Aerospace Systems Engineering Final Report

Interplanetary Exploration and
Transportation Infrastructure
AE 542 – Aerospace Systems Engineering I
System of Interest:
Living Module
Aliya Burkit
Dec 10, 2015

2
Table of contents
Table of contents.......................................................................................................................... 2
List of figures................................................................................................................................. 4
List of tables.................................................................................................................................. 5
Executive summary...................................................................................................................... 6
I. Introduction and System of Systems Review................................................................... 7
II. Living Quarters Module Mission Needs Statement ......................................................... 8
a. History of the Problem...................................................................................................... 8
b. Stakeholders ...................................................................................................................... 9
c. Living Module Context and Environment..................................................................... 10
i. Scope ............................................................................................................................ 10
ii. Context.......................................................................................................................... 10
iii. External Systems......................................................................................................... 11
d. Constraints ....................................................................................................................... 12
e. Major Living Module Objectives.................................................................................... 12
III. Living Module Conceptual Description ........................................................................... 12
a. Architecture and Discussion.......................................................................................... 13
i. Capabilities ................................................................................................................... 13
ii. Characteristics and Attributes.................................................................................... 14
iii. Inputs............................................................................................................................. 14
iv. Outputs ...................................................................................................................... 15
v. Products........................................................................................................................ 15
vi. Byproducts ................................................................................................................ 15
vii. Threats....................................................................................................................... 16
viii. Opportunities ............................................................................................................ 16
ix. Controls ..................................................................................................................... 16
x. Mission Roles............................................................................................................... 17
xi. Services..................................................................................................................... 17
xii. Performance Measures........................................................................................... 17
b. Living Module Concept of Operations.......................................................................... 17
c. Living Module Hierarchies ............................................................................................. 18
d. Product Structure ............................................................................................................ 18
i. Primary Structure......................................................................................................... 18

3
ii. Storage System ........................................................................................................... 19
iii. Supply System ............................................................................................................. 20
iv. Environment Control System ................................................................................. 20
v. Power System.............................................................................................................. 21
vi. Communication System.......................................................................................... 22
vii. Safety and Risk Management................................................................................ 23
e. Living Module Functional Flow...................................................................................... 24
i. Mission Flow................................................................................................................. 24
ii. Functional Breakdown ................................................................................................ 25
f. Living Module Functional Analysis and Functional Allocations ............................... 27
g. System Interface Analysis.............................................................................................. 29
i. System Interface Diagram.......................................................................................... 29
ii. N2 Diagram ................................................................................................................... 30
iii. Sequence Diagram.................................................................................................. 31
iv. Interactions................................................................................................................ 31
IV. Requirements................................................................................................................... 34
a. System Requirements .................................................................................................... 34
b. System Derived and Allocated Requirements............................................................ 35
c. Interface Requirements.................................................................................................. 36

4
List of figures
Figure 1: Level 1 System of Systems overview
Figure 2: Context diagram
Figure 3: Block diagram of system structure
Figure 4: Product hierarchies
Figure 5: Primary structure product hierarchy
Figure 6: Storage system product hierarchy
Figure 7: Supply system product hierarchy
Figure 8: Environment control system product hierarchy
Figure 9: Power system product hierarchy
Figure 10: Communication system product hierarchy
Figure 11: Safety and risk management system product hierarchy
Figure 12: Living module mission flow
Figure 13: Functional flow hierarchy
Figure 14: Functional flow 2.0
Figure 19: System interface diagram
Figure 20: Sequence diagram
7
11
13
18
19
19
20
21
22
22
23
24
26
27
27
28
28
28
29
31

5
List of tables
Table 1: N2 diagram for function 5.0
Table 2: External interfaces
Table 3: Internal product-to-product interfaces
Table 4: Internal function-to-product interfaces
Table 5: System requirements
Table 6: System derived requirements
Table 7: Interface requirements
30
32
33
34
35
36
37

6
Executive summary
The Interplanetary Exploration and Transportation Infrastructure is a system of
systems that was developed as a result of collaboration between the leading space
agencies and space exploration industries. The purpose of this system of systems is to
explore vast areas of the Solar system and to begin utilizing the resources that are
available inside it. The main goal of the humanity is to establish colonies on other
celestial bodies in order to ensure that the human race continues to exist even if Earth
no longer exist. Moreover, this system of systems serves as a large scientific laboratory
where deep space experiments are taking place.
The living module of this system of systems is one of the crucial parts of the
infrastructure since this module is used to house space explorers and scientists. The
living module provides all the necessary needs for human existence for prolonged
periods of time. The life of human inhabitants inside the living module will not differ from
the life on Earth, except for the fact that their living space will be enclosed. The living
module will interact with other systems of the infrastructure in order to provide the
inhabitants with supplies, power and communication with other stations.
The living module will operate autonomously most of the time, except for the
situations when the human control is needed. The living module is able to monitor its
environment and structural integrity and it can response to emergencies automatically.
The main components of the living module are shown below.
This report discusses the living module to the very finest detail.
1. Living
Module
1.1 Primary
Structure
1.2 Storage
System
1.3 Supply
System
1.4
Environment
Control
System
1.5 Power
System
1.6
Communication
System
1.7 Safety and
Risk
Management

7
I. Introduction and System of Systems Review
Figure 1: Level 1 System of Systems Overview.
At its highest level, the Interplanetary Exploration and Transportation
Infrastructure system of systems consists of seven unique systems: (1) the Power
Generation Module, tasked with generating the electricity and heat required to sustain
station operability (and the subject of this report); (2) Command and Control,
responsible for overseeing the day-to-day operations of the hub station it is attached to
and regularly communicating with home base and other hub stations; (3) the Structural
Core, the center of the hub station around which every module is located, equipped with
an elevator system for transportation between various parts of the station; (4) the Hub
Docking System, the primary docking station for traffic into and out of the hub station;
(5) Living Quarters, where the station inhabitants live out their daily lives; (6) the Lab
Module, tasked with the scientific research unique to a particular hub station; and (7) the
Interplanetary Transfer Vehicle (ITV) – a propulsion module, payload, and shuttle
capable of transporting people and materials between hub stations and to/from home
base.
The Level 1 hierarchy depicted above is representative of a multitude of hub
stations located across the solar system. Stations are located in orbit above certain
celestial bodies, with that planet or asteroid the focus of its research. Other stations are
placed at LaGrange points in order to service multiple celestial bodies from its
equilibrium point. A particular hub station may comprise some or all of the described
systems – some may be fully automated while others may support human occupants.
Still others may transition from automated operation to human-driven operation, or vice-
versa, at some point during the station’s life. Meanwhile, one or more ITVs may be
constantly travelling between hub stations and to and from Earth, in order to both
transport station modules to the desired station location for assembly, or to continue
support of the station during its lifetime.
It is envisioned that the system of hub stations will not belong to a particular
nation, but will operate as a joint venture between all space-faring nations based on a
series of international treaties. It remains to be seen how such a method operation will
operate in practice.
0. Interplanetary Exploration and
Transportation Infrastructure
1. Power
Generation
Module
2. Command
and Control
Module
3. Structural
Core
4. Hub Docking
System
5. Living
Quarters
Module
6. Lab
Module
7.
Interplanetary
Transfer
Vehicle

8
II. Living Quarters Module Mission Needs Statement
The objective of the Living Quarters Module is to provide support for human life
activities on the station in order to maintain prolonged human presence in space.
a. History of the Problem
Since the very early space exploration missions almost all missions that involve
humans must have planned having a living module or a habitat in order to provide
humans with life support and ability to perform daily activities. Therefore, in the
interplanetary infrastructure and transportation system, the living module deserves
considerable attention since the system of hub stations in deep space implies that it
will be inhabited for long periods of time. Planning the operations and needs of the
living module might be the most challenging part of mission planning since it
involves human life. Therefore, all measures must be taken to provide safe and
secure operation of the living module with very low risk of malfunction or failure. The
aspect of maintaining human life presents a number of problems, since human life
support consists of several requirements.
First, the living module must provide reliable structural strength and radiation
shielding to protect the inhabitants from any small scale collisions and radiation, due
to the fact that the hub stations will be located in deep space high radiation regions.
Second, the living module must be able to provide enough oxygen for the
inhabitants, and be able to store oxygen for future needs. It must also be able to
resupply oxygen with the incoming supplies from Earth and other settlements. All of
these actions are critical in nature since it does not allow room for errors due to
station locations. One could hope that a method of recycling air from the living
module would be invented. In that case, a chemical reaction might be used to
produce oxygen from the air that has been used on the station. With this scenario,
the process of resupplying oxygen could lower its operation requirements and
criticality, since there would be another channel of producing oxygen.
Third, the living module must provide enough water for basic human needs. This
aspect of human support is important, but it has a lower criticality level than oxygen
support, since even in the case of malfunction, humans can survive for larger
periods of time than without oxygen. Nevertheless, supplies of clean drinking water
are an important requirement from the living module.
Next, waste management is also important since the space environment is
different from the Earth where there is enough space to store and recycle waste.
Some types of waste products degrade with time which the Earth environment can
withstand. In space, the waste cannot be disposed of in open space since an action
like that would create a hazard to other stations and in addition undermine the

9
search for extraterrestrial organic life. Therefore, a smart waste management must
be in place on the living module.
Throughout the history of space exploration, the requirements on the living
module became more challenging as the human stay was increasing in time and the
conditions for human support were advancing. There are many more factors that
need to be considered as part of the problem of developing a living module. More
capabilities and requirements on the living module will be discussed in the following
sections.
Nowadays, with the development of Mars exploration missions, the technologies
allow us to develop and test modern deep space habitats that will be used on Mars.
The types of space habitats that are in test phase nowadays might reach advanced
levels by the time the interplanetary infrastructure and transportation module is
introduced. The capabilities and features of the living module described in the
following sections will most likely have similarities with the capabilities and features
of the deep space habitats that are developing nowadays.
b. Stakeholders
Listed in this subsection are the stakeholders of the system of hub stations and
the living module in particular.
 Space agencies of participating countries – it is envisioned that the system
of hub stations will operate as a joint venture between participating
countries and governments
 Private companies working in space exploration – private companies
provide the necessary equipment and other products that enable the
system to be operational
 Industries participating in space exploration – similar to private companies,
the industries will utilize the achievements made in the process of
developing particular products for the system of hub stations, so they
could further profit from the products
 Governments of participating countries – space agencies are controlled by
the governments, and in addition, the governments will provide the funding
 Station inhabitants – as the primary subjects on the hub station, the
astronauts depend on the living module to provide life support and
laboratory activities support
 Population of the Earth and interplanetary settlements – the population
outside of the hub station will benefit from research discoveries made on
station and other planets
 Scientists on the hub station – the scientists on the station are the primary
subjects who will conduct research

10
 Scientists on Earth – the scientists on earth are collaborating with the
scientists on the hub station in order to conduct experiments
 Educational organizations – these organizations will spread out the
information about research conducted on the station and will also
popularize science missions in space
 Research organizations – the research organizations represent the
stakeholders who will depend on the results of the research experiments
done on the hub station
c. Living Module Context and Environment
This section describes the scope and the context diagram of the living module.
i. Scope
The scope of the living module is defined by the physical boundaries of
the module, which are the boundaries between the module and other
systems of the hub station. More specifically, the scope of the living
module is bounded by the docking interface that provides access to the
interior of the living module. The systems that comprise the living module
are included as subsystems of the module and other systems that are
required for proper living module operation are specified as outside
systems.
ii. Context
Depicted in Figure 2 is the context diagram of the living module. The
context diagram illustrates the structure and the relationship between the
systems that comprise the interplanetary infrastructure and transportation
system of systems as well as the structural hierarchy of the living module
and its subsystems.

11
Figure 2: Context diagram.
iii. External Systems
The external systems of the living module are the power generation
module, the command and control module, the structural core, the hub
docking system, the laboratory module and the interplanetary transfer
vehicle. The operation of the living module depends greatly on the proper
operation of these external systems. The power of the living module is
supported by the power generation module, the supply and interchange of
humans and materials to and from the living module depends on the

12
docking hub system and the interplanetary transfer vehicle. The research
activities that the humans will conduct depend on the laboratory module.
Communication with other modules and hub stations relies on the
command and control module.
d. Constraints
This section lists the constraints under which the living module is to operate.
 Size – the living module must be of an appropriate size in order to fit all
necessary materials for human life support and have enough space for
regular human activities, such as walking, eating, sleeping and exercising
without causing increased stress levels (such as in small spaces)
 Cost – the construction and operation of the living module must require a
reasonable amount of funding in order to meet mission cost limits
 Volume of supplies – the living module must be able to provide the
necessary timing of the arrival and departure of the supply vehicles based
on the volumetric limits of the ITV, i.e. how much oxygen and other life
supporting materials it can transport in one trip
 Power – the power requirements of the living module must fall under the
limit of the amount of power provided by the power generation module
 Length of human stay – the living module must provide necessary human
shift rotations in order to account for the fact that prolonged presence in
space has a negative impact on human health (such as muscle atrophy,
change in bone structure, radiation intake)
e. Major Living Module Objectives
The primary objective of the living module is to provide life support for humans on
the station. This objective can be divided into several sub-objectives that are
required to be executed in order to provide the essential functioning of the human
body.
III. Living Module Conceptual Description

13
a. Architecture and Discussion
Figure 3. Block diagram of system structure.
As shown in the context diagram and in Figure 3 the living module consists of
several Level 1 systems: 1) the primary structure – the physical structure that
encompasses the module and provides housing for the components of the
module; 2) the storage system – the storage compartment for all necessary
supplements and materials to support human life activities; 3) the supply system
– a system of pipes and other apparatus that supplies necessary gases and
liquids for humans; 4) the environment control system – the system that monitors
and adjusts the temperature, pressure, gravitational field, lighting and etc.; 5) the
power system – the system that draws power from the power generation module
to provide power in the living module; 6) the communication system – the system
that communicates with the command and control module in order to send and
receive instructions and updates; 7) the inhabitants – humans that reside in the
living module; 8) the safety and risk management system – the system that
provides timely response to and prevention of life threatening events that might
occur on the module.
i. Capabilities
The living module shall:
 Be able to supply oxygen to itself and other modules when required
 Be able to monitor air quality
 Be able to supply drinking water
 Be able to supply food
 Be able to produce food
 Be able to process and dispose of waste
 Be able to store oxygen
 Be able to store water
 Be able to store food supplies
 Be able to store waste
 Be able to monitor the levels of essential consumables
1. Living Module
1.1 Primary
Structure
1.2 Storage
System
1.3 Supply
System
1.4
Environment
Control System
1.5 Power
System
1.6
Communication
System
1.7 Safety and
Risk
Management

14
 Be able to maintain artificial gravitational field inside the module
 Be able to protect from radiation
 Be able to supply power
 Be able to maintain suitable range of temperatures inside the modules
 Be able to dock with the docking hub system and maintain sealed lock
 Be able to communicate with other systems of the interplanetary
infrastructure and transportation system of systems
 Be able to monitor structural integrity of the module
 Be able to detect hazardous situations on the module, such as fire
 Be able to address structural damage to the module, such as an explosion
or debris impact
ii. Characteristics and Attributes
The living module shall possess the following characteristics and attributes:
 holds up to 500 inhabitants
 storage volume of oxygen is enough for 60 days of human use
 storage volume of water is enough for 60 days of human use
 storage volume of food is enough for 60 days of human use
 storage volume of waste is enough for 60 days of human operation
 monitors air quality to precision of 0.01%
 resupplies water from recycled liquid storage
 adjusts power consumption throughout the 24-hour human lifecycle
 temperature inside the module is at default of 68oF
 provides radiation shielding
 an alarm system that notifies the inhabitants of the emergency
 a manual override to be controlled by a human operator in case of
emergency
iii. Inputs
The acceptable inputs into the system are:
 Oxygen supplies
 Water supplies
 Food supplies
 Human crews
 Power use requirement
 Temperature value to maintain
 Manual override
 Communication command

15
The unacceptable inputs are:
 Fire
 Space debris
 Hazardous materials
 Waste
 Unauthorized human crews
 Insensible temperature value
 Power outage
iv. Outputs
The acceptable outputs of the living module:
 Waste
 Human crews
 Communication command
 Heat
 Oxygen supply (to connected modules)
The unacceptable outputs are:
 Oxygen leakage
 Water leakage
 Heat leakage
 Waste leakage
 Pressure leakage
 Unauthorized communication command
 Unauthorized human crews
 Hazardous materials
 Fire
v. Products
The operation of the living module produces the following products:
 Human activities on the station
 Essential life support to the inhabitants
 Continuation of space exploration
vi. Byproducts
The operation of the living module generates the following byproducts:
 Cooperation between governments and space agencies of participating
countries
 Contribution to research

16
vii. Threats
The living module is subject to the following threats:
 Fire
 Debris hit
 Depressurization
 Failure of oxygen supply system
 Failure of water supply system
 Failure of power system
 Failure of environment control system
 An unauthorized communication command
 An unauthorized input of hazardous materials
 Human error
 Failure of radiation shielding system
 Explosion
viii. Opportunities
The living module is subject to the following opportunities:
 Larger supply levels of essential consumables
 Larger number of inhabitants
 Shorter wait times for resupply vehicles
 Reduced power consumption
 Production of all water supplies from liquid recycle waste
 Combination of two or more living modules
 Increased safety procedures
ix. Controls
The living module has the following controls:
 Docking port opening/closing control
 Temperature control
 Power use control
 Communication system control
 Pressure control
 Oxygen supply control
 Gravitational field control
All of the aforementioned controls can be either controlled automatically or by a
human operator.

17
x. Mission Roles
The living module features two primary mission roles, which are essential for
continuing life support on the module. The two mission roles are: 1) to provide life
support through the use of the module’s subsystems described in the previous
sections and 2) to monitor all values of the variables that are necessary to
continue to provide life support.
xi. Services
The living module provides services such as listed here:
 Continuous operation
 Housing astronauts for long periods of time
 Providing human crew and payload transfer to and from Earth and other
settlements
 Continuous contribution to research
xii. Performance Measures
The performance parameters of the living module are:
 Supplying oxygen at a rate of X m3/hr
 Supply water at a rate of Y m3/hr
 Power use at P Watts/hr
 Adjusting the temperature in less than U seconds
 Communication rate with other modules is C Mb/s
 Response to emergency alarm in less than T seconds
 Override for manual control of the station in less than S seconds
 Docking with hub docking system in less than M minutes
 Maintaining sealed lock for more than H hours
 Re-pressurizing and pressurizing the connected modules in less than B
minutes
b. Living Module Concept of Operations
The entire mission of the interplanetary infrastructure and transportation system
of systems is dependent on the proper operation of the living module since the
inhabitants of the hub station are the ones conducting experiments and research.
The living module has the capability to support long term human space
habitation.
It pumps oxygen from the storage on the module through itself and through other
modules, when connected and required. It pumps water from the storage on the
module to the sinks and showers on the module. It recycles waste water in a
special facility on the module.

18
It contains living, exercising, sleeping and food preparation areas and other
functional spaces that are necessary for human life. It receives supplies, human
crews and non-human payload from Earth and other settlements through the
interplanetary transfer vehicle via the docking hub system. It communicates with
the other systems of the interplanetary infrastructure and transportation system
of systems through the communication system that uses the command and
control module for uplink and downlink of information. It is powered by the power
generation module and it is controlled by the environment control system.
c. Living Module Hierarchies
Described in Figure 4 is the hierarchy of the living module. The basis for the
structure is originating from the context diagram.
Figure 4. Product hierarchies.
d. Product Structure
i. Primary Structure
Depicted in Figure 5 is the product structure of the primary structure of the living
module.
1. Living Module
1.1 Primary
Structure
1.1.1 Outer shell
1.1.2 Radiation
shielding
1.1.3 Inner shell
1.1.4 Piping
system
1.1.5 Electrical
system
1.1.6 Docking
port
1.2 Storage
System
1.2.1 Oxygen
storage
1.2.2 Water
storage
1.2.3 Food
storage
1.2.4 Waste
storage
1.3 Supply
System
1.3.1 Oxygen
supply system
1.3.2 Water
supply system
1.3.3 Waste
recycle system
1.4 Environment
Control System
1.4.1
Temperature
control system
1.4.2 Pressure
control system
1.4.3 Lighting
system
1.4.4 Gravity
generation
system
1.5 Power System
1.5.1 Electronic
interfaces
1.5.2 Module
equipment
1.5.3 Lighting
system
1.6
Communication
System
1.6.1 Module
computer system
1.6.2 Antennae
1.6.3 Transcievers
1.6.4 Electrical
system
1.7 Safety and
Risk Management
1.7.1 Alarm
system
1.7.2 Safety
training system
1.7.3 First
response team
1.7.4 Automated
emergency
response system

19
Figure 5. Primary structure product hierarchy.
Objective: To provide the primary structural support and housing of all components
of the living module
Description: The primary structure is the physical structure that contains all the
components of the living module. The primary structure is comprised of several
subsystems, which are: 1) an outer shell, that provides structural barrier between the
living module and the space environment; 2) the radiation shielding system, that is
composed of materials that reduce the amount of radiation and free space particles
to infiltrate the living module and cause harm to inhabitants and electronic
equipment; 3) the inner shell, which houses the supplemental components of the
living module that need to be hidden; moreover, the inner shell provides additional
structural support to the structural shell of the module; 4) the piping system - this is
the system of pipes that is used in the supply system. This system is located in
between the outer and inner shells; 5) the electrical system – this system provides
the connections between the electronic interfaces that are required to provide
communications and equipment connections on the living module; 6) the docking
port – this is an important structural part of the living module that allows for transfer
of products, supplies and human crews into and out of the living module.
ii. Storage System
Figure 6 shows the product structure of the storage system
Figure 6. Storage system product hierarchy.
Objective: To provide storage of the essential consumables and waste products.
1.1 Primary
Structure
1.1.1 Outer
shell
1.1.2 Radiation
shielding
1.1.3 Inner
shell
1.1.4 Piping
system
1.1.5 Electrical
system
1.1.6 Docking
port
1.2 Storage
System
1.2.1 Oxygen
storage
1.2.2 Water
storage
1.2.3 Food
storage
1.2.4 Waste
storage

20
Description: The storage system is the system in the living module that is solely
used to store necessary consumables, such as oxygen, water, food and to store
waste in order to transfer it back to Earth when the ITV arrives. The storage system
is comprised of several storage volumes that are used for different consumables.
The level of consumables is monitored in the storage system. The storage volumes
have different volumes since the necessity in oxygen, water and food is measured in
different amounts of volume. The storage system is connected to the supply system,
through which the oxygen and water are supplied into the living module. The
specifications of the storage compartments are given in characteristics and attributes
section.
iii. Supply System
Figure 7 shows the product structure of the supply system.
Figure 7. Supply system product hierarchy.
Objective: To supply oxygen and water into the living module for human use and to
take out the waste products.
Description: The supply system is connected with the storage system through the
pipes and pumps which allow the supply system to deliver oxygen to the chambers
of the living module for human breathing and to deliver water to the sinks and
showers of the living module for humans to drink and use the water for hygiene.
Another branch of the supply system is the waste recycle system. This system
collects waste in different forms for further sorting for processing, recycling,
decomposition or storage for later removal from the hub station. The waste recycle
system operates through the use of pipes and pumps as well for efficient and clean
means of waste transportation on the module. The piping and pump system serves
as the means through which the supply system operates.
iv. Environment Control System
Figure 8 shows the product structure of the environment control system.
1.3 Supply System
1.3.1 Oxygen
supply system
1.3.2 Water supply
system
1.3.3 Waste
recycle system
1.3.4 Piping and
pump system

21
Figure 8. Environment control system product hierarchy.
Objective: To provide suitable living conditions for the inhabitants of the living
module.
Description: The environment control system is a system that provides suitable
environment conditions for human life. This system controls the temperature,
pressure, the lighting and the gravity field in the module. Thus it is comprised of the
subsystems that are: 1) temperature control system; 2) pressure control system; 3)
lighting system; 4) gravity generation system. The temperature control system
controls the temperature in the module by communicating with the power module of
the hub station and adjusting the heat input from that module into the living module.
The temperature needs to be controlled in space, since the large area of the hub
station is a reason for heat loss through conduction.
The pressure control system controls the pressure inside the module to approximate
it to the atmospheric pressure on Earth. Moreover, the pressurization system
pressurizes and de-pressurizes the modules that are docked to the living module in
order to provide smooth operations for humans.
The lighting system is important on the living module since the deep space
environment does not provide a clear separation between day and night. So, to keep
station inhabitants in good health and synchronized with Earth time, the lighting
system provides bright lighting in the morning and dimmed lighting in the evening,
followed by the lights off period in the night.
Finally, the gravity generation system is necessary for healthy functioning of the
human bone structure and muscles. The gravity generation system method is not
decided at this point of the report, but the assumption is that there will exist a gravity
generation method in addition to the rotationally accelerated artificial gravity.
v. Power System
Figure 9 shows the product structure of the power system.
1.4 Environment
Control System
1.4.1 Temperature
control system
1.4.2 Pressure
control system
1.4.3 Lighting
system
1.1.4 Gravity
generation system

22
Figure 9. Power system product hierarchy.
Objective: To provide power for the electrical needs of the living module.
Description: The power system serves as a separate and independent power
provider for the living module. Similar to the power module of the hub station, the
power system of the living module provides power for its electrical needs. The power
system draws power from the power generation module and afterwards redistributes
the power according to the needs of the living module. The living module requires
electricity for the functioning of its electrical interfaces, the supply system, the piping
and pump system, the communication system and the environment control system.
vi. Communication System
Figure 10 shows the product structure of the communication system.
Figure 10. Communication system product hierarchy.
Objective: To provide communication with the other modules of the hub station and
other hub stations (if necessary).
Description: The communication system consists of the computer system,
antennae, transceivers and the electrical system that provides connection between
all of the components of the communication system. The computer system is a set of
several computers that enables the inhabitants to input the necessary information
into the system and monitor the status of other modules of the hub station.
Moreover, the computer system consists of several computers in order to provide
reliability in case one of the computers fails.
1.5 Power System
1.5.1 Electronic
interfaces
1.1.2 Module
equipment
1.1.3 Lighting
system
1.6 Communication
System
1.6.1 Computer
system
1.6.2 Antennae 1.6.3 Transcievers
1.6.4 Electrical
system

23
The antennae and transceivers serve to receive and send communication signals
from the living module and to other hub stations. The types of antennae and
transceivers are not determined at this moment since the technological progress
might open the way for new types of communications. One assumption that could be
made about the type of communication is that it will be optical.
The electrical system is a system of wires and other connections between the
components of the communication system. It provides delivery of signals and
commands into the living module and other modules of the hub station.
vii. Safety and Risk Management
Figure 11 shows the product structure of the safety and risk management
system.
Figure 11. Safety and risk management system product hierarchy.
Objective: To provide the means necessary for responding to emergency situations
in order to ensure the continued safe operation of the living module.
Description: The safety and risk management system is included in the product
structure of the living module in order deal with emergency situations that might
occur on the living module. This system is autonomous in a sense that it has a built-
in set of instructions that need to be executed should the emergency situation arise.
However, this system is also capable of manual human override to allow for human
control of the situations that present high risk to the continuous operation of the
living module.
The safety and risk management system consists of 1) an alarm system
responsible for alerting inhabitants about an emergency or a hazardous situation
that has been detected on the module; 2) safety training system that educates the
inhabitants of the module about which actions need to be executed in an emergency
situation; 3) a first response team that is trained specifically to deal with any serious
emergency situation that might occur; and 4) automated emergency response
systems capable of dealing with minor emergencies that do not require human
intervention.
1.7 Safety and Risk
Management
1.7.1 Alarm system
1.7.2 Safety
training system
1.7.3 First
response team
1.7.4 Automated
emergency response
system

24
e. Living Module Functional Flow
In this section the functional flow of the living module is discussed.
i. Mission Flow
The Level 1 mission flow of the living module is briefly outlined in Figure 12.
Figure 12. Living module mission flow.
1.0. Integrate into the hub station.
The components of the living module are assembled either on Earth or
other settlements and launched to the location of the hub station structural
core with the use of the launch vehicle, and later delivered to the specific
hub station by the ITV of that station. Since the living module has a
considerable size, it cannot be launched in one loading. Therefore, the
living module needs to be assembled robotically in space with the use of
the components of the module. The integration of the module into the hub
station happens continually, as more components of the module are
assembled.
2.0. Load supplies
This stage of the living module mission flow includes the initial loading of
all necessary supplies, materials and products in order to use it later for
living environment preparation. The supplies are delivered to the hub
station with the use of ITV and loaded robotically/automatically into the
living module with the use of the hub docking system.
3.0. Prepare the environment for inhabitants.
After the integration of the module into the hub station, the electrical
connections of the module with the power module are activated and the
power up of the living module is initiated. Since the module is already
integrated with other modules of the hub station, the process of preparing
the suitable environment for the inhabitants starts. This includes the initial
startup of the supply system, the environment control system and the
communication system in order to communicate the status of the
environment variables to Earth and other settlements.
4.0. Load human crews
1.0 Integrate into
station
2.0 Load
supplies
3.0 Prepare
environment
4.0 Load
human crew
5.0 Perform
mission ops
6.0
Decommission

25
After suitable living conditions are confirmed on the living module, the
initial human crews will be launched to the hub station. The delivery of
human crews is carried out through launch vehicle and later ITV. The
loading of human crews is realized through the hub docking station.
5.0. Perform mission operations
After the first human crews are settled in the living module, the usual
mission operations will be in place. The mission operations of the living
module include continuous life support operations, communication with the
other modules of the hub station and other hub stations. Moreover, usual
mission operations involve regular loading and unloading of supplies and
new crews. This is carried out with the use of the hub docking station. For
science missions in orbit or on other interplanetary bodies, the human
crews are loaded into the ITV through the hub docking system.
6.0. Decommission
The living module should be designed to provide continuous life support
for extended periods of time since the purpose of the interplanetary
infrastructure and transportation system is to conduct scientific missions in
deep space. However, as the living module reaches its lifetime mark, it
should be decommissioned and interchanged with the new living module.
In order to decommission the living module, all of the above mentioned
steps should be executed in reverse order. First, human crews and extra
supplies of necessary consumables will unload from the module and be
transported to other hub stations or Earth. Afterwards, the living module
will be disconnected from other modules of the hub station. Next, the living
module will be robotically disassembled and loaded into a series of ITVs
that will transport the payload to the nearest settlement.
ii. Functional Breakdown
This section outlines the functional breakdown of the mission flow of the living
module. The functional flow hierarchy is depicted in Figure 13.

26
Figure 13. Functional flow hierarchy.
Living Module
1.0 Integrate
into hub
station
2.0 Load
supplies
2.1 Dock hub
docking
system
2.2 Open
docking port
2.3 Transfer
supplies
2.4 Close
docking port
2.5 Undock
the docking
system
3.0 Prepare
environment
3.1 Connect
to storage
system
3.2 Turn on
supply system
3.3 Turn on
environment
control
system
3.4
Communicate
environment
state to
human crew
site
4.0 Load
human crew
4.1 Dock hub
docking
system
4.2 Open
docking port
4.3 Pressurize
hub docking
system
4.4 Transfer
human crew
4.5 Close
docking port
4.6
Depressurize
docking hub
4.7 Undock
the docking
system
5.0 Perform
mission
operations
5.1 Supply
oxygen
5.2 Maintain
pressure
5.3 Generate
gravitation
field
5.4 Maintain
temperature
5.5 Adjust
power
5.6
Communicate
with other
modules
5.7 Load new
supplies and
crews
5.8 Unload
previous crew
and waste
5.9 Monitor
structure
integrity
5.10 Protect
from
radiation
5.11 Respond
to
emergencies
6.0
Decommission
6.1 Stop
mission
operations
6.2 Unload
human crew
6.3 Turn off
environment
control
6.4 Unload
supplies and
waste

27
f. Living Module Functional Analysis and Functional Allocations
1.0. Integrate into the hub station.
Description: The components of the living module are assembled either
on Earth or other settlements and launched to the location of the hub
station structural core with the use of the launch vehicle, and later
delivered to the specific hub station by the ITV of that station. Since the
living module has a considerable size, it cannot be launched in one
loading. Therefore, the living module needs to be assembled robotically in
space with the use of the components of the module. The integration of
the module into the hub station happens continually, as more components
of the module are assembled.
2.0. Load supplies
Figure 14. Functional flow 2.0.
This stage of the living module mission flow includes the initial loading of
all necessary supplies, materials and products in order to use it later for
living environment preparation. The supplies are delivered to the hub
station with the use of ITV and loaded robotically/automatically into the
living module with the use of the hub docking system.
3.0. Prepare the environment for inhabitants.
After the integration of the module into the hub station, the electrical
connections of the module with the power module are activated and the
power up of the living module is initiated. Since the module is already
integrated with other modules of the hub station, the process of preparing
the suitable environment for the inhabitants starts. This includes the initial
startup of the supply system, the environment control system and the
communication system in order to communicate the status of the
environment variables to Earth and other settlements.
2.1 Dock hub docking
system
2.2 Open
docking port
2.3 Transfer
supplies
2.4 Close
docking port
2.5 Undock the
docking hub
3.1 Connect to storage
system
3.2 Turn on supply
system
3.3 Turn on
environment control
system
3.4 Communicate
environment state
to Earth

28
4.0. Load human crews
After suitable living conditions are confirmed on the living module, the
initial human crews will be launched to the hub station. The delivery of
human crews is carried out through launch vehicle and later ITV. The
loading of human crews is realized through the hub docking station.
5.0. Perform mission operations
After the first human crews are settled in the living module, the usual
mission operations will be in place. The mission operations of the living
module include continuous life support operations, communication with the
other modules of the hub station and other hub stations. Moreover, usual
mission operations involve regular loading and unloading of supplies and
new crews. This is carried out with the use of the hub docking station. For
science missions in orbit or on other interplanetary bodies, the human
crews are loaded into the ITV through the hub docking system.
6.0. Decommission
The living module should be designed to provide continuous life support
for extended periods of time since the purpose of the interplanetary
infrastructure and transportation system is to conduct scientific missions in
deep space. However, as the living module reaches its lifetime mark, it
should be decommissioned and interchanged with the new living module.
In order to decommission the living module, all of the above mentioned
4.1 Dock hub
docking system
4.2 Open
docking port
4.3 Pressurize
docking hub
4.4 Transfer
human crew
4.5 Close
docking port
4.6
Depressurize
docking hub
4.7
Undock
the hub
5.1 Supply
oxygen
5.2
Maintain
pressure
5.3 Generate
gravitaional field
5.4 Maintain
temperature
5.5 Adjust
power
5.6
Communicate to
other modules
5.7 Load new
supplies and crews
5.8 Unload
previous crew
and waste
5.9 Monitor
structure
integrity
5.10 Protect
from
radiation
5.11 Respond
to emergencies
6.1 Stop missions
operations
6.2 Unload human
crew
6.3 Turn off environment
control
6.4 Unload supplies and
waste

29
steps should be executed in reverse order. First, human crews and extra
supplies of necessary consumables will unload from the module and be
transported to other hub stations or Earth. Afterwards, the living module
will be disconnected from other modules of the hub station. Next, the living
module will be robotically disassembled and loaded into a series of ITVs
that will transport the payload to the nearest settlement.
g. System Interface Analysis
i. System Interface Diagram
The living module is integrated with almost all of the systems of the system of the
systems. However, the interaction of the living module with some of the systems
is of higher significance than with other systems. These system interfaces are
shown in Figure 19.
Figure 19. System interface diagram.
The living module has four interfaces – the power generation module, the hub
docking system, the interplanetary transfer vehicle and the command and control
module.
The ITV provides the living module with transportation to and from Earth,
including the transportation of the components of the living module itself.
Moreover, the transportation of supplies and human crews is realized by the ITV.
The command and control module interchanges the information from other
hub stations and Earth mission control centers with the living module in order for
Living
module
Power generation
module
Command and
control
Interplanetary
transfer vehicle
Hub docking
system
Power
Heat
Electricity
Environment info
Supply levels
Emergency
Supplies
Human crews
Assembly
Decommission
Supplies
Human crews

30
the inhabitants to stay updated about their mission and research activities. The
living module, on the other hand, sends information about the environment
variables and emergency situations back to the command and control module.
The most interacted interface of the living module is the hub docking system,
since it is used for the transfer of supplies and human crews from and to the
interplanetary transportation vehicle.
The power generation module provides the living module with necessary
power to produce electricity for the environment control and communication
systems.
ii. N2 Diagram
The N2 diagram highlights the flow of actions between several functions. The
arrows represent the inputs and outputs into the system. The interaction between
internal interfaces is represented with perpendicular arrows and the interaction
between external interfaces is represented with straight arrows. The diagram
below shows the N2 diagram of function 4.0 – “Load human crew”, since this
function plays an important role in delivering inhabitants to the living module. This
function also has many interfaces with internal and external systems.
4.1 Dock
hub
docking
system
4.2 Open
docking
port
4.3
Pressurize
hub
docking
system
4.4
Transfer
human
crew
4.5 Close
docking port
4.6
Depressurize
docking hub
4.7 Undock
the docking
system
Table 1. N2 diagram for function 5.0.

31
iii. Sequence Diagram
A sequence diagram shows the sequence of the functions as they are
implemented on a timeline.
Figure 20. Sequence diagram.
iv. Interactions
The diagram of internal interfaces shows how the internal systems of the living
module interact with each other. The internal systems of the living module are
described in the product structure diagram. These internal systems should be
able to interface each other in order to provide smooth operations of the living
module.
Storage
system Piping system
Environment
control
system
Electrical
system
Supply system
Transport gas and liquid
Transmit electricity
Communicate maintenance
requests
Check for amount of gas
Report the action
Transmit electricity
Check for operability
Monitor product levels
Connect structure
Input requests

32
Livingmodule
Powergenerationmodule
Commandandcontrolmodule
Structuralcore
Hubdockingsystem
Laboratorymodule
Living module X X X X
Power generation module X X
Command and control module X X
Structural core X
Hub docking system X
Laboratory module
Table 2. External interfaces.

33
1.1.1Outershell
1.1.2Radiationshielding
1.1.3Innershell
1.1.4Pipingsystem
1.1.5Electricalsystem
1.1.6Dockingport
1.4.1Temperaturecontrolsystem
1.4.2Pressurecontrolsystem
1.4.3Lightingsystem
1.4.4Gravitygenerationsystem
1.5.1Electronicinterfaces
1.5.2Moduleequipment
1.6.1Computersystem
1.7.1Alarmsystem
1.7.4Automatedemergencyresponse
system
1.1.1 Outer shell X X X X X X X
1.1.2 Radiation shielding X X X X X
1.1.3 Inner shell X X X X X X X X X X X X
1.1.4 Piping system X X X X X X X X
1.1.5 Electrical system X X X X X X X X X X
1.1.6 Docking port X X X X X X
1.4.1 Temperature control system X X X X X
1.4.2 Pressure control system X X X X X
1.4.3 Lighting system X X X
1.4.4 Gravity generation system X X X X
1.5.1 Electronic interfaces X X X X
1.5.2 Module equipment X X
1.6.1 Computer system X
1.7.1 Alarm system
1.7.4 Automated emergency
response
Table 3. Internal product-to-product interfaces.

34
1.2.1Oxygenstorage
1.2.2Waterstorage
1.2.3Foodstorage
1.2.4Wastestorage
1.3.1Oxygensupplysystem
1.3.2Watersupplysystem
1.3.3Wasterecyclesystem
1.2.1 Oxygen storage X X
1.2.2 Water storage X X X X
1.2.3 Food storage X X
1.2.4 Waste storage X
1.3.1 Oxygen supply system
1.3.2 Water supply system X
1.3.3 Waste recycle system
Table 4. Internal function-to-product interfaces.
IV. Requirements
a. System Requirements
# Requirement Rationale Type
1.0 The living module shall supply oxygen To support human life Functional
2.0 The living module shall maintain
structural integrity after small space
debris impact
To continue to operate
under small emergencies in
order to give humans time
for an exit mission
Performance
3.0 The living module shall supply water To support human life Functional
4.0 The living module shall process waste To prevent the module and
the space from excess
waste and hazards
Regulatory
5.0 The living module shall have a life
span of X years
To provide life support
capabilities for prolonged
missions
Performance
6.0 The living module shall generate
artificial gravity
To support human life Functional

35
7.0 The living module shall respond to
emergency situations in a timely
manner
To deal with emergencies
and support human life
Regulatory
8.0 The living module shall maintain
temperature
9.0 The living module shall monitor air
quality
10.0 The living module shall protect from
radiation
To protect humans Functional
Table 5: System requirements.
b. System Derived and Allocated Requirements
# Function
#
Product
#
Sequence
#
Requirement Rationale Type
1.1 1.0 1.1.1 1.0 The outer shell shall
contain the living
module
To support human
life
Constraint
1.1 1.0 1.1.1 2.0 The living module
shall maintain
structural integrity
after small space
debris impact
To continue to
operate under
small
emergencies in
order to give
humans time for
an exit mission
Performance
1.1 1.0 1.1.3 3.0 The inner shell shall
have a volume less
than that of outer
shell
To allow space
between the outer
and inner shell for
radiation shield
Constraint
1.1 5.10 1.1.2 4.0 The radiation shield
should protect from
radiation
To protect human
life
Functional
1.4 5.2 1.4.2
1.1.4
1.3.1
5.0 The primary
structure shall be
pressurized
To provide
comfortable living
conditions for
humans
Performance
1.2 2.3
5.1
5.7
5.8
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
6.0 The living module
shall have space to
store X volume of
gases and liquids
To reduce the
need of too
frequent resupply
missions
Constraint
1.3 5.7 1.3.2
1.1.4
shall supply water
To support human
life
Functional
1.3 5.8 1.2.4
1.3.3
1.1.4
shall process waste
To prevent the
module and the
space from
excess waste and
hazards
Regulatory

36
1.1 5.9 1.1.1
1.1.2
shall have a life span
of X years
To provide life
support
capabilities for
prolonged
missions
Performance
1.4 5.3 1.4.4 10.0 The living module
shall generate
artificial gravity
To support human
life
Functional
1.7 5.11 1.7.3
1.7.1
1.7.2
1.7.4
shall respond to
emergency situations
in a timely manner
To deal with
emergencies and
support human life
Regulatory
1.4 5.4 1.4.1
1.5.1
1.5.2
shall maintain
temperature
To support human
life
Functional
1.4 3.4 1.3.1
1.5.1
1.6.4
shall monitor air
quality
To support human
life
Functional
1.4 5.10 1.1.2
1.1.3
shall protect from
radiation
To protect
humans
Functional
1.6 3.4
5.6
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.6.3
1.6.4
shall communicate
its operations to
Earth and other
stations
To monitor the
state of the hub
station
Functional
Table 6: System derived requirements.
c. Interface Requirements
Product # Sequence
#
Requirement Rationale Type
1.1.1 ->
1.1.6
16.0 The outer shell shall
interface with the
docking port
To provide the
operation of the
docking port
Functional
1.1.3 ->
1.1.4
17.0 The inner shall
interface with the
piping system
To provide
attachment of
pipes to the shell
Functional
1.6.4 ->
1.1.4
18.0 The electrical
system shall
interface with piping
system
To control the
flow of gases and
liquids
Functional
1.1.6 ->
1.7.1
19.0 The docking port
shall interface with
the alarm system
To notify the
living module of
the unsealed
dock
Functional

37
1.2.1 ->
1.3.1
1.2.1 ->
1.1.4
20.0 The oxygen storage
the oxygen supply
system and piping
system
To provide way
for oxygen to be
delivered to the
module
Functional
1.4.1 -> 1.5 21.0 The temperature
control system shall
interface with the
power system
To control the
amount of heat
supply to the
module
Functional
1.4.2 ->
1.1.4
22.0 The pressure control
system shall
interface with piping
system
To control the
flow of gases
Functional
1.4.2 ->
1.6.4
23.0 The pressure control
system shall
interface with the
electrical system
To monitor the
pressure in the
module
Functional
1.4.1 ->
1.6.4
24.0 The temperature
control shall
interface with the
electrical system
To monitor the
temperature in
the module
Functional
1.6.1 ->
1.6.4
25.0 The computer
system shall
interface with the
electrical system
To provide control
of the module
through the
computer
Functional
1.6.2 ->
1.6.1
1.6.3 ->
1.6.1
26.0 The antennae and
transceivers shall
interface with the
computer system
To send the
commands to
other stations
Functional
1.7.1 ->
1.6.4
27.0 The alarm system
the electrical system
To provide
electricity to the
alarm system
Functional
1.3.3 ->
1.2.4
28.0 The waste recycle
system shall
interface with waste
storage system
To provide the
space to store the
waste products
Functional
1.4.3 -> 1.5
1.5.3 -> 1.5
29.0 The lighting system
the power system
To provide
electricity for
lighting
Functional
Table 7: Interface requirements.

Aerospace Systems Engineering Final Report

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Aerospace Systems Engineering Final Report

Similar to Aerospace Systems Engineering Final Report (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Aerospace Systems Engineering Final Report