AG_1205_Swahili_Seas
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The document summarizes the work of photojournalist Cheryl-Samantha Owen who has been diving and documenting reefs along East Africa's Swahili Coast. Some of the most vulnerable and overfished reefs in Africa, scientists have made important discoveries about how to strengthen their resilience to climate change. The photographs show researchers measuring coral size in Kenya, a fisherman catching coral grouper, acropora coral spotted in Aldabra Atoll, and scientists monitoring whale sharks in the Gulf of Tadjoura to better conserve the species.
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Coral reefs grow through a process of asexual reproduction called budding, where they start in shallow tropical waters and expand outward. Coral reefs are home to many fish and protect fish habitats while also providing camouflage. Though considered an underwater plant, coral reefs are actually animals that provide nutrients like protein and calcium to fish. However, coral reefs are in crisis due to threats like diseases and tourism, as tourists may take pieces of coral which can damage the coral colony. Donating to conservation organizations can help protect coral reef ecosystems.
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Lipotesvexillife
The baiji dolphin lived in the Yangtze River in China, historically ranging over 1,700 km of the river. It relied on echolocation to navigate and feed due to poor vision. The main causes of its extinction were overfishing, dam construction, environmental degradation, and ship collisions, as the Three Gorges Dam construction destroyed much of its habitat. Scientists had hoped to save the species by temporarily relocating them until conditions improved, but the baiji dolphin is now believed to be extinct.
Lipotes vexillifer
The baiji dolphin lived in the Yangtze River in China, historically ranging over 1,700 km of the river. It relied on echolocation to navigate and feed due to poor vision. The main causes of its extinction were overfishing, dam construction, environmental degradation, and ship collisions, as the Three Gorges Dam construction destroyed much of its habitat. Scientists had hoped to save the species by temporarily relocating them until conditions improved, but the baiji is now believed to be extinct.
Coral reefs
Coral reefs are underwater structures formed from calcium carbonate secreted by coral polyps that support diverse marine ecosystems. They exist as barrier reefs, like the Belize Barrier Reef, atolls which surround lagoons, and fringe reefs along coastlines throughout the Caribbean. However, overdevelopment, pollution, destructive fishing practices, tourism, ocean warming, and other threats have led to substantial declines in Caribbean coral reefs over the last 30 years, endangering these important ecosystems.
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AG_1203_sevengills
1) Divers in South Africa regularly encounter sevengill sharks in the kelp forests off Miller's Point. The sharks are bold and inquisitive.
2) Researchers are studying these sharks to learn more about their population dynamics, as commercial fishing threatens the species. Divers help by photographing the sharks' unique markings to identify individuals.
3) The area around Miller's Point appears to be an important pupping ground for sevengill sharks, though more research is needed to confirm this. The sharks' long gestation period and late maturity make them vulnerable to overfishing.
AG_1005_Tigersharks
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AG_1212_SANCCOB_Penguins
The document summarizes the decline of the African penguin population due to various environmental pressures. It notes that their numbers have dropped by over 95% since the early 1900s due to overfishing reducing their food supply, climate change altering ocean currents and temperatures which affects fish distribution, and pollution like oil spills that can contaminate penguins. Conservation efforts aim to rehabilitate oiled or abandoned penguins and help manage fisheries and reduce pollution to improve conditions for the endangered penguins.
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VIPUL KUMAR SINGH1
Vipul Kumar Singh has over 8 years of experience as a consultant and corporate trainer in various Microsoft products and technologies including Windows Server, System Center, and private cloud. He has conducted training for many large corporations in countries around the world. Vipul has several Microsoft certifications and has worked as a senior trainer and consultant for KoenigSolutionsPvt. Ltd. since 2009, where he trains overseas and corporate clients on System Center and Windows Server projects.
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Current Challenges in International Business
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- 1. 50 A F R I C A G E O G R A P H I C M A R C H 2 0 1 2 Photojournalist Cheryl-Samantha Owen has been diving and documenting the seas along East Africa’s Swahili Coast. Some of the most vulnerable and overfished reefs in Africa, they are also some of the most studied, and scientists have made important discoveries about how to strengthen their resilience to climate change – and people. TEXT & PHOTOGRAPHS BY CHERYL-SAMANTHA OWEN SEAS OF SYMBIOSIS ᮣ PORTFOLIO ᮣ 51W W W. A F R I C A G E O G R A P H I C . C O M
- 2. 52 A F R I C A G E O G R A P H I C M A R C H 2 0 1 252 A F R I C A G E O G R A P H I C M A R C H 2 0 1 2 BEETLECAM ABOVE Researchers north of Mombasa, Kenya, measure the size of coral in a shallow lagoon at low tide. Part of an IUCN coral reef resilience assessment, this innovative method helps scientists to understand and quantify the most important factors affecting the health of reefs. LEFT A fisherman in Kenya’s Indian Ocean leans from his traditional ngalawa catamaran to pull his prize catch, a coral grouper, out of the water. Though his method is preferable to large-scale commercial fishing, neither is sustainable along this stretch of reef, and many top predator reef fish are caught before they reach reproductive maturity. OPPOSITE As one of the first ecosystems to clearly show both climate change impacts and increasing human population pressure, coral reefs are the ocean’s canary in the coal mine. Within the Aldabra Atoll’s protected reef I spotted this acropora coral painted in glassy sweepers. PREVIOUS SPREAD Deep within the Gulf of Tadjoura, in the Horn of Africa, scientists are monitoring and tagging whale sharks in an effort to better conserve and manage these migratory species. Like the shark species in all our oceans, they are threatened by overfishing, while their extremely large fins make them highly sought after in the Chinese shark-fin soup market. ᮣ PORTFOLIO 53W W W. A F R I C A G E O G R A P H I C . C O M
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- 4. SWAHILI SEAS ABOVE A Kenyan fisherman walks across an exposed reef armed with little more than a home-made speargun and buoy. I photographed him shooting butterflyfish smaller than the palm of my hand. Asked what good these tiny morsels would do for him, he answered, ‘I will feed them to my five brothers.’ ABOVE Finning through an unprotected lagoon on Kenya’s south coast, I came across this vivid starfish on a bed of seagrass. Though there is hardly a fish in sight (due to overfishing), the population of starfish thrives here thanks to the initiative taken by a single local fisherman to protect them. Starfish in East Africa’s seas are col- lected, dried and sold as curios to tourists, but this man has realised that they are worth more alive than dead. PREVIOUS SPREAD Fins slice through the Aldabra Atoll’s tranquil waters as blacktip reef sharks converge in the shallows and stir the sandy bottom into a cauldron of bubbling energy. Such a healthy population of top predators is thought by many scientists to be an indicator of a healthy coral reef ecosystem. 56 A F R I C A G E O G R A P H I C M AY 2 0 1 2 AG