In previous times, the status of women in India was inferior to men in the practical life. However, they had a higher status in scriptures. They are considered as the perfect home maker in the world. With their incomparable quality of calmness of their mind, they can easily handle even toughest situation. Indian women are completely devoted to their families. They’re preached in the names of Goddess Saraswati, Goddess Durga, Parvati & Goddess Kali. Their condition remains unchanged even during the modern times with only little changes. In India, women were never given any right of liberty &equality. In previous times, the status of women in India was inferior to men in the practical life. However, they had a higher status in scriptures. They are considered as the perfect home maker in the world. With their incomparable quality of calmness of their mind, they can easily handle even toughest situation. Indian women are completely devoted to their families. They’re preached in the names of Goddess Saraswati, Goddess Durga, Parvati & Goddess Kali. Their condition remains unchanged even during the modern times with only little changes. In India, women were never given any right of liberty &equality. In previous times, the status of women in India was inferior to men in the practical life. However, they had a higher status in scriptures. They are considered as the perfect home maker in the world. With their incomparable quality of calmness of their mind, they can easily handle even toughest situation. Indian women are completely devoted to their families. They’re preached in the names of Goddess Saraswati, Goddess Durga, Parvati & Goddess Kali. Their condition remains unchanged even during the modern times with only little changes. In India, women were never given any right of liberty &equality. In previous times, the status of women in India was inferior to men in the practical life. However, they had a higher status in scriptures. They are considered as the perfect home maker in the world. With their incomparable quality of calmness of their mind, they can easily handle even toughest situation. Indian women are completely devoted to their families. They’re preached in the names of Goddess Saraswati, Goddess Durga, Parvati & Goddess Kali. Their condition remains unchanged even during the modern times with only little changes. In India, women were never given any right of liberty &equality. In previous times, the status of women in India was inferior to men in the practical life. However, they had a higher status in scriptures. They are considered as the perfect home maker in the world. With their incomparable quality of calmness of their mind, they can easily handle even toughest situation. Indian women are completely devoted to their families. They’re preached in the names of Goddess Saraswati, Goddess Durga, Parvati & Goddess Kali. Their condition remains unchanged even during the modern times with only little changes. In India, women were never.

1. AGGREGATE RECYCLE FROM BUILDING WASTE
MATERIAL
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
Saurabh kumar (211107130052), Lukesh kumar (211107130053),
Subhash kumar (211107130046), Shila kumari (211107130056),
Rahul kumar (211107130031),Ranjan kumar (211107130073),Akash
kumar (211107130048)
In partial fulfillment for the award of the
degree Of
DIPLOMA
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF DIPLOMA IN CIVIL
SCHOOL OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING
PARALAKHEMUNDI CAMPUS
CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
ODISHA
JANUARY 2024-APRIL 2024

2. SPECIMEN CERTIFICATE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING
PARALAKEMUNDI CAMPUS
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “AGGREGATE RECYCLE FROM BUILDING
RAW MATERIAL” is the bonafide work of “Saurabh kumar (211107130052),
Lukesh kumar (211107130053), Subhash kumar (211107130046), Lukesh kumar
(211107130053), Shila kumari (211107130056), Rahul kumar (211107130031) ”
who carried out the project work under our supervision. This is to further certify to
the best of our knowledge, that this project has not been carried out earlier in this
institute and the university.
SIGNATURE
(MISS. SUBHADARSHANI SATAPATHY)
Faculty of Department of Civil Engineering
Certified that the above mentioned project has been duly carried out as per
the norms of the college and statutes of the university.
SIGNATURE
(Prof. PRABHAT RANJAN SAHOO.)
Principal, Centurion Polytechnic

3. DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project entitled “AGGREGATE RECYCLE FROM
BUILDING RAW MATERIAL” submitted for the “Project” of 6th semester
Diploma in Civil Engineering is our original work and the project has not formed
the basis for the award of a Diploma or any other similar titles in any other
University / Institute.
Name of the Student:
Signature of the Student:
Registration No:
Place:
Date:

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to express my profound and sincere gratitude to Miss. Subhadarshani
Satapathy, Department of Civil Engineering, SoVET, Paralakhemundi Campus,
who guided me into the intricacies of this project nonchalantly with matchless
magnanimity.
We thank Dr. Prafulla Kumar Panda, Dean, SoVET, Prof. Prabhat Ranjan Sahoo,
Principal, Diploma, Paralakhemundi Campus And, Mr. Chitaranjan Digal Co-
Ordinator of Civil Engineering, SoVET, Paralakhemundi Campus for extending
their support during Course of this investigation.
We are highly grateful to Mr. Chitaranjan Digal, Mr. Laxmidhar Behera, who
evinced keen interest and invaluable support in the progress and successful
completion of our project work.
We are indebted to our friends for their constant encouragement, co-operation and
help. Words of gratitude are not enough to describe the accommodation and
fortitude which they have shown throughout our endeavor.
Name of the Student:
Signature of the Student:
Registration No:
Place:
Date:

5. TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
CERTIFICATE i-v
DECLARATION vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii
LIST OF FIGURES ...
ABSTRACT …
CONCLUSION …
FUTURE SCOPE …
REFERENCE …

6. TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-5
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Recycling of CDW 1-2
1.2 Statistics and Applications of the use of RCA 2-3
1.3 Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate 4-5
CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION 6-10
2.0 Treatment Methods for RCAs 6-7
2.1 Comparison of Recycled Aggregate and Natural Aggregate 7
2.2 Objective and Approach 8
2.3 Scope 8-9
2.4 Construction Management 9
2.5 Purpose and Importance 9
2.6 Project Location & Assigned Project 10
CHAPTER 3 MEASUREMENT 11-14
3.0 Methodology 11
3.1 Weighing balance 11-12
3.2 Measuring cylinder 12
3.3 Cube & Tamping rod 13-14
3.4 Mix Design of RCA 14
CHAPTER 4 USED CONSTRUCTON MATERIAL 15-24
4.0 Introduction 15-21
4.1 M15 grade concrete 22-23
4.2 Recycle aggregate 23-24
4.3 Micro structure and Physical Properties of RCA 24
CHAPTER 5 NORMAL AGGREGATE 25-34
5.0 Introduction 25-28
5.1 Used of Cube 29-31
5.2 Particle Surface Texture 32-33
5.3 Use of recycled aggregates in moulded concrete bricks and
blocks
33-34
CHAPTER 6 TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 35-51
6.0 Introduction 35-36
6.1 Achievement of Objectives 37-40
6.2 Recommendations for Further Studies 40-42
6.3 Compressive strength Test Result and Analysis 43-50
6.4 Water Absorption and apparent volume of permeable voids Test
Results and Analysis
51
CONCLUSION 52
FUTURE SCOPE 53
REFERENCE 54

7. ABSTRACT
The recent increase in structural developments worldwide, has given rise to the consumption of
natural aggregates and energy hence generating a vast amount of construction and demolition waste.
Natural aggregates occupy 60-75 percent in volume of the concrete matrix. It is beneficial to recycle
construction and demolition waste, for construction activities. One such material retained from
construction sites is waste concrete, which can be used to produce recycled concrete aggregates
(RCAs). Recycling waste concrete produces a substitute to natural aggregates and preserves the
environment by reducing waste disposal at landfills and conserving energy. The use of recycled
concrete aggregates has piqued the interest of many researchers by utilization of a full or partial
substitution to that of natural aggregates in concrete mixtures.
Over the last decade, a significant volume of literature has been published discussing the properties
and micro structure of recycled concrete aggregates and its response when used in a new concrete
mix. Within this paper a brief history of RCAs is outlined together with statistics on the quantity of
concrete waste produced, recycled and its practical applications. A comparison between the RCA
and natural aggregate properties are discussed on a microscopic level, such as the density and water
absorption capacities. Further to this, a summary of the mechanical and durability parameters are
discussed such as compressive,tensile and flexural strengths together with chloride ion penetration.
Several pretreatment methods such as: acid treatment and the use of fine mineral fillers are also
discussed. Finally, the conclusions and gaps are stated.

8. 1 | P a g e
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
A Master Plan has been prepared by the 6th Semester Group – 7 students of Civil Engineering,
Department of Civil Engineering, Centurion University (CUTM), Paralakhemundi, Gajapati, Odisha
“Aggregate recycle from building raw material Paralakhemundi in Cutm at Odisha.
The proposed Aggregate recycle from building raw material Paralakhemundi in Cutm will be
Project Aggregate recycle from building raw material Paralakhemundi in Cutm accommodation of
the Paralakhemundi Campus. Various Design Considerations for the proposed Project are furnished
hereinafter in this Design Basis Report.
1.1 Recycling of CDW
Its versatility, favourable material properties and economic benefits makes concrete one of the most
commonly used construction materials. Among the different constituents of the concrete matrix,
aggregates perform a major role within this composite material due to the large volume occupied,
which ranges from 60 – 75% of the total volume. The recent growth in urbanization and
industrialization has led to a great demand of concrete usage hence utilizing the maximum amount of
natural resources. Every year, approximately 20 billion tons of concrete is used globally. The
concrete industry leads to negative environmental effects as one ton of cement produced emits one
ton of carbon dioxide, demands a high energy consumption, exploits raw materials during quarrying
and generates a vast quantity of construction and demolition waste (CDW) . The concept of recycling
CDW initially surfaced during the time of the Romans, who reused waste material, particularly
stones, from old roads to rebuild newer ones. This idea was further reinforced in Europe, after World
War II in the 1940’s, where there was an excessive amount of demolition waste from buildings and
roads, and an urgent need to dispose of such waste material. Evolving from this occurrence was the
immediate need to recycle concrete and consequently the use of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA).
Initially, the recycled aggregate (RA)was used for non-structural purposes such as fill material, base
course material and foundations, however,modern research has shown that it is viable option to use
recycled concrete aggregates to replace natural aggregates (NA) in structural concrete. Structural
examples of the use of RCAs are outlined in the subsequent sections. This paper aims to summarize
and critique the existing body of literature based on coarse recycled concrete aggregates and

9. 2 | P a g e
highlight some of its practical applications. Finally, the gaps would be recognized for future research
investigations.
1.2 Statistics and Applications of the use of RCAs
The European Commission on Management of Construction and Demolition Waste estimated that
out of 200 million tons of waste produced annually in Europe, about 30% of this quantity is recycled.
However, the quantity recycled varies based on individual countries. The Netherlands and Belgium,
achieve a recycling rate of about 90%, while European countries such as Italy and Spain maintained
a recycling rate below 10%. The CDW in North America makes up approximately 25 – 45% of the
waste stream, which varies based on location. The Construction and Demolition Recycling
Association estimated that 25% of this quantity is recycled. The United States produces 2.5 million
tons of aggregates yearly and production is expected to increase to more than 2.5 million tons per
year by the end of year 2020. Furthermore, it was estimated by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency that about 136 million tons of material is generated from building works. A large
portion of demolition arising from construction works in the UK, are utilized for fill and sub-base
material or even low-grade concrete. There are ongoing investigations to improve the quality of RCA,
as a sustainable material for structural purposes. The first ever recorded use of recycled aggregates in
ready-mixed concrete in the UK, was during the construction of the BRE office building in Watford
in 1995/1996. Over 1500��3 of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) which utilized only recycled
coarse aggregates was supplied for foundations, floor slabs, waffle floors and structural columns.
Additionally, the Vilbeler Weg reinforced concrete office building with an open multi-storey garage,
built in Darmstadt in 1997/1998 was constructed with approximately 480��3 of RAC. This project
demonstrated that the practical application of RAC in structural members is possible once combined
with rigorous quality control management primarily during the concrete production phase. Recycling
and reusing waste concrete has not only been a sustainable innovation internationally, but it has
gained recognition regionally also, especially in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Several of
the Caribbean islands are constantly affected by natural disasters, namely earthquakes and hurricanes,
consequently leading to massive amounts of construction and demolition wastes. On January 12th,
2010.
7.0 magnitude earthquake as measured on the Richter scale, devastated the capital Port-au-Prince and
its peripheral districts. This catastrophe killed over 220,000 people and displaced another 1.5 million
citizens. It is often said that “earthquakes don’t kill people; buildings do.” Most people were killed in
their homes or offices because of the collapsing concrete structures. This unforeseen event resulted

10. 3 | P a g e
in a total of 10 million cubic meters in CDW from buildings and infrastructure. The United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) developed a debris management plan which initiated an entry
point to commence a sustainable neighbourhood in Haiti. The UNDP’s strategy focused on
maximizing the major benefits derived from reusing and recycling debris, especially the concrete
waste. The recycled concrete aggregates retrieved from collapsed structures have been incorporated
in the reconstruction of stair cases, retaining walls and rehabilitation of public spaces. More recently,
Category 5 hurricane Dorian with wind speed up to 185 mph made landfall on September 1st, 2019
in Bahamas which severely damaged over 4000 buildings. The predominant construction material
used in Bahamas was concrete masonry units which makes up 76% of the country’s infrastructure,
followed by 15% wood frame and 9% reinforced concrete. It is essential to understand the
complexity and variations of this sustainable material regardless of material type, in order to
maximize its use whether from natural disasters or construction and demolition waste. There are 88
active mining operations in Trinidad and Tobago at the end of February 2015. During 2005 to 2015
approximately 57 million cubic yards of natural aggregates were quarried, which did not include
illegal mining. The National Mineral Policy has not been updated since 2015, hence the available
volume of existing natural aggregates is unknown. Approximately 90% of waste collection in
Trinidad is performed by private contractors and 10% by the public sector. No official procedure is
in place to record data specifically on CDW, leaving the question; “What is the quantity of concrete
waste available in Trinidad?” unanswered. Recycling of waste concrete promotes an alternative to
natural aggregates and much be taken into consideration due to the finite quantity of the
aforementioned natural resource.
Fig:1 Aggregate Recycle from building waste material

11. 4 | P a g e
1.3 Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate
Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is the term used to describe crushed concrete that can be reused
as an aggregate in new concrete or other applications. RCA is a sustainable and cost-effective
alternative to natural aggregate (NA), as it reduces the need for mining, transportation, and disposal
of old concrete. However, RCA also has some drawbacks, such as lower strength, durability, and
workability than NA. Therefore, the use of RCA in concrete requires careful consideration of its
properties, effects, and applications.
Some of the main properties of RCA are:
 RCA is composed of old concrete fragments, residual mortar, and attached impurities, which
affect its quality and grading.
 RCA has higher porosity, water absorption, and chloride content than NA, which makes it more
susceptible to deterioration and corrosion.
 RCA has lower specific gravity, density, and hardness than NA, which reduces the weight and
stiffness of concrete.
 RCA has lower bond strength and interfacial transition zone quality than NA, which affects the
mechanical behavior and fracture of concrete.
Some of the main effects of RCA on concrete are:
 RCA reduces the compressive, tensile, and flexural strength of concrete, especially at higher
replacement ratios. However, the strength reduction can be mitigated by using lower water-
cement ratio, mineral admixtures, and fibers.
 RCA decreases the modulus of elasticity and shrinkage of concrete, which can be beneficial for
reducing cracking and improving deformation capacity.
 RCA increases the drying time, water demand, and air content of concrete, which can affect the
workability, curing, and durability of concrete. Therefore, proper mix design, compaction, and
curing are essential for RCA concrete.
Some of the main applications of RCA in concrete are:

12. 5 | P a g e
 RCA can be used as coarse aggregate in non-structural concrete, such as sidewalks, pavements,
curbs, gutters, and landscaping.
 RCA can be used as partial replacement of NA in structural concrete, such as beams, columns,
slabs, and foundations, as long as the strength and durability requirements are met.
 RCA can be used as base course, subbase, or fill material for road construction, as it provides
good drainage, stability, and compaction.
 RCA can be used as aggregate for producing new RCA concrete, creating a closed-loop
recycling system that minimizes waste and environmental impact.
Fig:1.1 Recycle aggregate
 Recycled aggregates are produced from CDW and their use in new concrete reduces the
consumption of natural aggregates, a mineral resource. Moderate incorporation ratios of recycled
aggregates are technically-sound. However, recycled aggregates are downcycled and rarely used
in concrete.
Fig:1.1 shows the recycle aggregate from building material.

13. 6 | P a g e
CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION
2.0 Treatment Methods for RCAs
Several treatment methods have been established by researchers over time that has improved the
inferior properties of recycled concrete aggregates. The literature outlined several approaches which
fall into two categories: 1) removing the attached residual mortar on the surface of the RCA by pre-
soaking approaches and 2) modifying the surface and interior by using fine mineral materials. For the
first approach, several physical and chemical experimental methods were proposed. A measured
mass of coarse recycled concrete aggregates was fully submerged in 0.5M hydrochloric acid (HCL)
for 24 hrs which resulted in a 3% mortar loss. This acid treatment enhanced the physical and
mechanical properties of the RCA as compared to the untreated recycled aggregate. This
enhancement was a result of the removal of the weak attached mortar which produced a stronger
bond at the ITZ between the new mortar matrix and the RCA. There was an increase in concrete
strength where the treated- RCA was 96% of the control mix and untreated- RCA was 86% of the
control mix at 28 days. An increase in density and a reduction in water absorption was also observed
[48]. Similarly, the use of different acid solutions was used by another investigator, to pre-soak the
RAs for 24 hours at controlled conditions. Using HCL, a loss of mortar of 1.5% was observed, using
nitric acid (HNO3) there was a 2.5% loss and 5.6% loss for sulphuric acid (H2SO4) treatments
respectively. H2SO4 acid was identified as the effective solution, which removed the adhered mortar
to an extent. Recycled aggregates were obtained from a recycling plant in Hong Kong in which the
researcher used 30% replacement together with acid treatment to improve the overall porosity of the
RCAs. Before pretreatment the water absorption percentage of the RA was 1.65%, however after
exposure to an acidic environment for 24 hours the water absorption rates significantly reduced.
Before pre-soaking treatment, the water absorption for 20mm RCA was 1.65%, however after acid
treatment the water absorption capacities were 1.45%, 1.48% and 1.53% for hydrochloric acid,
sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid respectively. Additionally, the mechanical properties showed
improvements after pre-treatment. At 7 days compressive strength testing there was a 22%
improvement with 20% RA substitution, 23% improvement with 25% replacement recorded for
flexural strength and 21% improvement with 30% substitution for modulus of elasticity when
hydrochloric acid was used [23]. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was also used as a solution to treat the
RCA. The PVA was sourced in its powder form to prepare different concentrations of polymer
solution using two litres of water. It was observed that the air-dried aggregates had a lower water

14. 7 | P a g e
absorption than the oven-dried aggregates when treated with 10% PVA. In general, there was a 1%
decrease in compressive strength as compared to the natural aggregate mix, using the air-dried
aggregates submerged in PVA. This could have been attributed to the infilling of the pores and
cracks with the new cement paste, hence improving bonds and healing the crack openings at the ITZ.
On the other hand, the oven-dried PVA- RCA yielded a lower strength because of the attached
chains of the PVA on the surface of the RCA aged by the temperature. The second approach involves
the use of non-reactive fine mineral admixtures, acting as fillers to enhance the RCA surface and to
strengthen the ITZ of the RCA. Together with the acid treatment, Ismail and Ramli (2014) further
treated the RCA by impregnation of calcium metasilicate (CM) solution which slightly increased the
particle density and significantly decreased the water absorptivity. These changes were attributed to
the coating formed by the CM particles over the surface of the RCA. This coating acts as a protective
barrier over the surface and refills the minute pores and cracks which improved the bond of the ITZ
between the surface of the aggregate and the mortar matrix [48]. Katz (2004), also investigated
treatment using silica fume in addition to the ultrasonic cleaning. There was 15% increase in as
compared to the untreated recycled aggregate. The recycled aggregates impregnated in the silica
fume (SF) solution results in the SF particles penetrating the cracks of the aggregate. This improves
the ITZ by the filler effect of the SF particles. This improvement extends from the original natural
aggregate through the old and new mortar matrices.
2.1 Comparison of Recycled Aggregate and Natural Aggregate
 It is important to be aware of the difference between recycled aggregate and natural aggregate
(refer to Figure 2). This way the differences can be taken into account and possibly mitigated
when using recycled aggregate in concrete mixes.

15. 8 | P a g e
2.2 Objective and Approach
aggregate recycling is the process of reusing waste concrete as a substitute for natural aggregates in
new concrete production. The objective of aggregate recycling is to reduce the environmental impact
of construction waste, conserve natural resources, and save costs. The approach of aggregate
recycling involves the following steps :
 Segregating concrete waste from other construction and demolition waste (CDW).
 Collecting, crushing, and grading the concrete waste to produce recycled concrete aggregates
(RCA).
 Preparing concrete mixes with different proportions of coarse RCA (CRCA) and fine RCA
(FRCA), and comparing their mechanical and environmental performance with conventional
concrete.
 Evaluating the feasibility and sustainability of using RCA in various concrete applications.
 Some of the benefits of aggregate recycling are :
 Reducing the amount of material that must be landfilled and the associated emissions.
 Reducing the demand for natural aggregates and the energy consumption for their extraction and
transportation.
 Improving the properties of concrete such as splitting tensile strength, durability, and
workability.
 Saving costs by using cheaper and locally available materials.
 Some of the challenges of aggregate recycling are :
 Ensuring the quality and consistency of RCA and removing any contaminants or impurities.
 Dealing with the lower compressive strength and higher water absorption of RCA compared to
natural aggregates.
 Optimizing the mix design and curing conditions for recycled aggregate concrete (RAC).
 Increasing the awareness and acceptance of RAC among the construction industry and the public.
2.3 Scope
Recycling of concrete is a simple process. It involves breaking, removing, and crushing existing
concrete into a material with a specified size and quality. As per study about 75 to 80% of total
construction material consist coarse aggregate portion. When the structure is demolished, the waste

16. 9 | P a g e
concrete in a large quantity is produced. It is a major and major problem for environmental and
economic aspect also. The performance of recycled aggregate concrete, even with the total
replacement of coarse natural with coarse recycled aggregate, is satisfactory and shows that there is
enormous scope of this aggregate in at present and in future, not only in terms of the mechanical
properties, but also the other requirements related to mixture proportion design and production.
2.4 Construction Management
"The process of managing, allocating, and timing resources to achieve a specific goal in an efficient
and expedient manner."
2.5 Purpose and Importance
Aggregate recycling is the process of reusing and reprocessing materials that have been used in
construction, such as concrete, gravel, sand, and stone. Aggregate recycling has many benefits for
the environment, the economy, and the construction industry. Some of these benefits are:To work
along with the owner and design team throughout the entire duration of the project while providing
leadership to the construction process.
 It saves natural resources and reduces the need for mining and quarrying new aggregates1.
 It reduces the amount of waste that goes to landfills and lowers the greenhouse gas emissions
from transportation and disposal.
 It saves money by lowering the cost of production and transportation of aggregates.
 It produces high-quality and durable aggregates that can be used for various applications, such as
new concrete, pavement bases, soil-cement, and landscaping.
 Aggregate recycling is an important and sustainable practice that can help meet the growing
demand for construction materials and contribute to a greener and more resilient built
environment.
In recent times Construction Management has become an integral part of every project and is used
widely throughout the world. A few key aspects in favour of its use are:
a) Savings in time result in less risk from variations in construction costs, and the earlier availability
of the development.
b) A better control for the owner-developer in the progress of projects.

17. 10 | P a g e
2.6 Project Location & Assigned Project
The study area lies in-between latitude and longitude is 18048’25.04”N, 84008’24.87”E respectively.
The project is details study of Aggregate recycle from building raw material, of Centurion University
of technology and management paralakhemundi campus, Gajapati, Odisha. This is the subject of
project scheduling and material management of different building and our assigned building is
Aggregate recycle from building raw material, CUTM ,Paralakhemundi campus. The campus is
situated on the side of road so show covers full of aesthetical beauty.
Centurion University of Technology and management campus situated near
R.sitapur ,paralakhemundi ,Gajapati,Odisha .it covers 108 Acr and it is one of the popular campus in
Odiaha as well as India.
LOCATION MAP:-
Fig. 2.1 LOCATION MAP
 Methodology
 Taking raw material of a building
 Measuring of all building meterial
 Calculation
 Project Scheduling

18. 11 | P a g e
CHAPTER 3
MEASUREMENT
3.0 Methodology
We measured different building material like cement, recycle aggregate, normal aggregate, sand of
by using measuring cylinder and weighing balance for project work.
Fig .3 cement, recycle aggregate, sand
Our project deals with the study of project scheduling and material management Which gives the
brief as well as details idea about structure design ,planning, Drawing and
detailing ,Estimation ,explicit of activities to different short task and the management of materials
used in execution of project from Surveying to complete of building construction and their feature as
well as components of building. We are belongs to civil engineering department and our project
building is Aggregate recycle from building raw material of CUTM campus paralakhemundi. Here
we are giving the details about our Building Structure.
3.1 Weighing balance
A weighing balance is an instrument that is used to measure the weight or mass of an object. There
are different types of weighing balances, such as analytical, digital, mechanical, and electronic,
depending on the level of accuracy and precision required. Weighing balances are commonly used in
laboratories, industries, kitchens, and other fields where accurate measurements are needed.

19. 12 | P a g e
 Some examples of weighing balances are:
Analytical balance: This is a highly sensitive balance that can measure mass up to 0.00001 grams
(0.01 mg). It is used for chemical analysis, pharmaceuticals, and other scientific applications.
Digital balance: This is a balance that displays the weight of an object on a digital screen. It is easy
to use and can measure mass up to 0.1 grams. It is used for postal, kitchen, and general purposes.
Mechanical balance: This is a balance that uses a lever and a beam to compare the weight of an
object with a known mass. It is less accurate than electronic balances and can measure mass up to 0.1
grams. It is used for educational and historical purposes.
Electronic balance: This is a balance that uses an electromagnet and a force sensor to measure the
weight of an object. It is more accurate than mechanical balances and can measure mass up to 0.0001
grams (0.1 mg). It is used for industrial, medical, and research purposes.
3.2 Measuring cylinder
A Measuring Cylinder or Graduated Cylinder,Graduated Glass is a type of measuring tools and
common moderately accurate laboratory consumable used for measuring the volume of liquid.
The graduated cylinder is widely used in various laboratories,such as school laboratories, medical
inspection, environmental protection departments, pharmaceuticals, food and beverage,
petrochemical, aquatic products testing, cosmetics, coatings, quality supervision departments,
biological and other enterprises’ laboratories.
The Measuring Cylinder is a common and essential measuring device used in the laboratory, mainly
made of glass and plastic.
The common glass types for measuring cylinder are Quartz Glass and Borosilicate Glass.
Quartz Glass Silica/SiO₂content is greater than 99.5%, low thermal expansion coefficient, high
temperature resistance, good chemical stability; Borosilicate Glass with Silica/SiO₂and Boron
Trioxide/B2O3 as the main components, it has good heat resistance and chemical stability, and is
used to manufacture cooking wares, laboratory instruments, metal solder sealing glass, etc.

20. 13 | P a g e
3.3 Cube & Tamping rod
A cube and a tamping rod are used for testing the compressive strength of concrete. A cube is a
mould of size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm, which is filled with fresh concrete in three layers. Each
layer is compacted by a tamping rod, which is a steel rod of 16mm diameter and 600mm length, with
a rounded or bullet-shaped end. The tamping rod is used to remove air bubbles and ensure uniform
compaction of the concrete.
The strength of concrete is generally measured by testing concrete cubes which are prepared from
the concrete used in that particular construction. The cube strength of concrete is specified by a
structural engineer and is assessed by crushing concrete cubes at a specified age (28 days after
casting). Early strength may also be assessed at 3 or 7 days after casting. The preparation, handling,
curing and testing of concrete cubes are done according to SANS 5861-3: 2006 Concrete Tests:
Making and Curing of Test Specimens and SANS 5860: 2006 Concrete Tests: Dimensions,
Tolerances and Uses of Cast Test Specimens.
 One set of three cubes should be prepared for every test age (3, 7 or 28 days) as required and
should be sampled from at least every 50m³ of each concrete grade placed.
 Ensure that the test moulds are clean.
 Ensure that all the mould sides are at 90° angles with the base plate.
 Apply a thin layer of release agent or mould oil on the inside of the assembled mould.
 Place the moulds on a smooth, level surface.
 Fill the moulds with concrete in layers of depth 50mm.
Compact each concrete layer in the mould either by :
Using a tamping or compaction rod to tamp the concrete. For 150x150x150mm cubes, 45 evenly
distributed strokes are required, and for 100x100x100mm cubes, 20 evenly distributed strokes are
required. The tamping rod should not penetrate the previous layer by more than 10mm and it should
not forcibly strike the bottom of the mould. Attention should be given to the mould corners when
tamping the cube;
or
Using a vibrating table. Ensure that the mould is firmly clamped to the vibrating table. The duration
of the vibration depends on the workability of the concrete and the effectiveness of the vibrator.

21. 14 | P a g e
Handling and demoulding of cubes :
 After fi lling the moulds, cover them with a damp cloth or polythene sheet.
 Store cubes in a cool place for 24 hours.
 Store cubes indoors, out of direct sunlight, wind or extreme temperatures.
 The storage area should be free of vibration, with a relative humidity of at least 90% and a
temperature of 22°C – 25°C.
 Demould/strip cubes 24 hours after manufacturing.
 Ensure cube sides are not scratched or damaged during demoulding.
 Transfer the information from the paper label onto the cube byusing a lumber crayon or marker.
3.4 Mix Design of RCA
The design of a concrete mix, refer to Table 5.1, is usually based on a compressive strength which is
sufficient to achieve both of two principal requirements of the hardened concrete for obtaining good
quality concrete.
 The water/cement ratio should be low enough to give the required strength for structural and
durability purposes.
 The mix should be workable and cohesive enough to ensure a thoroughly compacted and
homogenous material.
Therefore, it is very important to find out particle size distribution or grading of aggregate, shape of
aggregate, particle oven dry density and water absorption, moisture content of aggregate to design
the mix. The target strength of the first trial mix for both 100 percent recycled and virgin concrete
with fly ash is 40MPa. The water/cement ratio is 0.42, the aggregates constitute over 60 percent of
the total volume of the concrete including 60 percent of coarse aggregate and 40 percent fine
aggregate for both recycled and natural concrete trial mix in this experiment.
Table 3.1 Proportional of mix design

22. 15 | P a g e
CHAPTER 4
USED CONSTRUCTON MATERIAL
4.0 Introduction
 CEMENT
 SAND
 AGGREGATE
 CEMENT
Cement is a binder used in construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind
them together. It is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel together. Cement
mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete.
The most widely used material in existence is concrete, and it is behind only water as the planet’s
most-consumed resource. Cements used in construction are usually inorganic, often lime or calcium
silicate based, which can be characterized as hydraulic or the less common non-hydraulic, depending
on the ability of the cement to set in the presence of water. Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement)
set and become adhesive through a chemical reaction between the dry ingredients and water. The
chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so are quite durable
in water and safe from chemical attack1. This allows setting in wet conditions or under water and
further protects the hardened material from chemical attack. The chemical process for hydraulic
cement was found by ancient Romans who used volcanic ash (pozzolana) with added lime (calcium
oxide). Non-hydraulic cement (less common) does not set in wet conditions or under water. Rather, it
sets as it dries and reacts with carbon dioxide in the air. It is resistant to attack by chemicals after
setting.
History:
Perhaps the earliest known occurrence of cement is from twelve million years ago. A deposit of
cement was formed after an occurrence of oil shale located adjacent to a bed of limestone burned by
natural causes. These ancient deposits were investigated in the 1960s and 1970s.

23. 16 | P a g e
Safety issues:
Bags of cement routinely have health and safety warnings printed on them because not only is
cement highly alkaline, but the setting process is exothermic. As a result, wet cement is strongly
caustic (pH = 13.5) and can easily cause severe skin burns if not promptly washed off with water.
Similarly, dry cement powder in contact with mucous membranes can cause severe eye or respiratory
irritation. Some trace elements, such as chromium, from impurities naturally present in the raw
materials used to produce cement may cause allergic dermatitis.[53] Reducing agents such as ferrous
sulfate (FeSO4) are often added to cement to convert the carcinogenic hexavalent chromate (CrO42−)
into trivalent chromium (Cr3+), a less toxic chemical species. Cement users need also to wear
appropriate gloves and protective clothing..
Components of cement:
comparison of chemical and physical characteristics
Fig:4.1 comparison of chemical and physical characteristics

24. 17 | P a g e
Portland cement blend:
Portland cement blends are often available as inter-ground mixtures from cement producers, but
similar formulations are often also mixed from the ground components at the concrete mixing plant.
Portland blast-furnace slag cement: or blast furnace cement (ASTM C595 and EN 197-1
nomenclature respectively), contains up to 95% ground granulated blast furnace slag, with the rest
Portland clinker and a little gypsum. All compositions produce high ultimate strength, but as slag
content is increased, early strength is reduced, while sulfate resistance increases and heat evolution
diminishes. Used as an economic alternative to Portland sulfate-resisting and low-heat cements.
Portland-fly ash cement: contains up to 40% fly ash under ASTM standards (ASTM C595), or 35%
under EN standards (EN 197–1). The fly ash is pozzolanic, so that ultimate strength is maintained.
Because fly ash addition allows a lower concrete water content, early strength can also be maintained.
Where good quality cheap fly ash is available, this can be an economic alternative to ordinary
Portland cement.
Portland pozzolan cement: includes fly ash cement, since fly ash is a pozzolan, but also includes
cements made from other natural or artificial pozzolans. In countries where volcanic ashes are
available (e.g., Italy, Chile, Mexico, the Philippines), these cements are often the most common form
in use. The maximum replacement ratios are generally defined as for Portland-fly ash cement.
Portland silica fume cement: Addition of silica fume can yield exceptionally high strengths, and
cements containing 5–20% silica fume are occasionally produced, with 10% being the maximum
allowed addition under EN 197–1. However, silica fume is more usually added to Portland cement at
the concrete mixer.
Masonry cements: are used for preparing bricklaying mortars and stuccos, and must not be used in
concrete. They are usually complex proprietary formulations containing Portland clinker and a
number of other ingredients that may include limestone, hydrated lime, air entrainers, retarders,
waterproofers, and coloring agents. They are formulated to yield workable mortars that allow rapid
and consistent masonry work. Subtle variations of masonry cement in North America are plastic
cements and stucco cements. These are designed to produce a controlled bond with masonry blocks.

25. 18 | P a g e
Expansive cements contain: in addition to Portland clinker, expansive clinkers (usually
sulfoaluminate clinkers), and are designed to offset the effects of drying shrinkage normally
encountered in hydraulic cements. This cement can make concrete for floor slabs (up to 60 m square)
without contraction joints.
White blended cements: may be made using white clinker (containing little or no iron) and white
supplementary materials such as high-purity metakaolin. Colored cements serve decorative purposes.
Some standards allow the addition of pigments to produce colored Portland cement. Other standards
(e.g., ASTM) do not allow pigments in Portland cement, and colored cements are sold as blended
hydraulic cements.
Very finely ground cements: are cement mixed with sand or with slag or other pozzolan type
minerals that are extremely finely ground together. Such cements can have the same physical
characteristics as normal cement but with 50% less cement, particularly because there is more
surface area for the chemical reaction. Even with intensive grinding they can use up to 50% less
energy (and thus less carbon emissions) to fabricate than ordinary Portland cements.[
 SAND
Sand is a natural unconsolidated granular material composed of sand grains that range in size from
1/16 to 2 mm. These grains can be either mineral particles, rock fragments, or biogenic in origin. The
most common mineral found in sand is quartz, which gives it its characteristic appearance. However,
sand is never pure; it’s a natural mixture. When sand becomes consolidated, it forms a rock type
known as sandstone.
Here are some fascinating facts about sand:
1. Formation of Sand:
 Sand primarily forms through the chemical and/or physical breakdown of rocks, a process
collectively known as weathering.
 Chemical weathering is the more significant factor in sand production, especially in humid and
hot climates.
 Physical weathering, on the other hand, dominates in cold and/or dry areas.

26. 19 | P a g e
 Soil, which covers bedrock as a thin layer, provides moisture for the disintegration process of
rocks, resulting in sand formation.
2. Composition:
 Sand is mostly composed of silicate minerals or silicate rock fragments.
 Quartz is the most abundant mineral in sand, but it’s not the only one. Sand can contain various
other minerals and materials.
 Sand samples from different parts of the world exhibit a wide range of colors and compositions.
3. Examples of Sand:
 Glass sand from Kauai, Hawaii
 Dune sand from the Gobi Desert, Mongolia
 Volcanic sand with reddish weathered basalt from Maui, Hawaii
 Coral sand from Molokai, Hawaii
 Garnet sand from Emerald Creek, Idaho
 Olivine sand from Papakolea, Hawaii
Sources:
Rocks erode or weather over a long period of time, mainly by water and wind, and their sediments
are transported downstream. These sediments continue to break apart into smaller pieces until they
become fine grains of sand. The type of rock the sediment originated from and the intensity of the
environment give different compositions of sand. The most common rock to form sand is granite,
where the feldspar minerals dissolve faster than the quartz, causing the rock to break apart into small
pieces. In high energy environments rocks break apart much faster than in more calm settings. In
granite rocks this results in more feldspar minerals in the sand because they do not have as much
time to dissolve away. The term for sand formed by weathering is "epiclastic.
Sand from rivers are collected either from the river itself or its flood plain and accounts for the
majority of the sand used in the construction industry. Because of this, many small rivers have been
depleted, causing environmental concern and economic losses to adjacent land. The rate of sand
mining in such areas greatly outweighs the rate the sand can replenish, making it a non-renewable
resource.

27. 20 | P a g e
Sand dunes are a consequence of dry conditions or wind deposition. The Sahara Desert is very dry
because of its geographic location and proximity to the equator. It is known for its vast sand dunes,
which exist mainly due to a lack of vegetation and water. Over time, wind blows away fine particles,
such as clay and dead organic matter, leaving only sand and larger rocks. Only 15% of the Sahara is
sand dunes, while 70% is bare rock. The wind is responsible for creating these different
environments and shaping the sand to be round and smooth. These properties make desert sand
unusable for construction.
Beach sand is also formed by erosion. Over thousands of years, rocks are eroded near the shoreline
from the constant motion of waves and the sediments build up. Weathering and river deposition also
accelerate the process of creating a beach, along with marine animals interacting with rocks, such as
eating the algae off of them. Once there is a sufficient amount of sand, the beach acts as a barrier to
keep the land from eroding any further. This sand is ideal for construction as it is angular and of
various sizes.
Marine sand (or ocean sand) comes from sediments transported into the ocean and the erosion of
ocean rocks. The thickness of the sand layer varies, however it is common to have more sand closer
to land; this type of sand is ideal for construction and is a very valuable commodity. Europe is the
main miners of marine sand, which greatly hurts ecosystems and local fisheries.
 AGGREGATE
Aggregate is a term that can have different meanings depending on the context. In general, it refers
to a mass or body of units or parts somewhat loosely associated with one another. It can also refer to
a rock composed of mineral crystals of one or more kinds or of mineral rock fragments. In
construction, aggregate is a material used for mixing with cement, bitumen, lime, gypsum, or other
adhesive to form concrete or mortar. The aggregate gives volume, stability, resistance to wear or
erosion, and other desired physical properties to the finished product.
History:People have used sand and stone for foundations for thousands of years. Significant
refinement of the production and use of aggregate occurred during the Roman Empire, which used
aggregate to build its vast network of roads and aqueducts. The invention of concrete, which was
essential to architecture utilizing arches, created an immediate, permanent demand for construction
aggregates.

28. 21 | P a g e
Recycled materials:
Recycled material such as blast furnace and steel furnace slag can be used as aggregate or partly
substitute for portland cement. Blast furnace and steel slag is either air-cooled or water-cooled. Air-
cooled slag can be used as aggregate. Water-cooled slag produces sand-sized glass-like particles
(granulated). Adding free lime to the water during cooling gives granulated slag hydraulic
cementitious properties.
In 2006, according to the USGS, air-cooled blast furnace slag sold or used in the U.S. was 7.3
million tonnes valued at 49 million, granulated blast furnace slag sold or used in the U.S. was 4.2
million tonnes valued at 318 million, and steel furnace slag sold or used in the U.S. was 8.7 million
tonnes valued at 40 million. Air-cooled blast furnace slag sales in 2006 were for use in road bases
and surfaces (41%), asphaltic concrete (13%), ready-mixed concrete (16%), and the balance for other
uses. Granulated blast furnace slag sales in 2006 were for use in cementitious materials (94%), and
the balance for other uses. Steel furnace slag sales in 2006 were for use in road bases and surfaces
(51%), asphaltic concrete (12%), for fill (18%), and the balance for other uses.
Recycled glass aggregate crushed to a small size is substituted for many construction and utility
projects in place of pea gravel or crushed rock. Glass aggregate is not dangerous to handle. It can be
used as pipe bedding—placed around sewer, storm water or drinking water pipes to transfer weight
from the surface and protect the pipe. Another common use is as fill to bring the level of a concrete
floor even with a foundation. Use of glass aggregate helps close the loop in glass recycling in many
places where glass cannot be smelted into new glass.
Aggregates themselves can be recycled as aggregates:
Recyclable aggregate tends to be concentrated in urban areas. The supply of recycled aggregate
depends on physical decay and demolition of structures. Mobile recycling plants eliminate the cost of
transporting the material to a central site. The recycled material is typically of variable quality.

29. 22 | P a g e
4.1 M15 grade concrete
M15 grade concrete is a type of low strength concrete that is generally used for non-RCC work, such
as PCC, levelling of footing beds, retaining wall, floor slab, ramp, making footpath, PCC Road’s for
small vehicle, garage and workshop floor, etc. It has a mix ratio of 1:2:4 (1 cement : 2 sand : 4
aggregate) and a compressive strength of 15 MPa or 2175 psi. M15 grade concrete is suitable for low
scale construction projects where the weight of the structure is lighter.
Some additional sentences are:
 M15 grade concrete is also used as RCC for one storey buildings, such as slabs, beams, columns,
and stairs1.
 M15 grade concrete is cheaper and easier to produce than higher grades of concrete, but it has
lower durability and resistance to environmental factors3.
 M15 grade concrete requires proper curing and quality control to achieve the desired strength
and performance.
Concrete grade: M20, M15, M10 & M7.5, meaning, their uses & mix ratio | Uses & mix ratio of
M20 grade of concrete | Uses & mix ratio of M25 grade of concrete | Uses & mix ratio of M15 grade
of concrete | Uses & mix ratio of M10 grade of concrete | Uses & mix ratio of M7.5 grade of
concrete.
Table 4.0 Proportional of mix design

30. 23 | P a g e
4.2 Recycle aggregate
Recycled aggregate is the term for aggregate that is obtained from recycling concrete waste. It can be
used for various purposes, such as construction, landscaping, and pavement. Recycled aggregate has
some advantages over natural aggregate, such as reducing the need for landfill disposal, saving
natural resources, and lowering the environmental impact of concrete production. However, recycled
aggregate also has some drawbacks, such as lower quality, higher porosity, and lower strength than
natural aggregate. Therefore, recycled aggregate should be carefully selected and tested before use in
concrete or other applications.
If you want to learn more about recycled aggregate, you can check out these web pages:
 Recycled Aggregates - Cement: This page explains how recycled concrete aggregates are
produced and used in concrete, and what are the benefits and challenges of using them.
 Recycled Concrete Aggregates: A Review | International Journal of Concrete Structures and
Materials: This paper discusses the properties of recycled concrete aggregates, the effects of
recycled concrete aggregates use on concrete material properties, and the large scale impact of
recycled concrete aggregates on structural members.
 Importance of Recycled Concrete Aggregates: This page provides a brief introduction to
recycled concrete aggregates and their importance in civil engineering.
 Recycled concrete aggregates (RAC concrete), a form of crushed concrete aggregate, are an
alternative to the use in concrete and aggregate of natural aggregates (NA).
 Recycled concrete aggregates ( RCA ) are aggregates produced by clean concrete waste that
must contain very low amounts of other building waste – less than a few percent.
 The grade of the recovered aggregate, often considered in aggregate prices per ton, depends on
the quality of the materials collected by the recycling plants and delivered there.

31. 24 | P a g e
4.3 Micro structure and Physical Properties of RCA
RCA stands for recycled concrete aggregate, which is a material obtained from crushing waste
concrete. RCA has a different microstructure and physical properties than natural aggregate (NA),
mainly due to the presence of residual mortar and microcracks on the surface of RCA. Some of the
main differences between RCA and NA are:
 RCA has a lower density and higher water absorption than NA, which affects the workability
and strength of concrete.
 RCA has a higher porosity and lower stiffness than NA, which reduces the bond strength and
durability of concrete.
 RCA has a lower resistance to chloride penetration and acid attack than NA, which increases the
risk of corrosion and deterioration of concrete.
To improve the quality and performance of RCA, various methods have been proposed, such as
mechanical removal of mortar, chemical treatment with acid or nano-silica, and carbonation. These
methods aim to reduce the amount of mortar, increase the strength and density, and decrease the
water absorption and porosity of RCA. However, these methods also have some limitations, such as
high cost, environmental impact, and complexity of operation.
Therefore, the use of RCA in concrete requires careful consideration of the design, proportioning,
mixing, curing, and testing of the concrete. The benefits of using RCA include saving natural
resources, reducing waste disposal, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. The challenges of using
RCA include ensuring the quality and consistency of RCA, optimizing the mechanical and durability
properties of concrete, and complying with the relevant standards and specifications.
 Physical Properties of RCA & NA:

32. 25 | P a g e
CHAPTER- 5
INTRODUCTION
5.0 Normal aggregate:
Normal aggregate is a type of aggregate that is commonly used in construction to provide strength
and weight to concrete. It is usually made of natural materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, or
blast-furnace slag, and has a density of around 2300 to 2500 kg/m31. Normal aggregate can vary in
size, shape, and composition, depending on its source and geological origin. It is an essential
component of concrete that works in combination with cement and fine aggregate to create a strong
and durable concrete mixture2. Normal aggregate is also known as standard or coarse aggregate.
 Some examples of normal aggregate are:
 River gravel: Rounded and smooth particles that are obtained from riverbeds or banks. They are
suitable for making concrete for general purposes, such as pavements, foundations, and columns.
 Crushed stone: Angular and irregular particles that are produced by crushing rocks or stones.
They are suitable for making concrete for high-strength and abrasion-resistant purposes, such as
bridges, dams, and highways.
 Blast-furnace slag: Porous and lightweight particles that are formed by cooling molten slag
from iron or steel production. They are suitable for making concrete for lightweight and thermal
insulation purposes, such as roofs, walls, and floors.
 Aggregates are the important constituents of the concrete which give body to the concrete and
also reduce shrinkage. Aggregates occupy 70 to 80 % of total volume of concrete. So, we can
say that one should know definitely about the aggregates in depth to study more about concrete.
 We know that aggregate is derived from naturally occurring rocks by blasting or crushing etc.,
so, it is difficult to attain required shape of aggregate. But, the shape of aggregate will affect the
workability of concrete. So, we should take care about the shape of aggregate. This care is not
only applicable to parent rock but also to the crushing machine used. Aggregates are classified
according to shape into the following types :

33. 26 | P a g e
 Rounded aggregates
 Irregular or partly rounded aggregates
 Angular aggregates
 Flaky aggregates
 Elongated aggregates
 Flaky and elongated aggregates
 Angular Aggregates:
The angular aggregates consist well defined edges formed at the intersection of roughly planar
surfaces and these are obtained by crushing the rocks. Angular aggregates result maximum
percentage of voids (38-45%) hence gives less workability. They give 10-20% more compressive
strength due to development of stronger aggregate-mortar bond. So, these are useful in high strength
concrete manufacturing.
 Flaky Aggregates:
When the aggregate thickness is small when compared with width and length of that aggregate it is
said to be flaky aggregate. Or in the other, when the least dimension of aggregate is less than the
60% of its mean dimension then it is said to be flaky aggregate.
 Flaky and Elongated Aggregates:
When the aggregate length is larger than its width and width is larger than its thickness then it is said
to be flaky and elongated aggregates. The above 3 types of aggregates are not suitable for concrete
mixing. These are generally obtained from the poorly crushed rocks.
 Irregular Aggregates:
The irregular or partly rounded aggregates are partly shaped by attrition and these are available in the
form of pit sands and gravel. Irregular aggregates may result 35- 37% of voids. These will give lesser
workability when compared to rounded aggregates. The bond strength is slightly higher than rounded
aggregates but not as required for high strength concrete.

34. 27 | P a g e
 Classification of Aggregates Based on Size:
Aggregates are available in nature in different sizes. The size of aggregate used may be related to the
mix proportions, type of work etc. the size distribution of aggregates is called grading of aggregates.
Following are the classification of aggregates based on size:
Aggregates are classified into 2 types according to size:
 Fine aggregate
 Coarse aggregate
 Fine Aggregate
When the aggregate is sieved through a 4.75mm sieve, the aggregate passed through it called fine
aggregate. Natural sand is generally used as fine aggregate, silt and clay also come under this
category. The soft deposit consisting of sand, silt, and clay is termed as loam. The purpose of the fine
aggregate is to fill the voids in the coarse aggregate and to act as a workability agent.
Table: 5.0 Sizes of fine aggregate
 Table: shows the coarse aggregate sizes

35. 28 | P a g e
 Coarse Aggregate
When the aggregate is sieved through 4.75mm sieve, the aggregate retained is called coarse
aggregate. Gravel, cobble and boulders come under this category. The maximum size aggregate used
may be dependent upon some conditions. In general, 40mm size aggregate used for normal strengths,
and 20mm size is used for high strength concrete. the size range of various coarse aggregates given
below.
Table:5.1 Sizes of coarse aggregate
 Aggregates are the important constituents of the concrete which give body to the concrete and
also reduce shrinkage. Aggregates occupy 70 to 80 % of total volume of concrete. So, we can
say that one should know definitely about the aggregates in depth to study more about concrete.
 Aggregates are classified based on so many considerations, but here we are going to discuss
about their shape and size classifications in detail.
 Table: shows the coarse aggregate sizes

36. 29 | P a g e
5.1 Used of cube:
A cube mold is a crucial tool in the construction and civil engineering industry. It is used for casting
concrete cubes. Here are its primary uses:
 Testing Compressive Strength: Concrete cubes cast using these molds are subjected to
compressive strength tests. The results help determine concrete strength and durability.
 Quality Control: Cube molds are essential for quality control in construction projects. Engineers
monitor and compare concrete strength across different batches.
 Small-Scale Construction Elements: Cube molds ensure consistency in small-scale construction
elements like paving stones, kerbstones, and decorative blocks.
 Precast Construction Production: They are widely used in precast concrete manufacturing
factories to ensure block quality and production efficiency.
 Research and Development: Cube molds also play a role in research and development related to
concrete properties.
 Remember, these molds are cubical containers with precise dimensions, essential for
maintaining structural integrity in construction projects.
 Cube molds :
A cube mold, concrete cube mold or cement mold is a cubical container. This container is used in
construction and civil engineering projects for casting concrete cubes. These molds are generally
made from metal or plastic. However, they can also be made from wood at times. As their name
suggests, these molds are cubical in shape and have precise dimensions.
From the above definition, it is easy to understand the primary purpose of the cube molds. But
besides being used for casting concrete cubes, they are also used for testing the compressive strength
of concrete as well.
These cubical molds are essential in quality control. They are also essential for ensuring the
structural integrity of concrete in construction projects.

37. 30 | P a g e
 Cube mold Uses:
As we mentioned earlier, one of the primary uses of cube molds is to use them for casting concrete
cubes for construction. But besides these, some of the other uses of cube mold are as follows:
 Testing compressive strength:
One of the primary uses of cube molds is to test the compressive strength of the concrete. The
concrete cubes cast using these molds are subjected to compressive strength. The results of these
cube molds are then used to determine their strength and durability.
 Quality Control:
Cube molds are essential tools for quality control in construction projects. Cube concrete blocks are
cast in different batches of construction projects. The engineers can then monitor and compare the
strength of the concrete mix. This process allows the engineers to identify the issues in the concrete
mixes and test for the best quality concrete mix.
 Benefits of Cube mold:
Now that you know about the general uses of cube mold, some of you may wonder- Why use cube
mold? Well, there are several benefits that cube molds provide. Because of these benefits, cube
molds are widely used in the construction industry. Some of the core benefits of cube molds are as
follows:
 Standardized Testing:
Another benefit of cube concrete molds is that they follow standardized dimensions. This ensures
uniformity in the testing process. Additionally, the uniformity allows for accurate and comparable
results across multiple testing sites. Therefore, it enables engineers to assess the strength of concrete
blocks consistently.
 Cube mold Maintenance and Care:
After demolding the concrete from the cube concrete mold, you must follow the proper maintenance
process. Your concrete mold will not last long if you do not follow proper care and maintenance
procedures. Therefore, if you want to make your concrete molds last long, follow the cube mold
maintenance and care tips below.

38. 31 | P a g e
 Clean the concrete molds thoroughly after every use
 Do not overfill the concrete molds
 Ensure that the concrete molds are completely dry before storage
 Regularly inspect the cube molds for any signs of damage
 Store and stack the cube molds properly
 Keep the molds out of direct sunlight
 Store the molds in a dark and cool area when not in use
 Handle the cube molds with care to avoid any forms of heavy impact
 Compliance with Standards and Regulations:
Building codes often specify the need for concrete strength testing during construction projects.
Since cube molds come in standardized sizes, they are perfect for complying with industry standards.
Construction professionals can ensure that they comply with construction regulations and safety
performance.
These are three primary benefits of cube molds. As you may have guessed, cube molds' primary
benefit is providing a uniform way to cast concrete blocks. These uniform blocks can then be used
for standardized testing and quality assurance.
Fig.5.0 Mixing concrete & cube casting

39. 32 | P a g e
5.2 Particle Surface Texture :
Recycled Aggregate tends to be rougher. Recycled aggregate has a large surface area. Natural
Aggregate tends to be smoother and more rounded. This greatly affects the quality of the cement.
Natural aggregates can compact more closely; resulting is stronger compressive strength and lower
water absorption. Recycled aggregates rougher shape means that the particles do not fit as compactly.
There are more voids, which results in greater water absorption and cause weaker between the
bonding. The particle surface texture can also affect water content and mix water requirements in a
mix. Therefore has effect on the workability in the mix.
 Quality :
The quality of recycled Aggregate can be very inconsistent because it will depend on the source
material’s physical and chemical properties. Natural aggregate is much more consistent due to its
uniform source. This variable quality factor can make recycled aggregate difficult to work with.
Even in the review literature, many researchers discovered vastly different results from what should
have been similar mixes. This could potentially make mix design in a difficult process. The other
significant concern is what level of chloride content of recycled aggregates if the material will be
used in reinforced concrete. Therefore, there is a chloride content of recycled concrete in the 56-day
age specimen which has been done in this studied.
 Particle Density :
The density of Recycled Aggregate is about 17% lower than natural aggregate in the experiments
conducted as part of this project. This is due to the relatively porous nature of residual mortar and
cement paste or particles adhering to the surface of original natural aggregate to reduce the density
due to the less dense nature of the mortar. Particle density influences concrete density in both the
plastic and hardened states.

40. 33 | P a g e
 Aggregate Strength :
The strength of an aggregate is rarely tested and generally does not influence the strength of
conventional concrete as much as the strength of the paste and the pasteaggregate bond. However,
aggregate strength does become important in high strength concrete.
Concrete produced with 100% recycled aggregate has 80% to 90% of the strength comparable with
natural aggregate concrete. While the natural aggregate contained within the recycled aggregate will
still have its original strength, the mortar will of course not, affecting the overall strength of the
recycled aggregate. Furthermore, the mortar attached to the aggregate particle can reduce the overall
paste aggregate strength of the final product. Normally, the strength of the aggregate could be
determined by using the Wet/Dry strength variation method.
The experiment had shown that strength of recycled aggregate is lower than natural aggregate. This
may lead to a negative effect on the final compressive strength of concrete produced with recycled
aggregate.
5.3 Use of recycled aggregates in moulded concrete bricks and blocks
Poon et al. (2002) developed a technique to produce concrete bricks and paving blocks from recycled
aggregates. The test result showed that replacing natural aggregate by 25% to 50% had little effect
on the compressive strength, but higher levels of replacement reduced the compressive strength. The
transverse strength increased as the percentage of recycled aggregate increased. The concrete paving
blocks with a 7-day compressive strength of at least 9.90MPa can be produced without the
incorporation of fly ash by using up to 65% recycled aggregate. According to the study, recycled
aggregate has been used in structural engineering.
For example, a viaduct and marine loch in the Netherlands in 1998 and an office building in England
in 1999. The project in the Netherlands had shown that 20 percent of the coarse aggregate was
replaced by recycled aggregate. The project also indicated even there are some disadvantage of
recycled aggregate such as being too weak, more porous and that it has a very higher value of water
absorption. However, the study showed that these weaknesses could be avoided by using mechanized
moulded concrete bricks. The workability also could be improved by poring the mix into the mould.

41. 34 | P a g e
Therefore, the performance of the bricks and blocks was also satisfactory in the shrinkage and skid
resistance tests.
This is a topic related to the production and properties of concrete cubes and blocks using recycled
aggregates from construction and demolition waste. Recycled aggregates can replace natural
aggregates at different levels, depending on the desired compressive strength and transverse strength
of the cubes and blocks. According to a study by Poon et al. using recycled aggregates as the
replacement of natural aggregates at the level of up to 65%, concrete paving blocks with a 7-day
compressive strength of not less than 9.90 MPa can be produced without the incorporation of fly ash,
while paving blocks for footway uses with a lower compressive strength of 15 MPa and masonry
bricks can be produced with the incorporation of fly ash. This technique can help reduce the
environmental impact of construction and demolition waste and promote sustainable construction
practices.
 If you want to learn more about this topic, you can check out these web sources:
 Use of recycled aggregates in molded concrete bricks and blocks
 use of recycled aggregates in molded concrete bricks and blocks
 a review of recycled concrete aggregates as a sustainable construction material
Using recycled aggregates as the replacement of natural aggregates at the level of up to 65%,
concrete paving blocks with a 7-day compressive strength of not less than 9.90 MPa can be produced
without the incorporation of fly ash, while paving blocks for footway uses with a lower compressive
strength of 15.0 MPa and masonry bricks can be produced with the incorporation of fly ash.
 Cement, fly ash and natural aggregates:
The cementitious materials used were an ordinary Portland cement complying with BS 12, a fly ash
complying with BS 3982, and a fly ash that failed to fulfill the requirements of the BS standard on
fineness and loss on ignition. In this paper, the fly ash complying with the requirements of the BS
standard is referred to as ‘fine fly ash’ whilst the fly ash with poorer quality is referred to as ‘coarse
fly ash’. Both the cement and the fine fly ash are commercially available in Hong Kong.

42. 35 | P a g e
CHAPTER-6
INTRODUCTION
6.0 Test results and discussion
The compressive, tensile, shear and bond strengths of concrete are relatively important mechanical
properties of any hardened concrete including recycled aggregate concrete. The recycled concrete
must adopt the same conventional concreting practices in accordance with AS3600 to ensure the
hardened concrete properties. The following results indicated that the required strength, durability
and serviceability had been achieved to meet the requirements of high strength concrete criteria.
In civil engineering reports, the Results and Discussion sections play a crucial role. Let’s break down
their components and how to present them effectively:
 Components of Results and Discussion:
 These sections form the “meat” of most engineering reports.
 In lab reports, they present test results; in design reports, they evaluate designs or methods.
 For feasibility or case studies, they measure feasibility or assess solution success.
 Combine results and discussion or keep them separate based on coherence and organization.
 Use visual aids (tables, charts, graphs) alongside prose to represent results clearly.
Presenting Results:
 Label and title visuals precisely Composition and Strength of Samples.
 Introduce results and visuals in the report body (Highlight key results in sentences (e.g., “Sample
A had the highest carbon content and was the strongest”).
 Remember, effective communication of results is essential in civil engineering reports!
The Results and Discussion sections are the “meat” of most engineering reports. The role that they
play in a lab report is obvious; in other types of reports, they can fulfill different purposes. In a
design report, the results and discussion may involve an evaluation of the design or method used. In
a feasibility or case study, the results and discussion section would involve measuring the feasibility
or evaluating the success of one or more solutions. Not all reports, however, will include these
components – proposals, for example, will likely not have any results to discuss, since it looks

43. 36 | P a g e
forward to action to be done in the future. A final report, however, might discuss whether or not the
project lived up to the objectives, budget and timeline laid out in the proposal.
Both analysis and interpretation involve drawing conclusions from the data presented in results. In
doing either, be sure to clearly link your claims to specific sets of data, and logically explain how the
data supports your claim.
Analysis involves explaining the results and identifying the conclusions you can draw from them.
This can involve highlight key results and placing them in the context of other results, as in the
below example.
Errors in the measurement of material flexibility may have resulted from our testing method. In all
but one case, we tested strength and flexibility on the same sample of the materials. Both tests
involved applying stress to the samples. Our measures of flexibility in samples B, C, and D may be
lower than actual because of the stress applied to sample beforehand.
We were able to obtain two pieces of samples A, and tested strength on one and flexibility on the
other. While the effect of testing both properties on one sample is unknown, it is likely that applying
strength testing may have reduced the flexibility of the material or made breakage more likely.
Unfortunately, we only had access to one sample.
However, the way that we evaluated flexibility -measuring the amount of rotational stress before
breakage – may not accurately reflect the manufacturing process for the protective clothing or usage
patterns. Accounting for this application would involve measuring more and different types of
stresses and their impact on the material.
Reporting potential sources of error is an important part of labs and research projects. However,
students often include a list of possible errors without a sense of a) their potential impact on the
results b) the likelihood that they played a role in the results, and c) how to avoid them in future
studies, as in the below example:
Some potential sources of error are: human error, precision of measurements, testing the same
sample for strength and flexibility, etc.

44. 37 | P a g e
6.1 Achievement of Objectives:
The achievement of the project as follows:
 To achieve the compressive strength close to 15.0 MPa and showed that RCA is suitable to be
used in structural concrete around South East Queensland.
 The indirect tensile strength of recycled concrete was 4.94 MPa which is over that of natural
concrete.
 Confirmed that the costs of recycled concrete were 10 percent less than natural concrete per
meter cube.
 The results showed less than 0.1 percent contaminant in recycled aggregate and which is suitable
for use in concrete.
 As mention as above, the local recycling plant was able to supply consistent aggregate.
 Based on the test results showed that durability and permeability properties of RCA were
similar to those of concrete made with virgin aggregate.
 Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) play a crucial role in promoting sustainable construction
practices. Here are some key points regarding their use:
1. Feasibility and Objectives:
 RCA serves as a substitute for natural aggregates (NA) in concrete applications.
 Objectives include reducing the environmental impact associated with depleting natural
resources and landfill space.
2. Mechanical Properties:
 At a 50% replacement level, recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) shows:
 20.0% increase in splitting tensile strength.
 Marginal decrease in workability (15.0%) and compressive strength (6.0%).

45. 38 | P a g e
3. Environmental Impact:
 Average environmental effects reduced by 31.3% when using 50% RCA.
 Specific reductions of 34.7% for raw material supply (A1) and 40.3% for transportation (A2).
4. Structural Use:
 RCA is a viable option for structural applications, contributing to more environmentally friendly
construction practices.
 Remember, incorporating RCA helps conserve energy, reduce waste disposal, and promote
greener construction.
Using RCA in concrete preserves the environment by reducing the need for opening new aggregate
quarries and decreases the amount of construction waste that goes into landfill. The properties of
RCA such as specific gravity, absorption, and the amount of contaminant present in it contribute to
the strength and durability of concrete.
An achievement test measures how an individual has learned over time and what the individual has
learned by analyzing his present performance. It also measures how a person understands and
masters a particular knowledge area at the present time. With this test, you can analyze just how
quick and precise an individual is in performing the tasks that they consider an accomplishment.
An achievement test is an excellent choice to analyze and evaluate the academic performance of an
individual.
For instance, every school requires its students to show their proficiency in a variety of subjects.
In most cases, the students are expected to pass to some degree to move to the next class. An
achievement test will record and evaluate the performance of these students to determine how well
they are performing against the standard.

46. 39 | P a g e
 Purpose of Achievement Testing :
The primary aim of an achievement test is to evaluate an individual. An achievement test however
can start an action plan.
An individual may get a higher achievement score that shows that the person has shown a high level
of mastery and is ready for an advanced level of instruction. On the other hand, a low achievement
score might indicate that there are concerned areas that an individual should improve on, or that a
particular subject should be repeated.
For example, a student can decide to start a study plan because of the result of an achievement test.
So it can serve as a motivation to improve or an indicator to proceed to a higher level. An
achievement test is used in both the educational sector and in the professional sector.
 Uses of Achievement testing :
 Teachers
The teacher-made test is designed to examine the local curriculum and measure its effectiveness to
the students’ performance.
The flexibility of the teacher-made test makes it appropriate to adapt to any procedure. Also, it is
easy to construct as it doesn’t need any special requirements for its preparation.
Teacher-made tests are developed to meet the locals’ objectives the same way as the standard or
administrator test is developed to generally measure learning objectives.
It is worthy to note that teacher-made tests can be written or oral and procedures for storing them
vary depending on the test. Also, both objective and essay types of tests can be included in a teacher-
made test.

47. 40 | P a g e
 Administrators
An administrative test is developed by specialists. It has uniformity in scoring, application, and
interpretation of the test results. What an administrator test or standardized test does is that it
compares the performance of some students with a general group standard.
An administrator test gives clear instructions about how the test should be administered and
interpreted so that there will be uniformity.
The test is highly reliable and there’s a provision for how to uniformly score the test in the test
manual.
6.2 Recommendations for Further Studies :
The above results have showed that recycled aggregate may be used in structural concrete in the near
future. Below are my recommendations for further studies as follows.
1. To build and test a reinforcing beam for future further work to determined if it can be used in
structural beam by recycled concrete. The design of the reinforcing beam is below.
2. To investigate different batches with silica fume and superplasticizer to improve and achieve high
strength concrete more than 15.0 MPa.
3. To prove the source and the grade of old concrete before recycling to assist clients overcoming
barriers to use recycled aggregate in structural concrete.
4. To overcome water absorption and permeable voids problem and show RCA is the preferred
option of Natural Aggregate for used in structural concrete.
Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is a promising alternative to natural aggregate (NA) for concrete
production, as it can reduce the environmental impact of construction and demolition waste (CDW)
and conserve natural resources. However, there are still some challenges and knowledge gaps in
using RCA in concrete mixes, such as the effects of RCA quality, quantity, and treatment methods
on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Therefore, some possible recommendations
for further studies are:

48. 41 | P a g e
 To investigate the optimal mix design and proportion of RCA for different types of concrete
applications, such as structural, non-structural, self-compacting, or high-performance concrete.
 To evaluate the long-term performance and service life of concrete structures with RCA under
various environmental conditions and loading scenarios, such as freeze-thaw cycles, chloride
penetration, carbonation, corrosion, fatigue, and seismic actions.
 To develop and validate reliable models and methods for predicting the behavior and
performance of concrete with RCA, based on the properties of the constituent materials and the
interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between RCA and cement paste.
 To explore the potential of using RCA in combination with other recycled or waste materials,
such as fly ash, slag, glass, rubber, plastic, or fibers, to enhance the properties and sustainability
of concrete.
 To assess the economic, social, and environmental benefits and costs of using RCA in concrete
production, considering the life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle cost analysis (LCCA), and
social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) of the concrete products and systems.
 These are some of the research topics that could advance the knowledge and practice of using
RCA in concrete mixes. You can find more information and references on this subject from the
web search results.
 History of RAC :
Using material from CDW as aggregate to produce RAC in new concrete was firstly introduced and
applied during and after the World War II since enormous amount of rubble and debris had been
generated after bombardment to cities, especially in United Kingdom and Germany (Nixon, 1978).
At that time, it was found that RAC had higher water absorption, lower compressive strength,
comparable freeze/thaw resistance, and inferior dry shrinkage compared with NAC (Nixon, 1978,
Hansen, 1986). From 1945

49. 42 | P a g e
Curing :
Curing is the process of maintaining the moisture of freshly placed concrete to complete the
hydration process and to ensure proper hardening, attaining desirable strength and durability. Curing
keeps the concrete surface moist and reduces shrinkage.
To determine the mechanical properties of concrete specimens with and without recycled aggregates,
cubes of size 150 mm, cylinders of size 150 mm were cast, cured and tested at 7 days after curing.
The batching details of the concrete mix are presented in Fig 6.0.
Fig 6.0. 7-days curing

50. 43 | P a g e
6.3 Compressive strength Test Result and Analysis :
The campus. The collected waste specimens are shown in Figure 6.0 and the recycled aggregates
are shown in Figure 6.1
Figure 6.0 Tested concrete waste Figure 6.1 Recycled aggregates
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
The physical properties like specific gravity and fineness modulus are done on fine aggregates,
coarse aggregates and recycled aggregates as per Indian standards. The test results are shown in
Table 1.
Table 6.0 Physical properties of Aggregates

51. 44 | P a g e
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
Concrete mix design for M15 grade is done as per IS: 10262 – 2009. The results of concrete
mix design are tabulated in Table 2.
Table 6.1 Mix proportions
INVESTIGATIONS ON HARDENED CONCRETE
To determine the mechanical properties of concrete specimens with and without recycled aggregates,
cubes of size 150 mm, cylinders of size 150 mm were cast, cured and tested at 7 days after curing.
The batching details of the concrete mix are presented in Table 6.3.
Table 6.3 Batching details
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
The compressive strength of concrete cube specimens was determined by conducting compression
test on Compression Testing Machine of capacity 1000 kN. The specimens were tested at 7 th days
after curing until failure. The load at failure was observed and the compressive strength (fck)was
calculated by the following formula:
Weight W/C Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate
g/m3 60 1000 2000 4000
Ratio 0.60 1 2 4

52. 45 | P a g e
According to Figure 6.3, the crack of the cube is shown broken in a similar way in both concretes.
The 7-day standard lime-saturated cured cube compressive strength of 65% recycled concrete was
between 9.90MPa and 8.0MPa. The equivalent strength of virginal concrete was between 14.5MPa
and 13.5MPa. The results showed (refer to Figure 6.2) that the RCA mix was well over the target
strength of 9.90 MPa in 7-day age. In both cases, the compressive strength of recycled and control
concretes were good and achieved to the target strength. Therefore, the Recycled Concrete
Aggregate can be used to produce 15 MPa structural concrete.
The result of compressive strength test is shown in Figure 6.2.
Figure 6.2 Compressive strength test results

53. 46 | P a g e
Compressive strength of recycled concrete compared with virginal concrete :
Figure 6.3 Compressive Strength Result
Figure 6.4 7-days Cube broken by compressive strength

54. 47 | P a g e
Compressive strength test for recycle aggregate :
Table : 6.4 Taken M15 Grade material
Where,
P = compressive load on cube in N = 222.8 KN = 222.8 KN X 1000 =
A = Area of the cube = 15cm x 15cm x 15cm = 15cm x 15cm = 225 cm2 = 225 cm2 x 1000 =
Stress = 9.90 Mpa
fck = Cube compressive strength
 BY USING FORMULA :
222800 N
22500 mm2
9.90 N/mm2
The 7-day standard lime-saturated cured cube compressive strength of 65% recycled concrete was
between 9.90 MPa and 8.00 MPa. The equivalent strength of virginal concrete was between 14.5MPa
and 13.5MPa.
Weight W/C Cement Fine aggregate Recycle Coarse
aggregate
g/m3 700 1000 2000 4000
Ratio 0.70 1 2 4

55. 48 | P a g e
Compressive strength test for Normal aggregate :
Table : 6.5 Taken M15 Grade material
Where,
P = compressive load on cube in N = 339.1 KN =339.1 KN X 1000 =
A = Area of the cube = 15cm x 15cm x 15cm = 15cm x 15cm = 225 cm2 = 225 cm2 x 1000 =
Stress = 15.0 Mpa
fck = Cube compressive strength
 BY USING FORMULA :
339100 N
22500 mm2
15.0 N/mm2
The 7-day standard lime-saturated cured cube compressive strength of 65% recycled concrete was
between 15.0 MPa and 14.0 MPa. The equivalent strength of virginal concrete was between 20.5MPa
and 19.5MPa.
Weight W/C Cement Fine aggregate Recycle Coarse
aggregate
g/m3 600 1000 2000 4000
Ratio 0.60 1 2 4

56. 49 | P a g e
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
The cube specimens with various percentages of recycled aggregates at 7th days after curing were
placed horizontally on Compression Testing Machine of capacity 1000 kN. The load is applied
gradually and tested until failure. The split tensile strength (fs) was calculated by the formula:
Where,
P = compressive load on cylinder in N = 440.1 KN = 440.1KN x 1000 = 440100 N
L = length of the cylinder = 300 mm
d = diameter of the cylinder = 150 mm
2 x 440100 N
3.14 x 300mm x 150mm
880200 N
141300 mm2
6.22 N/mm2
The 7-day standard lime-saturated cured cube compressive strength of 65% recycled concrete was
between 6.22 MPa and 5.0 MPa. The equivalent strength of virginal concrete was between 10.5MPa
and 9.5MPa.

57. 50 | P a g e
The result of split tensile strength test is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 6.4 Split tensile strength test results
Figure 6.5 7-days Cube broken by compressive strength

58. 51 | P a g e
6.4 Water Absorption and apparent volume of permeable voids Test Results and Analysis :
There was approximately three percent difference between recycled and natural concrete with water
absorption and apparent volume of permeable voids as shown in Figure 6.4 and 6.5. This was
because the recycled aggregates are more porously than the natural aggregates; their pores are
normally discontinuous in a concrete matrix, being completely enveloped by cement paste. Discrete
voids or pores in concrete, including entrained air bubbles that are discontinuous similarly do not
contribute significantly to concrete permeability. Recycled concrete with a high proportion of
disconnected pores may be less permeable that natural concrete with a much smaller proportion of
continuous pores. However, the overall permeability of a concrete matrix would also depend on the
size, distribution, inter connectivity, shape, and tortuosity of pores.
Table of 6.4 Result of Water Absorption and App. Vol. of Perm voids
WATER ABSORPTION AND APPARENT OF PERMEABLE VOIDS IN HARDENED CONCRETE
Figure 6.5 Result of Water Absorption and App. Vol. of Perm voids

59. 52 | P a g e
CONCLUSION
In this study it is found that there is not much variation in strength between ordinary concrete and
30% replaced aggregate concrete, which proves the previous works.
But when the percentage of aggregate replaced increases there is a constant increase in strengths,
which is a controversy to the previous works.
Because it has been found that recycled aggregates obtained from recycling concrete are more
angular and have higher absorption and specific gravity than natural coarse aggregates it may result
on increase of strength and improved load carrying capacity.
However, further studies to determine the effect on durability and improvement on workability are
necessary.

60. 53 | P a g e
FUTURE SCOPE
Project management is a skill-set required by every organization for the application of processes,
coordination of teams, and management of scope, costs, time, and quality of a project. It plays a vital
role in various industries such as helping reduce the cost of operations and managing the big
distribution network of the FMCG sector; helping in cost reduction and looking into quality issues in
the defense sector; reducing the risks involved at the time of raising a big construction project;
putting up the system as well as the process together in pharmacies, and helping run a project
smoothly and successfully in IT and other sectors
The demand for project management is on a rise, which makes it quite obvious to expect that project
management jobs would become even more popular in the coming future. Various business sectors
are in need of project managers for planning, controlling, and monitoring people, processes, and
other components required to make your project a success
In order to become a proficient project manager, it is advised for you to possess the following skills:
business knowledge, risk analysis skills, ability to control budgets, negotiation skills, leadership
qualities, communication skills, and management skills

61. 54 | P a g e
REFERENCE
Reflector less total measurement and their Accuracy, precision and reliability. By Leight Herbert
Coaker.
Book and note book: Introduction and definition from note book and book.
Internet: We have taken some picture and video from the internet.
 And using different websites
 www.brighthubengineering.com.
 https://www.civilknowledges.com.
 https://civilstuff.com.
 https://thecontentauthority.com.
 https://www.civilknowledges.com.