- 64. Let’s start withthe good old Iron Triangle
- 65. Then add some modifications... SplitCost (Resources) in People and Tools Split Scope in Functionality and Quality (suggestion: Scott Ambler) Add a dimension for Process (suggestion: Alistair Cockburn) Add a dimension for (Business) Value (suggestion: Jim Highsmith) http://www.ambysoft.com/essays/brokenTriangle.html http://alistair.cockburn.us/index.php/Process:_the_fourth_dimension http://blog.cutter.com/2009/08/10/beyond-scope-schedule-and-cost-measuring-agile-performance/
- 66. 1. People 2. Functionality 3.Quality 4. Tools 5. Time 6. Value 7. Process And we get... the 7 dimensions of software projects
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- 68. Functionality customer involvement backlogs user stories acceptancecriteria minimal marketable features user demos “inch-deep, mile-wide”
- 69. Quality technical excellence test-driven development pairprogramming definition of done refactoring emergent design simplicity
- 70. Tools daily builds continuous integration automatedtesting open offices task boards burn charts version control
- 71. Time timeboxes iterations sprints potentially shippable products rollingwave planning sustainable pace release planning
- 72. Value embracing change feedback frequent delivery valuestreams value mappingprioritization increments
- 73. Process stand-up meetings planning poker velocity spikes collectivecode ownership retrospectives sprint planning
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- 77. Agile + ALM similarities informationsharing better collaboration increased quality higher productivity http://www.flickr.com/photos/ananth/279721111/
- 78. Agile vs. ALM:differences people vs. tools practices vs. techniques http://www.flickr.com/photos/thebusybrain/2492945625/
- 79. Agile ALM the bestof both, using complexity thinking http://www.flickr.com/photos/batega/1865482908/
- 80. “The typical projectis a collection of ideas held in the minds of the people on the project. […] A project is not the sum of all of its documents or even its code. A great deal of the context of a project lies in its participants.” - Matt Heusser “Just-enough application lifecycle management (ALM)” http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/news/column/0,294698,sid92_gci1396258,00.html
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- 82. ALM tools shouldsupport high-bandwidth communication, and should not needlessly replace person-person communication with person-tool communication. Example: facilitation and storage of photos, audio, video. 1. High-Bandwidth Communication
- 83. ALM tools mustnatively support all common Agile practices. Example: user stories, acceptance testing, iterative planning, continuous flow, unit testing, refactoring, automated builds, continuous integration, etc… 2. Agile Best Practices
- 84. The ALM infrastructuremust be selected, built and maintained by the team(s) themselves. Nothing should be mandated by those who don’t have to work with it. Example: a team can select its own favorite automatic build system or Agile planning tools. 3. Bottom-Up Infrastructure
- 85. A healthy ALMstrategy will allow for multiple vendors of tools. The benefits of specialization (of tools) often outweighs the cost of integration. There is no “single truth”. Example: use Visual Studio Team System except source control. 4. Multi-Vendor Approach
- 86. ALM tools shouldaim for accessibility. The goal is collaboration, not centralization. Information should be radiated, not concentrated. Example: status updates on whiteboard and in task tracking tool. 5. Distributed Information
- 87. Modeling of processesis a form of prediction, and thus unreliable. Allow for emergent design of the ALM infrastructure. Grow it in an Agile way. Example: use a continuous improvement backlog for the ALM infrastructure. 6. Agile Improvement
- 88. ALM tools mustbe extensible, customizable and adaptable, so that they can grow together with the project. Example: open API’s, web services, plug-ins, widgets, macros, etc. 7. Adaptable Tools
- 89. Agile ALM High1. -BandwidthCommunication Agile Best Practices2. Bottom3. -up Infrastructure Multi4. -Vendor Approach Distributed Information5. Agile Improvement6. Adaptable Tools7. http://www.flickr.com/photos/untitlism/2603959306/
- 90. Application lifecycle management(Wikipedia) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_lifecycle_management Mea culpa, ALM toolmakers say (SD Times) http://www.sdtimes.com/link/31952 ALM changing to meet development organizations' needs (SearchSoftwareQuality) http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/news/article/0,289142,sid92_gci1259517_mem1,00.ht ml Application Lifecycle Management Gets Agile (ITBusinessEdge) http://www.itbusinessedge.com/cm/blogs/vizard/application-lifecycle-management-gets- agile/?cs=39865 What is Agile ALM? (Ezine Articles) http://ezinearticles.com/?What-is-Agile-ALM?&id=3948403 Agile ALM – Opposites Attract (CM Crossroads) http://www.cmcrossroads.com/cm-journal-articles/13601-agile-alm-opposites-attract What is the definition of Application Lifecycle Management (ALM)? (IT Knowledge Exchange) http://itknowledgeexchange.techtarget.com/software-quality/what-is-the-definition-of-application- lifecycle-management-alm/ Sources
- 91. Just-enough application lifecyclemanagement (ALM) (SearchSoftwareQuality) http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/news/column/0,294698,sid92_gci1396258,00.html ALM and Agile (RedMonk) http://www.redmonk.com/cote/2006/12/04/alm-and-agile/ Top 7 Key Requirements of an Agile ALM Platform (Top7Business) http://top7business.com/?id=15513 Does Application Lifecycle Management (ALM) add Value or Hinder the Adoption of Agile-Lean Product Development? (AgileJournal) http://www.agilejournal.com/articles/columns/column-articles/3326-does-application-lifecycle- management-alm-add-value-or-hinder-the-adoption-of-agile-lean-product-development What exactly is an ALM tool (SearchSoftwareQuality) http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/expert/KnowledgebaseAnswer/0,289625,sid92_gci1523 524,00.html Getting Started with Agile ALM (Manning) http://www.manning.com/huettermann/ Sources
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- 94. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/ This presentation wasinspired by the works of many people, and I cannot possibly list them all. Though I did my very best to attribute all authors of texts and images, and to recognize any copyrights, if you think that anything in this presentation should be changed, added or removed, please contact me at jurgen@noop.nl.