The document discusses the kernel structure and native level programming in operating systems, emphasizing the kernel's role as the core component that manages hardware and software interactions. It outlines various types of kernels, functions of a kernel, and runtime issues, including types of runtime errors. Additionally, it touches on power management as a feature that regulates power consumption in computing devices while maintaining performance.

1. Advanced Operating Systems
I MCA- II SEMESTER
SUBJECT CODE : P22MCACC22
UNIT – V
Kernel Structure And Native Level
Presented By
S.Vijaya Lakshmi B.E(CSE)
Assistant Professor,
Department of Computer Science,
Sri Sarada Niketan College for Women,Karur.

2. Kernel Structure And Native Level
• The kernel is a computer program at the core of
a computer's operating system and generally
has complete control over everything in the
system.
• It is the portion of the operating system code
that is always resident in memory and facilitates
interactions between hardware and software
components

3. Underlying operating system
 An Operating System (OS) is a manager
which manages hardware and software
components and makes them usable to the
end user.
 There are many operating systems available
to use such as Windows, Android, Linux and
Apple OS.

4. Functions of a Kernel
 Device Management
 Memory Management
 Resource Management
 Accessing Computer Resources

5. Types of Kernel
 Monolithic Kernels
 Microkernel
 Hybrid Kernel
 Nanokernel
 Exokernel

6. Native Level Programming In Os
• Machine code, also known as native code,
is a program which is written in machine
language.
• Machine code is usually considered the
lowest level of code for a computer, that, in
its lowest level form, is written in binary (0s
and 1s), but is often written in hexadecimal
or octal to make it a little easier to handle.

7. Runtime Issues
• A runtime error is a problem that happens
during the execution of a program.
• In other words, it can be defined as it is an
error that occurs at the time of launching
the software.
• A runtime error may prevent you from
using an application as well as a personal
computer.

8. Types Of Runtime Errors
• a logic error
• a memory leak
• a division by zero error
• an undefined object error
• an I/O device error and
• an encoding error

9. • Device power management and
• Suspend-Resume.

10. Power management
• Power management is a computing device
feature that allows users to control the
amount of electrical power consumed by an
underlying device, with minimal impact on
performance.
• It enables the switching of devices in various
power modes, each with different power
usage characteristics related to device
performance.

11. Power management
Power management is a feature of some electrical
appliances, especially
• copiers
• computers
• computer CPUs
• computer GPUs and
• computer
peripherals such as
• monitors and
• printers

12. Thank You