This document provides information on the product range of nickel and stainless steel materials available from Aerometals, including specifications and chemical compositions. It lists various nickel, stainless steel, Inconel, Hastelloy, Monel, and other alloys along with their typical applications. Product forms include plate, sheet, round bar, wire, pipe, tube, and other fabricated parts. Contact information is provided to inquire further.
Corrosion and heat resistant nickel alloysHeanjia Alloys
Continuing developments in metallurgical techniques and production methodologies have urged the development of Nickel alloys and their wider applications in the chemical industry.
The company commenced its operations in the year 1972 under the guidance of Shri. Shantilal M. Shah who has shown his expertise in handling the market requirements in apt manner through his counted experience. Sangeeta Metal Corporation is a highly acclaimed manufacturer and supplier of all ferrous and non-ferrous metal products like stainless steel pipes, stainless steel tubes, steel flanges, steel butt weldings, steel pipe fittings, etc. The company has carved an unparalleled position in the industry by making relentless efforts to cater to the clients with premium quality pipes, tubes and fitting components.
This document provides an index and product details for various types of earthing and lightning protection system components, including:
- Copper bonded, pure copper, stainless steel, and galvanized steel earth rods in various diameters and lengths with threaded couplers, driving bolts/studs, and spikes.
- Rod clamps, bonds, plates, and other accessories for connecting earth rods to conductors and each other.
- Tapes, bars, braids and other conductors made of copper, tinned copper, aluminum and other materials.
- Fittings and fasteners like clips, saddles, connectors and nails for installing lightning protection systems.
- Pits, plates and
Material selection for nitrogen based fertilizers plantsPrem Baboo
Ferritic, martensitic, and austenitic stainless steels are commonly used materials for nitrogen-based fertilizer plants due to their corrosion resistance. Austenitic stainless steels, which contain nickel, have the best corrosion resistance and ductility. Titanium provides excellent corrosion resistance for carbamate service due to a protective oxide film, but is difficult to weld. Duplex stainless steels and high-alloy stainless steels containing molybdenum also show good performance in these environments. Material selection is critical considering the wide range of temperatures, pressures, and corrosive chemicals involved in fertilizer production.
Copper-nickel alloys are readily welded and fabricated and have remarkable corrosion and biofouling resistance in seawater applications. The document provides guidance on welding and fabricating the two primary copper-nickel alloys (90-10 and 70-30), including cutting, forming, heat treatment, and general handling considerations to allow for good fabrication and operation. Welding and fabrication of copper-nickels requires a higher degree of cleanliness than carbon steels but the alloys are ductile and can be welded using common processes.
This document provides information on resistance welding products including electrodes, electrode holders, adapters, and other accessories. It includes descriptions and typical properties of various copper-based and refractory metal alloy materials used for electrodes. The alloys discussed include CMW, Elkonite, and others, and their recommended uses for resistance welding applications like spot welding and projection welding are provided.
This document is an engineering research project report analyzing TIG welded SP-700 titanium alloy. It was conducted by student Nisarg D. Parekh under the supervision of Timotius Pasang. The project investigated the microstructure and strength of TIG welded joints in SP-700 titanium alloy through microstructure examination, microhardness testing, and tensile testing. Samples were also heat treated at different temperatures and aging processes to study the effect on material properties. The results of the experiments are discussed in the report.
Corrosion and heat resistant nickel alloysHeanjia Alloys
Continuing developments in metallurgical techniques and production methodologies have urged the development of Nickel alloys and their wider applications in the chemical industry.
The company commenced its operations in the year 1972 under the guidance of Shri. Shantilal M. Shah who has shown his expertise in handling the market requirements in apt manner through his counted experience. Sangeeta Metal Corporation is a highly acclaimed manufacturer and supplier of all ferrous and non-ferrous metal products like stainless steel pipes, stainless steel tubes, steel flanges, steel butt weldings, steel pipe fittings, etc. The company has carved an unparalleled position in the industry by making relentless efforts to cater to the clients with premium quality pipes, tubes and fitting components.
This document provides an index and product details for various types of earthing and lightning protection system components, including:
- Copper bonded, pure copper, stainless steel, and galvanized steel earth rods in various diameters and lengths with threaded couplers, driving bolts/studs, and spikes.
- Rod clamps, bonds, plates, and other accessories for connecting earth rods to conductors and each other.
- Tapes, bars, braids and other conductors made of copper, tinned copper, aluminum and other materials.
- Fittings and fasteners like clips, saddles, connectors and nails for installing lightning protection systems.
- Pits, plates and
Material selection for nitrogen based fertilizers plantsPrem Baboo
Ferritic, martensitic, and austenitic stainless steels are commonly used materials for nitrogen-based fertilizer plants due to their corrosion resistance. Austenitic stainless steels, which contain nickel, have the best corrosion resistance and ductility. Titanium provides excellent corrosion resistance for carbamate service due to a protective oxide film, but is difficult to weld. Duplex stainless steels and high-alloy stainless steels containing molybdenum also show good performance in these environments. Material selection is critical considering the wide range of temperatures, pressures, and corrosive chemicals involved in fertilizer production.
Copper-nickel alloys are readily welded and fabricated and have remarkable corrosion and biofouling resistance in seawater applications. The document provides guidance on welding and fabricating the two primary copper-nickel alloys (90-10 and 70-30), including cutting, forming, heat treatment, and general handling considerations to allow for good fabrication and operation. Welding and fabrication of copper-nickels requires a higher degree of cleanliness than carbon steels but the alloys are ductile and can be welded using common processes.
This document provides information on resistance welding products including electrodes, electrode holders, adapters, and other accessories. It includes descriptions and typical properties of various copper-based and refractory metal alloy materials used for electrodes. The alloys discussed include CMW, Elkonite, and others, and their recommended uses for resistance welding applications like spot welding and projection welding are provided.
This document is an engineering research project report analyzing TIG welded SP-700 titanium alloy. It was conducted by student Nisarg D. Parekh under the supervision of Timotius Pasang. The project investigated the microstructure and strength of TIG welded joints in SP-700 titanium alloy through microstructure examination, microhardness testing, and tensile testing. Samples were also heat treated at different temperatures and aging processes to study the effect on material properties. The results of the experiments are discussed in the report.
Copper and copper alloys are widely used for their electrical and thermal conductivity. Major copper alloys include aluminum bronze, nickel copper, tin bronze, and zinc bronze. Aluminum bronze contains 3-15% aluminum and has increased strength but decreased ductility. Nickel copper contains 3-30% nickel and has increased strength and toughness. Tin bronze contains 2-10% tin and has increased fatigue resistance and hardness. Zinc bronze contains 20-36% zinc and has increased strength and thermal expansion. When welding copper alloys, factors like dual phase microstructures, oxide inclusions, and element evaporation must be considered and addressed through techniques like preheating and post-heating. Dissimilar welds
The document discusses various industrial and fertilizer materials. It covers the classification and properties of ferrous metals including carbon steel, alloy steels, cast iron and stainless steels. It describes the composition, mechanical properties and common uses of different grades of these materials. Specific grades used in fertilizer plants are also mentioned including Cr-Mo steels, austenitic stainless steels, and duplex stainless steels used in urea services and reactors.
Steel and its alloys , Nickel alloys , super alloys.KrishnaMundada4
This presentation contains :
1.steel and its alloys.
2.effect of addition of different elements in alloys.
3.Nickel alloys
4.Super alloys
5.Applications
Classification of copper and copper alloysAbdul Rahman
1. There are two main classifications of copper alloys - wrought alloys and cast alloys. Wrought alloys can be forged, rolled, or worked hot or cold, while cast alloys are designed to be cast.
2. Copper alloys include brasses, bronzes, copper-nickel alloys, and nickel silvers. Brasses are copper-zinc alloys, bronzes are copper-tin alloys, copper-nickels contain copper and nickel, and nickel silvers contain copper, nickel, and zinc.
3. Alloying elements are added to copper to influence properties like strength, color, conductivity, machinability, corrosion resistance, and wear
This document provides information on various grades of stainless steel. It discusses the key elements that define stainless steel, including a minimum of 10.5% chromium. It then describes the four major types of stainless steel - austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and duplex - and provides details on specific grades within each type, highlighting their compositions and common applications.
The document is a brochure from Theis Precision Steel Corporation that describes their products. It provides information on various grades of stainless steel, including their alloy compositions and properties. It also includes tables listing mechanical properties, processing information, and contact details for Theis Precision Steel. The purpose is to introduce customers to Theis' range of engineered stainless steel products and help them identify the appropriate material for their application.
Increasing die life, reducing rejections by the use of japanese cold welding ...Srikar Shenoy
1. Die, mould and tool wear are major reasons for production downtime and increased costs in most industries. Apart from using suitable alloy steels for making dies, a few effective treatments like nitriding, PVD & CVD can be administered to increase die life. Such treatments are not feasible for all metal forming units. Carbide coating to protect only the wear-prone areas of dies using Japanese cold-welding technology is a practical and economical technique that has proven to increase die life. This technique, though similar to welding, does not need pre and post-weld heat treatment and skilled labour. The process does not emit smoke. It can also be carried out on the die or tool without unloading it from the casting press or such equipment, without need of a weld shop.
2. Die spray units are used to effectively spray lubricant on the dies. During the pressure die casting process, it is mandatory to keep die and plunger well lubricated. Die protective coating cum lubricant is used to achieve these objectives. Until recently, pressure feed tanks have been used to spray-lubricate dies. However, these conventional pressure-feed tanks are proving to be a hazard on the shop floor. Pressurised equipments on shop floor always pose a risk of explosion. They also cause production downtime during re-filling. Better alternatives are now available for dispensing die lubricants.
Stainless steel is a family of steel alloys that contain a minimum of 10.5% chromium. This minimum chromium content makes stainless steel highly resistant to corrosion and rusting. There are four main types of stainless steel - austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and duplex. Each type has different chemical compositions and properties making them suitable for different applications like kitchen appliances, industrial equipment, and medical and surgical tools. The document then provides detailed information on over 20 specific grades of stainless steel, their chemical makeup, properties, and common uses.
Bearings support moving parts, such as shafts and spindles, of a machine or mechanism.
Bearings may be classed as
(i) Rolling contact (Ball and roller) bearings.
(ii) Plain bearings.
This document summarizes information about EutecTrode electrodes and their applications. It describes how EutecTrode electrodes use manual metal arc welding to join metals through melting and forming a weld pool protected by a flux coating. It then lists several EutecTrode types and their properties, applications, and suitability for tasks like crack repair, welding difficult materials like cast iron, and applying wear-resistant coatings. Safety, ease of use, and repairability are emphasized.
Copper and its alloys are discussed. Copper is extracted via both pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods from ores like chalcopyrite. Blister copper undergoes electrolytic refining to obtain pure copper. Copper alloys include brasses, bronzes, aluminum bronzes, beryllium bronzes and cupro-nickels. These alloys find applications in electrical, automotive and other industries due to copper's high thermal and electrical conductivity.
Stainless steel is one of the most important materials in the engineering world. The material‟s wide applications in chemical, petrochemical, off-shore, and power generation plants prove that it is one of the most reliable materials. The Newest fast growing family of stainless steels is duplex alloys. The ferritic-austenitic grades have a ferrite matrix intermix with austenite and in other words island of austenite in a continuous matrix of highly alloyed ferrite commonly called „Duplex‟ stainless steel. Duplex stainless steel covers ferritic/austenitic Fe-Cr-Ni alloy with between 30% to 70 % Ferrite .Due to high level of Cr, Mo, and N steels shows high pitting & stress corrosion cracking resistance in chloride-containing environments. Hence it is frequently used in oilrefinery heat exchangers & typical applications where there is a risk for SCC and localized corrosion as a result of chloride-containing process streams, cooling waters or deposits. Modern duplex stainless steels have generally good Weldability. Due to a balanced composition, where nitrogen plays an important role, austenite formation in the heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal is rapid. Under normal welding conditions a sufficient amount of austenite is formed to maintain good resistance to localized corrosion where as too rapid cooling may result in excessive amounts of ferrite, reducing the toughness. Therefore, welding with low heat input in thick walled materials should be avoided. Welding methods, such as resistance welding, laser welding and electron beam welding, which cause extremely rapid cooling should also be avoided or used with extreme caution. Too slow cooling can in the higher alloyed duplex grades cause formation of inter-metallic phases detrimental to corrosion resistance and toughness.
This document discusses protective coatings for concrete provided by Sika. It provides an overview of Sika's experience developing coating systems to protect concrete structures around the world for decades. The document discusses Sika's life cycle assessment approach, sustainable concrete protection options, proven long-term durability of Sika coatings based on past projects, key factors in selecting protective coatings, and case studies of award-winning projects.
Avoiding defects in stainles steel weldingShahid Karim
This document discusses stainless steels and welding stainless steels. It covers:
- Stainless steels are selected for their corrosion resistance. Chromium in the steel forms a protective oxide layer.
- There are five basic types of stainless steels classified by their metallurgical structure. Austenitic steels like 304 are most common.
- Welding stainless steel can lead to discontinuities like cracks, porosity, and contamination/discoloration if not done properly with clean techniques and shielding gas. Sensitization from carbide formation can also reduce corrosion resistance.
- Low-carbon stainless steels, stabilized grades, solution annealing, and avoiding multiple passes can help minimize sensitization when
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
R60702 and R60705 zirconium tubes for heat exchangers,coolers, condensers and other chemical equipments.
Contact sally by titaniummanufacturer@yahoo.com to get more details.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)Andhra University
Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc and tin, as well as precious metals like gold and silver. Their main advantage over ferrous materials is their malleability. They also have no iron content, giving them a higher resistance to rust and corrosion, and making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes, roofing and outdoor signs. Lastly they are non-magnetic, which is important for many electronic and wiring applications.
Aluminum
Aluminum is lightweight, soft and low strength. Aluminum is easily cast, forged, machined and welded. It’s not suitable for high-temperature environments. Because aluminum is lightweight, it is a good choice for the manufacturing of aircraft and food cans. Aluminum is also used in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and kitchen utensils.
Copy of biomaterials in orthodontics 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses nickel alloys and their properties and applications. It begins by providing background on nickel and its unusual properties as an alloying element. It then discusses the various types of nickel alloys, including their compositions, properties, and common applications. Specific alloys covered include Monel, nickel-chromium alloys, superalloys used in gas turbines and other high temperature applications. The document concludes by discussing fabrication and welding considerations for nickel alloys.
Nickel and other super alloys.........pptssuser8ede68
The name ‘nickel’ is from the German for ‘Old Nick’s (the Devil’s) copper’ a derogatory term for the hard useless metal yielded by what was thought to be a copper-bearing ore
This document provides information on alloy performance including:
- Descriptions of common heat and corrosion resistant alloys including their chemical compositions and properties.
- Mechanical and physical properties for various alloys in the annealed condition.
- Maximum allowable design stress values for some alloys according to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
- Charts with data on creep rates, stress to rupture, corrosion resistance, and other properties for different alloys at high temperatures.
Copper and copper alloys are widely used for their electrical and thermal conductivity. Major copper alloys include aluminum bronze, nickel copper, tin bronze, and zinc bronze. Aluminum bronze contains 3-15% aluminum and has increased strength but decreased ductility. Nickel copper contains 3-30% nickel and has increased strength and toughness. Tin bronze contains 2-10% tin and has increased fatigue resistance and hardness. Zinc bronze contains 20-36% zinc and has increased strength and thermal expansion. When welding copper alloys, factors like dual phase microstructures, oxide inclusions, and element evaporation must be considered and addressed through techniques like preheating and post-heating. Dissimilar welds
The document discusses various industrial and fertilizer materials. It covers the classification and properties of ferrous metals including carbon steel, alloy steels, cast iron and stainless steels. It describes the composition, mechanical properties and common uses of different grades of these materials. Specific grades used in fertilizer plants are also mentioned including Cr-Mo steels, austenitic stainless steels, and duplex stainless steels used in urea services and reactors.
Steel and its alloys , Nickel alloys , super alloys.KrishnaMundada4
This presentation contains :
1.steel and its alloys.
2.effect of addition of different elements in alloys.
3.Nickel alloys
4.Super alloys
5.Applications
Classification of copper and copper alloysAbdul Rahman
1. There are two main classifications of copper alloys - wrought alloys and cast alloys. Wrought alloys can be forged, rolled, or worked hot or cold, while cast alloys are designed to be cast.
2. Copper alloys include brasses, bronzes, copper-nickel alloys, and nickel silvers. Brasses are copper-zinc alloys, bronzes are copper-tin alloys, copper-nickels contain copper and nickel, and nickel silvers contain copper, nickel, and zinc.
3. Alloying elements are added to copper to influence properties like strength, color, conductivity, machinability, corrosion resistance, and wear
This document provides information on various grades of stainless steel. It discusses the key elements that define stainless steel, including a minimum of 10.5% chromium. It then describes the four major types of stainless steel - austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and duplex - and provides details on specific grades within each type, highlighting their compositions and common applications.
The document is a brochure from Theis Precision Steel Corporation that describes their products. It provides information on various grades of stainless steel, including their alloy compositions and properties. It also includes tables listing mechanical properties, processing information, and contact details for Theis Precision Steel. The purpose is to introduce customers to Theis' range of engineered stainless steel products and help them identify the appropriate material for their application.
Increasing die life, reducing rejections by the use of japanese cold welding ...Srikar Shenoy
1. Die, mould and tool wear are major reasons for production downtime and increased costs in most industries. Apart from using suitable alloy steels for making dies, a few effective treatments like nitriding, PVD & CVD can be administered to increase die life. Such treatments are not feasible for all metal forming units. Carbide coating to protect only the wear-prone areas of dies using Japanese cold-welding technology is a practical and economical technique that has proven to increase die life. This technique, though similar to welding, does not need pre and post-weld heat treatment and skilled labour. The process does not emit smoke. It can also be carried out on the die or tool without unloading it from the casting press or such equipment, without need of a weld shop.
2. Die spray units are used to effectively spray lubricant on the dies. During the pressure die casting process, it is mandatory to keep die and plunger well lubricated. Die protective coating cum lubricant is used to achieve these objectives. Until recently, pressure feed tanks have been used to spray-lubricate dies. However, these conventional pressure-feed tanks are proving to be a hazard on the shop floor. Pressurised equipments on shop floor always pose a risk of explosion. They also cause production downtime during re-filling. Better alternatives are now available for dispensing die lubricants.
Stainless steel is a family of steel alloys that contain a minimum of 10.5% chromium. This minimum chromium content makes stainless steel highly resistant to corrosion and rusting. There are four main types of stainless steel - austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and duplex. Each type has different chemical compositions and properties making them suitable for different applications like kitchen appliances, industrial equipment, and medical and surgical tools. The document then provides detailed information on over 20 specific grades of stainless steel, their chemical makeup, properties, and common uses.
Bearings support moving parts, such as shafts and spindles, of a machine or mechanism.
Bearings may be classed as
(i) Rolling contact (Ball and roller) bearings.
(ii) Plain bearings.
This document summarizes information about EutecTrode electrodes and their applications. It describes how EutecTrode electrodes use manual metal arc welding to join metals through melting and forming a weld pool protected by a flux coating. It then lists several EutecTrode types and their properties, applications, and suitability for tasks like crack repair, welding difficult materials like cast iron, and applying wear-resistant coatings. Safety, ease of use, and repairability are emphasized.
Copper and its alloys are discussed. Copper is extracted via both pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods from ores like chalcopyrite. Blister copper undergoes electrolytic refining to obtain pure copper. Copper alloys include brasses, bronzes, aluminum bronzes, beryllium bronzes and cupro-nickels. These alloys find applications in electrical, automotive and other industries due to copper's high thermal and electrical conductivity.
Stainless steel is one of the most important materials in the engineering world. The material‟s wide applications in chemical, petrochemical, off-shore, and power generation plants prove that it is one of the most reliable materials. The Newest fast growing family of stainless steels is duplex alloys. The ferritic-austenitic grades have a ferrite matrix intermix with austenite and in other words island of austenite in a continuous matrix of highly alloyed ferrite commonly called „Duplex‟ stainless steel. Duplex stainless steel covers ferritic/austenitic Fe-Cr-Ni alloy with between 30% to 70 % Ferrite .Due to high level of Cr, Mo, and N steels shows high pitting & stress corrosion cracking resistance in chloride-containing environments. Hence it is frequently used in oilrefinery heat exchangers & typical applications where there is a risk for SCC and localized corrosion as a result of chloride-containing process streams, cooling waters or deposits. Modern duplex stainless steels have generally good Weldability. Due to a balanced composition, where nitrogen plays an important role, austenite formation in the heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal is rapid. Under normal welding conditions a sufficient amount of austenite is formed to maintain good resistance to localized corrosion where as too rapid cooling may result in excessive amounts of ferrite, reducing the toughness. Therefore, welding with low heat input in thick walled materials should be avoided. Welding methods, such as resistance welding, laser welding and electron beam welding, which cause extremely rapid cooling should also be avoided or used with extreme caution. Too slow cooling can in the higher alloyed duplex grades cause formation of inter-metallic phases detrimental to corrosion resistance and toughness.
This document discusses protective coatings for concrete provided by Sika. It provides an overview of Sika's experience developing coating systems to protect concrete structures around the world for decades. The document discusses Sika's life cycle assessment approach, sustainable concrete protection options, proven long-term durability of Sika coatings based on past projects, key factors in selecting protective coatings, and case studies of award-winning projects.
Avoiding defects in stainles steel weldingShahid Karim
This document discusses stainless steels and welding stainless steels. It covers:
- Stainless steels are selected for their corrosion resistance. Chromium in the steel forms a protective oxide layer.
- There are five basic types of stainless steels classified by their metallurgical structure. Austenitic steels like 304 are most common.
- Welding stainless steel can lead to discontinuities like cracks, porosity, and contamination/discoloration if not done properly with clean techniques and shielding gas. Sensitization from carbide formation can also reduce corrosion resistance.
- Low-carbon stainless steels, stabilized grades, solution annealing, and avoiding multiple passes can help minimize sensitization when
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
R60702 and R60705 zirconium tubes for heat exchangers,coolers, condensers and other chemical equipments.
Contact sally by titaniummanufacturer@yahoo.com to get more details.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Non Ferrous Metals (BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION)Andhra University
Non-Ferrous Metals
Non-ferrous metals include aluminum, copper, lead, zinc and tin, as well as precious metals like gold and silver. Their main advantage over ferrous materials is their malleability. They also have no iron content, giving them a higher resistance to rust and corrosion, and making them ideal for gutters, liquid pipes, roofing and outdoor signs. Lastly they are non-magnetic, which is important for many electronic and wiring applications.
Aluminum
Aluminum is lightweight, soft and low strength. Aluminum is easily cast, forged, machined and welded. It’s not suitable for high-temperature environments. Because aluminum is lightweight, it is a good choice for the manufacturing of aircraft and food cans. Aluminum is also used in castings, pistons, railways, cars, and kitchen utensils.
Copy of biomaterials in orthodontics 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses b...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses nickel alloys and their properties and applications. It begins by providing background on nickel and its unusual properties as an alloying element. It then discusses the various types of nickel alloys, including their compositions, properties, and common applications. Specific alloys covered include Monel, nickel-chromium alloys, superalloys used in gas turbines and other high temperature applications. The document concludes by discussing fabrication and welding considerations for nickel alloys.
Nickel and other super alloys.........pptssuser8ede68
The name ‘nickel’ is from the German for ‘Old Nick’s (the Devil’s) copper’ a derogatory term for the hard useless metal yielded by what was thought to be a copper-bearing ore
This document provides information on alloy performance including:
- Descriptions of common heat and corrosion resistant alloys including their chemical compositions and properties.
- Mechanical and physical properties for various alloys in the annealed condition.
- Maximum allowable design stress values for some alloys according to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
- Charts with data on creep rates, stress to rupture, corrosion resistance, and other properties for different alloys at high temperatures.
The document provides an overview of base metal alloys used in dentistry. It discusses the history and classification of dental casting alloys including cobalt-chromium, nickel-chromium, and titanium-based alloys. The ideal requirements, composition, properties, applications and references of various base metal alloys are described in detail over multiple pages.
This document provides information on various welding processes and their applications. It defines welding as a process of permanently joining materials, usually metals, through heating and coalescence. Some key welding processes discussed include oxy-fuel gas welding, arc welding, resistance welding, and solid state welding. Factors that influence weldability of different materials like aluminum, cast iron, and stainless steel are also explained. The document also provides details on oxy-fuel gas welding process and the different types of flames produced during welding.
The document describes AluCellTech's Anode Nails Technology, which is used to improve the performance of aluminum reduction cells. The Anode Nails consist of multiple hardened steel nails installed into anode stubs to bridge the shrinkage gap caused by the iron's solidification shrinkage. This provides a low and consistent electrical resistance across the stub-to-carbon connection. Benefits include lower power consumption, improved current distribution and efficiency, and reduced stub wear. Test results show the Anode Nails significantly reduce electrical resistance through the anode assembly compared to assemblies without nails.
Calico Metal Alloys LLP is a leading supplier of Monel K500 plates, sheets, and fittings. Monel K500 is an alloy composed of 63% nickel, 28-34% copper, and other elements. It has excellent corrosion resistance in marine and chemical environments. Calico Metal Alloys supplies Monel K500 products to countries around the world and serves industries including oil and gas.
This document discusses the corrosion resistance of various nickel alloys in different environments. It states that nickel alloys offer much higher corrosion resistance than other alloys, especially in intense conditions. They can withstand corrosion from seawater, acids like hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid, and salt solutions better than stainless steels. Alloys with higher chromium, molybdenum, and copper content have the best resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. Hastelloy alloys generally perform very well across many corrosive environments.
MI cables are used for various industrial applications and to make thermocouples and RTDs.
Different types of MI Cables are MI thermocouple cables, MI RTD cables, MI Power cables, MI Heating cables, triaxial cables, coaxial cables and SPNDS.
basic structure of MI Cables comprises of conductors, insulating material and Metal sheath.
Hastelloy B2 is a nickel-molybdenum alloy that provides excellent resistance to reducing agents and corrosion. It prevents the formation of grain boundaries and carbide precipitation in heat affected zones. Hastelloy B2 can withstand hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, and phosphoric acid, even at high temperatures. It also shows resistance to stress, pitting, and corrosion in heat affected zones. Hastelloy B2 is commonly used in chemical and pharmaceutical industries for its corrosion resistance.
Stainless steels are alloy steels with a nominal chromium (Cr) content of at least 11 weight percent (wt %), with or without other alloy additions. The oxidation and corrosion resistance of these alloy steels are attributed to the presence of a passive chromium-rich oxide film on the surface. The chromium-rich oxide can be damaged, but will quickly reform if oxygen is available. When exposed to conditions that damage the passive oxide film, stainless steels are subject to corrosive attack.
The rate at which a stainless steel develops a passive film in the atmosphere depends on its chromium content. Polished stainless steels remain bright and tarnish-free under most atmospheric conditions. Exposure to elevated temperatures increases the thickness of the oxide film.
This document provides an overview of stainless steel, including its introduction, production, classification, characteristics, and applications in the nuclear industry and nuclear power industry. Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium and sometimes nickel that forms a protective oxide layer to resist corrosion. It is produced through processes like argon-oxygen decarburization and vacuum-oxygen decarburization. The document discusses the use of various stainless steel grades in applications like nuclear fuel processing, waste treatment, light water reactors, sodium cooling reactors, and components of steam power plants.
This document provides information about copper flexible connectors manufactured and exported by Amiable Impex. It lists various specifications for copper flexible connectors including nominal area, dimensions, catalog numbers, and material composition. Finishing options are also described such as bare copper, tin plating, nickel plating, and silver plating. Oxygen-free copper is also discussed, noting its composition and properties like high conductivity. Contact information is provided at the end.
Steel and cast iron ( application ,types and properties )Eng.Ahmed Samy
The document discusses different systems for classifying and naming steel alloys according to their composition. It describes the four-digit system used by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) to indicate the carbon content and other alloying elements of carbon and alloy steels. It also outlines the classification of alloy steels as low-alloy or high-alloy based on alloying element concentration. Finally, it mentions that the German DIN system is another standard used by steel manufacturers for naming steel alloys.
This document provides an overview of materials used in gas turbine components such as compressors, combustors, turbines, and nozzles. It discusses the challenges associated with each component and how material requirements have evolved over time. For compressors, titanium alloys are widely used due to their high strength to weight ratio, with Ti-6Al-4V being common. Superalloys are needed for the last compressor stages due to higher temperatures. Combustor materials require high temperature creep resistance and oxidation resistance, leading to the use of nickel and cobalt-based superalloys. Turbine disks were initially made of steel but now use nickel-based superalloys like alloy 718 for their high strength. Blades and van
This document provides a chart detailing standard trim materials available for API 600 valves according to trim number, including the trim material grade, old BS designation, and typical service. Key information includes:
- Trim 1 is 410 stainless steel for oil, oil vapors, and general non-corrosive services up to 320°C.
- Trim 2 is 304 stainless steel for moderate pressure corrosive services up to 450°C.
- Hard faced and alloy trims like Monel and Alloy 20 are listed for higher pressure and corrosive services.
- The chart provides a reference for selecting the appropriate trim material based on service conditions and requirements.
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Inconel alloy
Character of Inconel alloy
Inconel 600(UNS N06600)
Inconel 600 is a nonmagnetic, nickel-based high temperature alloy possessing an
excellent combination of high strength, hot and cold workability, and resistance to
ordinary form of corrosion.
It is widely used in furnace components, chemical processing, food processing and
nuclear engineering.
Inconel 601(UNS N06601)
Inconel 601 is a standard engineering material and has a great resistance to heat and
corrosion. Due to high chromium and some aluminum content, Inconel 601 has good
resistance in oxidizing sulfur bearing atmospheres at elevated temperatures.
It is widely used in petrochemical processing, industrial furnaces, gas turbine
components and for heat treating equipment such as baskets, muffles and retorts.
Inconel 625(UNS N06625)
Inconel 625 is a Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum alloy with excellent corrosion
resistance in a wide range of corrosive media, being especially resistant to pitting
and crevice corrosion.
It is a favourable choice for sea water applications. Applications include the marine
and aerospace industries, chemical processing, nuclear reactors and pollution control
equipment.
Inconel 718(UNS N07718)
Inconel 718 is a precipitation-harden able, nickel-chromium alloy containing also
significant amounts of iron, niobium and molybdenum, along with lesser amounts of
aluminum and titanium.
It is widely used in gas turbines, rocket motors, space-craft, nuclear reactors, pumps
and tooling.
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Specification of Inconel 600
Item
Brand
Chemical Composition (%)
C Mn Si S Cr Ni Fe Cu
≤ 0.15 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 0.5 ≤ 0.015 14.0~17.0 ≥ 72.0 6.0~10.0 ≤ 0.5
Standard
Sheet/Plate Round bar/Wire Pipe Tube
Inconel 600
ASME SB-168
AMS 5540
ASME SB-166
AMS 5665
ASME SB-163
ASME SB-167
ASME SB-751
ASME SB-775
AMS 5580
ASME SB-516
ASME SB-517
ASME SB-751
ASME SB-775
Specification of Inconel 601
Item
Brand
Chemical Composition (%)
C Mn Si S Cr Ni Fe Al Cu
≤ 0.1 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 0.5 ≤ 0.015 21.0~25.0 58.0~63.0 Bal 1.0~1.7 ≤ 0.5
Standard
Sheet/Plate Round bar/Wire Pipe Tube
Inconel 601
ASME SB-168
AMS 5870
ASME SB-166
AMS 5715
ASME SB-163
ASME SB-167
ASME SB-829
ASME SB-751
ASME SB-775
ASME SB-775
ASME SB-751
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Specification of Inconel 625
Item
Brand
Chemical Composition (%)
C Mn Si S Cr Ni Fe
≤ 0.1 ≤ 0.5 ≤ 0.5 ≤ 0.015 20.0~23.0 ≥ 58.0 ≤ 5.0
Ti Al P Mo Co Nb+Ta
≤ 0.4 ≤ 0.4 ≤ 0.015 8.0~10.0 ≤ 1.0 3.15~4.15
Standard
Sheet/Plate Round bar/Wire Pipe Tube
Inconel 625
ASME SB-443
AMS 5599
AMS 5869
ASME SB-446
AMS 5666
AMS 5837
ASME SB-444
ASME SB-751
ASME SB-829
ASME SB-775
ASME SB-704
ASME SB-705
ASME SB-775
ASME SB-751
Specification of Inconel 718
Item
Brand
Chemical Composition (%)
Ni Cr Fe Mo Nb+Ta Co Si
50.0~55.0 17.0~21.0 Bal 2.8~3.3 4.75~5.5 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 0.35
S Cu Al Ti C Mn
≤ 0.01 ≤ 0.3 0.2~0.8 0.65~1.15 ≤ 0.08 ≤ 0.35
Standard
Sheet/Plate Round bar/Wire Pipe Tube
Inconel 718
ASME SB-670
ASME SB-906
AMS 5596
AMS 5597
AMS 5950
AMS 5914
ASME SB-637
AMS 5662
AMS 5663
AMS 5664
AMS 5832
AMS 5962
AMS 5589
AMS 5590
AMS 5589
AMS 5590
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Monel alloy
Character of Monel alloy
Monel 400(UNS N04400)
Monel 400 is a nickel-copper alloy with high strength and excellent corrosion
resistance in a range of acidic and alkaline environment and especially suitable for
reducing conditions. It also has good ductility and thermal conductivity.
Monel 400 is widely used in many fields, especially marine and chemical
processing.
Monel K500(UNS N05500)
Alloy K-500 is a nickel-copper alloy, precipitation hardenable through additions of
aluminum and titanium. This alloy retains the excellent corrosion resistant
characteristics of 400 and has enhanced strength and hardness after precipitation
hardening when compared with 400. Alloy K-500 has approximately three (3) times
the yield strength and double the tensile strength when compared with 400. K-500
can be further strengthened by cold working before the precipitation hardening.
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Specification of Monel 400
Item
Brand
Chemical Composition (%)
C Mn Si S Ni Fe Cu
≤ 0.3 ≤ 2.0 ≤ 0.5 ≤ 0.024 ≥ 63.0 ≤ 2.5 28.0~34.0
Standard
Sheet/Plate Round bar/Wire Pipe Tube
Monel 400
ASME SB-127
AMS 4544
QQ-N-281
ASME SB-164
ASME SB-564
AMS 4675
AMS 4730
AMS 4731
ASME SB-163
ASME SB-165
ASME SB-829
ASME SB-730
ASME SB-751
ASME SB-775
Specification of Monel K500
Item
Brand
Chemical Composition (%)
C Ti Mn Si S Al Ni Fe Cu
≤ 0.25 0.35~0.85 ≤ 1.5 ≤ 0.5 ≤ 0.01 2.3~3.15 ≥ 63.0 ≤ 2.0 27.0-33.0
Standard
Sheet/Plate Round bar/Wire Pipe Tube
Monel K500
QQ-N-286
ASME SB-865
AMS 4676
QQ- N-286
- -
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Nickel alloy
Character of Nickel alloy
Nickel 52(N52)
Nickel 52 is typically used for elevated temperature applications. Their high
chromium and nickel contents provide comparable corrosion resistance, superior
resistance to oxidation, and the retention of a larger fraction of room temperature
strength.
Nickel 200(UNS N02200) Nickel 201(UNS N02201)
Nickel 200 and Nickel 201 are solid solution strengthened, commercially pure
wrought materials with good mechanical properties over a wide range of
temperatures and excellent resistance to many corrosives, in particular hydroxides.
Nickel 201 was a modification of 200 to control carbon (0.02 max) which keeps it
from being embrittled by intergranular precipitates at temperatures of 600° F to
1400° F in many processes.
Specification of Nickel 52/ Nickel 200/ Nickel 201
Item
Brand
Chemical Composition (%)
C Mn Si Cr Ni Fe P S
N52
≤0.05 ≤0.6 ≤0.3 ≤0.10 49.0-51.0 Bal ≤0.025 ≤0.025
Chemical Composition (%)
Ni Cu Fe Mn C Si S
Nickel 200 ≥99.0 ≤0.25 ≤0.4 ≤0.35 ≤0.15 ≤0.35 ≤0.01
Nickel 201 ≥99.0 ≤0.25 ≤0.4 ≤0.35 ≤0.02 ≤0.35 ≤0.01
Standard
Plate/Sheet Round bar/Wire Pipe Tube
ASME SB-162
AMS 5553
ASME SB-160
ASME SB-161
ASME SB-163
ASME SB-829
ASME SB-751
ASME SB-775
ASME SB-725
ASME SB-751
ASME SB-775
ASME SB-730
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Hastelloy alloy
Character of Hastelloy alloy
Hastelloy C276(UNS N10276)
Hastelloy C-276 is a nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy with excellent corrosion
resitance in severe environments.
Hastelloy C-276 is used in pollution control, chemical processing, pulp and paper
production, and waste treatment.
Hastelloy C22(UNS N06022)
Hastelloy C22 is a Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum alloy with better overall corrosion
resistance and versatility than any other NiCrMo available.
Hastelloy C22 is widely used in the chemical field and petrefaction field, such as the
element of chloride organic and catalyze system.
Hastelloy B/B2/B3(UNS N10665/N10667)
Hastelloy B is a nickel-molybdenum alloy with excellent resistance to pitting,
corrosion, and stress-corrosion cracking plus, thermal stability.
Hastelloy B is widely used in the turbo super charger, jet engines, most chemical
process applications in the welded condition.
Hastelloy X(UNS N06002)
Hastelloy X alloy is a nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum alloy that possesses an
exceptional combination of oxidation resistance, fabricability and high-temperature
strength.
Hastelloy X is widely used in gas turbine engines for combustion zone components
such as transition ducts, combustor cans, spray bars and flame holders as well as in
afterburners, tailpipes and cabin heaters.
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Specification of Hastelloy C276
Item
Brand
Chemical Composition (%)
C Mn Si S Ni Fe
≤ 0.01 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 0.08 ≤ 0.04 Bal 4.0~7.0
P V Mo Cr W Co
≤ 0.04 ≤ 0.35 15.0~17.0 14.5~16.5 3.0~4.5 ≤ 2.5
Standard
Sheet/Plate Round bar/Wire Pipe Tube
Hastelloy
C276
ASME SB-575 ASME SB-574
ASME SB-622
ASME SB-775
ASME SB -751
ASME SB-626
ASME SB-619
ASME SB-775
ASME SB -751
Specification of Hastelloy C22
Item
Brand
Chemical Composition (%)
C Mn Si S Ni Fe
≤ 0.015 ≤ 0.5 ≤ 0.08 ≤ 0.02 Bal 2.0~6.0
P V Mo Cr W Co
≤ 0.02 ≤ 0.35 12.5~14.5 20.0~22.5 2.5~3.5 ≤ 2.5
Standard
Sheet/Plate Round bar/Wire Pipe Tube
Hastelloy
C22
ASME SB-575 ASME SB-574
ASME SB-622
ASME SB-775
ASME SB -751
ASME SB-626
ASME SB-619
ASME SB-775
ASME SB -751
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Specification of Hastelloy B2
Specification of Hastelloy X
Item
Brand
Chemical Composition (%)
C Mn Cr Si S P Ni Mo Fe Co
≤0.02 ≤1.0 ≤1.0 ≤0.1 ≤0.03 ≤0.04 Bal
26.0-3
0.0
≤2.0 ≤1.0
Standard
Sheet/Plate Round bar/Wire Pipe Tube
Hastelloy B2
ASME SB-333 ASME SB-335
ASME SB-622
ASME SB-775
ASME SB -751
ASME SB-829
ASME SB-626
ASME SB-619
ASME SB-775
ASME SB -751
Item
Brand
Chemical Composition (%)
C Mn Si S Ni Fe
0.05-0.15 ≤1.0 ≤1.0 ≤0.03 Bal 17.0-20.0
P Mo Cr W Co
≤0.04 8.0-10.0 20.5~23.0 0.2-1.0 0.5-2.5
Standard
Sheet/Plate Round bar/Wire Pipe Tube
Hastelloy X
ASME SB-435
AMS 5536
ASME SB-572
AMS 5754
AMS 5798
ASME SB-622
ASME SB-775
ASME SB -751
ASME SB-829
AMS 5587
ASME SB-626
ASME SB-619
ASME SB-775
ASME SB -751
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Invar alloy and Kovar alloy
Character of Invar alloy and Kovar alloy
Invar Alloy
INVAR 36 is a nickel-iron, low-expansion alloy containing 36% nickel. It maintains
nearly constant dimensions over the range of normal atmospheric temperatures, and
has a low coefficient of expansion from cryogenic temperatures to about 500°F.
This alloy has been used for applications where dimensional changes due to
temperature variation must be minimized such as in radio and electronic devices,
aircraft controls, optical and laser system, etc.
Kovar Alloy
Kovar alloy is a vacuum melted, iron-nickel-cobalt, low expansion alloy whose
chemical composition is controlled within narrow limits to assure precise uniform
thermal expansion properties.
Kovar alloy has been used for making hermetic seals with the harder Pyrex glasses
and ceramic materials. This alloy has found wide application in power tubes,
microwave tubes, transistors and diodes.
Specification of Invar 36
Item
Brand
Chemical Composition (%)
C Ni Fe Si Mn Cr P S Co
Invar 36
≤0.03 35.0-37.0 Bal ≤0.2 ≤0.35 ≤0.2 ≤0.02 ≤0.01 ≤0.5
Specification of Kovar
Item
Brand
Chemical Composition (%)
C Ni Fe Si Mn Co
Kovar 29
≤0.02 ≤29.0 Bal ≤0.2 ≤0.3 ≤17.0
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Incoloy Alloy
Character of Incoloy alloy
Incoloy 800(UNS N08800)
Incoloy 800 is nickel-iron-chromium alloy. The alloys’ higher creep-rupture
strength is the result of aluminum, carbon, and titanium contents.
Incoloy 800 is used in chemical and petrochemical processing, in power plants,
industrial furnaces, and for heat treating equipment.
Incoloy 800H(UNS N08810)
Incoloy 800H is nickel-iron-chromium alloy. The 800H modification was to control
carbon (0.05 to 0.10%) and grain size to (>ASTM 5) to optimize stress rupture
properties.
Incoloy 800HT(UNS N08811)
Incoloy 800HT is an iron-nickel-chromium alloy having the same basic
composition as Alloy 800, with significantly higher creep rupture strength.
The higher strength results from close control of carbon, aluminum and titanium
contents in conjunction with a high temp anneal.
Incoloy 825(UNS N08825)
Incoloy 825 is a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with additions of molybdenum, copper
and titanium. The alloy's chemical composition is designed to provide exceptional
resistance to many corrosive environments.
Incoloy 825 is used in chemical processing, pollution control, oil and gas recovery,
acid production, pickling operations, nuclear fuel reprocessing and handling of
radioactive wastes.
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Specification of Incoloy 800/ 800H/ 800HT
Item
Brand
Chemical Composition (%)
C Mn Si S Al+Ti Cr Ni Fe Cu
Incoloy 800 ≤ 0.1 ≤ 1.5 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 0.015 0.3~1.2 19.0~23.0 30.0~35.0 bal
≤
0.75
Incoloy
800H
0.05~0.1 ≤ 1.5 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 0.015 0.3~1.2 19.0~23.0 30.0~35.0 bal
≤
0.75
Incoloy
800HT
0.06~0.1 ≤ 1.5 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 0.015 0.85~1.2 19.0~23.0 30.0~35.0 bal
≤
0.75
Standard
Sheet/Plate Round bar/Wire Pipe Tube
ASME SB-409
AMS 5871
ASME SB-408
AMS 5766
ASME SB-407
ASME SB-163
ASME SB-829
ASME SB-751
ASME SB-775
ASME SB-514
ASME SB-515
ASME SB-751
ASME SB-775
Specification of Incoloy 825
Item
Brand
Chemical Composition (%)
C Si Mn S Mo Ti Al Cr Ni Fe Cu
≤ 0.05 ≤ 0.5 ≤ 1.0 ≤ 0.03
2.5~
3.5
0.6~
1.2
≤ 0.2
19.5~
23.5
38.0~
46.0
≥ 22.0
1.5~
3.0
Standard
Sheet/Plate Round bar/Wire Pipe Tube
Incoloy
825
ASME SB-424
ASME SB-906
ASME SB-425
ASME SB-423
ASME SB-829
ASME SB-163
ASME SB-751
ASME SB-775
ASME SB-704
ASME SB-705
ASME SB-751
ASME SB-775
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STAINLESS STEELSTAINLESS STEEL
Character of Stainless Steel
TP304l(S30403)
Stainless steel 304L, the low carbon version of 304, does not require post-weld
annealing and so is extensively used in heavy gauge components (over about 6mm).
TP304(S30400)
Stainless steel 304 is a 300 Series Stainless Steel austenitic. It has a minimum of
18% chromium and 8% nickel, combined with a maximum of 0.08% carbon. It is
defined as a Chromium-Nickel austenitic alloy.
It is used for a wide variety of home and commercial applications, this is one of the
most familiar and most frequently used alloys in the stainless steel family.
TP316(S31600)
Type 316 is a molybdenum-bearing grade. This addition gives the better overall
corrosion resistance properties than type 304 and higher creep strength at elevated
temperatures. Type 316 gives useful service at room temperature in sulphuric acid of
concentration of lower than 15% and higher than 85%. It also resists chloride attack
and is often selected for use in marine atmospheres.
TP 316L(S31603)
Type 316L stainless steel is a molybdenum bearing austenitic. It is more resistant to
general corrosion and pitting than conventional nickel chromium stainless steels
such as 302-304. It has higher creep resistance, excellent formability, rupture and
good tensile strength at high temperatures, good corrosion and pitting resistance.
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Character of Stainless Steel
TP 309S(S 30908)
TP309S have added chromium and nickel for more corrosion resistance and high
temperature scaling resistance.
TP310S(S31008)
TP 310S have higher nickel content than 309S to further increase scaling resistance.
Specification of Stainless steel
Chemical Composition (%)Item
Brand C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo P S
304L ≤0.035 ≤2.0 ≤1 .0 18.0-20.0 8.0-13.0 ≤0.04 ≤0.03
304 ≤0.08 ≤2.0 ≤1 .0 18-20.0 8.0-11.0 ≤0.045 ≤0.03
316 ≤0.08 ≤2.0 ≤1 .0 16.0-18.0 11.0-14.0 2.0-3.0 ≤0.04 ≤0.03
316L ≤0.035 ≤2.0 ≤1 .0 16.0-18.0 10.0-14.0 2.0-3.0 ≤0.04 ≤0.03
309S ≤0.08 ≤2.0 ≤1 .0 22.0-24.0 12.0-15.0 ≤0.75 ≤0.045 ≤0.03
310S ≤0.08 ≤2.0 ≤1 .0 24.0-26.0 19.0-22.0 ≤0.75 ≤0.045 ≤0.03
Standard
Plate/Sheet Round bar/Wire Pipe Tube
ASTM A240 ASTM A-276
ASTM A-213
ASTM A-312
ASTM A269
ASTM A-312
ASTM A-249