This document provides an overview of total quality management (TQM) concepts for engineers. It discusses the three main quality gurus - Deming, Juran, and Crosby - and their common themes around leadership commitment, continuous improvement, and preventing defects. The document also examines different definitions of quality, approaches to quality costs, customer satisfaction, and the benefits of TQM such as loyalty, market share, and productivity. The goal of TQM is continuous improvement and customer satisfaction.
The chapter commences by providing a comprehensive overview of TQM, presenting it as a holistic approach to managing quality across all aspects of an organization. It elucidates how TQM encompasses various elements, including leadership commitment, customer focus, employee engagement, continuous improvement, and data-driven decision making. By integrating these components, TQM aims to create a culture of quality throughout the organization, fostering a relentless pursuit of excellence.
Next, the chapter explores the historical evolution of TQM, tracing its roots back to quality pioneers such as W. Edwards Deming, Joseph M. Juran, and Armand V. Feigenbaum. It highlights their contributions to the development of TQM principles and philosophies, emphasizing the paradigm shift from a reactive, inspection-based approach to a proactive, preventive one.
Moreover, the chapter delves into the core principles of TQM, elucidating concepts such as customer satisfaction, continuous improvement, employee empowerment, and process optimization. It emphasizes the significance of customer-centricity, stressing that meeting and exceeding customer expectations is the cornerstone of TQM.
Furthermore, the chapter expounds upon the benefits of implementing TQM within an organization. It discusses how TQM can enhance product and service quality, increase customer loyalty, boost operational efficiency, reduce costs, and drive innovation. By adopting TQM principles, organizations can gain a competitive edge and position themselves as leaders in their respective industries.
Lastly, the chapter provides an overview of the implementation strategies for TQM. It outlines the steps involved in initiating a TQM program, including establishing a quality management system, conducting employee training, fostering a culture of continuous improvement, and measuring performance through key quality metrics. The chapter emphasizes the importance of top leadership commitment and employee involvement in successfully implementing TQM.
The chapter commences by providing a comprehensive overview of TQM, presenting it as a holistic approach to managing quality across all aspects of an organization. It elucidates how TQM encompasses various elements, including leadership commitment, customer focus, employee engagement, continuous improvement, and data-driven decision making. By integrating these components, TQM aims to create a culture of quality throughout the organization, fostering a relentless pursuit of excellence.
Next, the chapter explores the historical evolution of TQM, tracing its roots back to quality pioneers such as W. Edwards Deming, Joseph M. Juran, and Armand V. Feigenbaum. It highlights their contributions to the development of TQM principles and philosophies, emphasizing the paradigm shift from a reactive, inspection-based approach to a proactive, preventive one.
Moreover, the chapter delves into the core principles of TQM, elucidating concepts such as customer satisfaction, continuous improvement, employee empowerment, and process optimization. It emphasizes the significance of customer-centricity, stressing that meeting and exceeding customer expectations is the cornerstone of TQM.
Furthermore, the chapter expounds upon the benefits of implementing TQM within an organization. It discusses how TQM can enhance product and service quality, increase customer loyalty, boost operational efficiency, reduce costs, and drive innovation. By adopting TQM principles, organizations can gain a competitive edge and position themselves as leaders in their respective industries.
Lastly, the chapter provides an overview of the implementation strategies for TQM. It outlines the steps involved in initiating a TQM program, including establishing a quality management system, conducting employee training, fostering a culture of continuous improvement, and measuring performance through key quality metrics. The chapter emphasizes the importance of top leadership commitment and employee involvement in successfully implementing TQM.
Nursing leadership and management course / Total Quality MnagementMouad Hourani
What is Quality?
Definition of Quality in healthcare?
Quality Evolution .
Quality control.
Quality Assurance.
Total Quality Management.
Old vs. TQM Approach.
The Deming, Juran and Crosby philosophies.
Quality Principles.
Why Quality?
Quality perspectives.
Key Dimensions of Quality.
Good Managers (Leaders)
The following topics are briefly covered in the powerpoint :
1.TQM Framework, benefits, awareness and obstacles, 2.Quality- Vision, Mission and Policy statements, 3.Customer Focus- Customer perception of quality, 4.Kano Model, 5.Dimensions of product and service quality, 6.Cost of quality. 7. Contributions of Deming, 8.Juran, 9.Crosby, 10.Masaaki Imai, 11.Feigenbaum,12. Ishikawa, 13.Taguchi Loss Function, 14.Concept of Quality circle 15.5S principles 15.8D Methodology
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Nursing leadership and management course / Total Quality MnagementMouad Hourani
What is Quality?
Definition of Quality in healthcare?
Quality Evolution .
Quality control.
Quality Assurance.
Total Quality Management.
Old vs. TQM Approach.
The Deming, Juran and Crosby philosophies.
Quality Principles.
Why Quality?
Quality perspectives.
Key Dimensions of Quality.
Good Managers (Leaders)
The following topics are briefly covered in the powerpoint :
1.TQM Framework, benefits, awareness and obstacles, 2.Quality- Vision, Mission and Policy statements, 3.Customer Focus- Customer perception of quality, 4.Kano Model, 5.Dimensions of product and service quality, 6.Cost of quality. 7. Contributions of Deming, 8.Juran, 9.Crosby, 10.Masaaki Imai, 11.Feigenbaum,12. Ishikawa, 13.Taguchi Loss Function, 14.Concept of Quality circle 15.5S principles 15.8D Methodology
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. Sequence of presentation
Introduction
Three Quality Gurus
Commonality of Themes of Quality Gurus
DIFINITION OF QUALITY
Five Approaches of Defining Quality
System Approach for TQM
Triangle of wisdom
TQO HRM
Customer Satisfaction
Indicators for Customer Satisfaction
Cost of Quality
Benefits of TQM
Conclusion
3. INTRODUCTION TO TQM
What is TQM?
TQM is the integration of all functions and processes within an
organization in order to achieve continuous improvement of
the quality of goods and services. The goal is customer
satisfaction.
“ No doubt , humans are always deficient”
(Al-Quran)
4. The Three Quality Gurus
Deming: the best known of the “early” pioneers, is
credited with popularizing quality control in Japan in early
1950s.Today, he is regarded as a national hero in that
country and is the father of the world famous Deming prize
for quality.
5. JURAN
Juran, like Deming was invited to Japan in 1954 by the
union of Japanese Scientists and engineers.
Juran defines quality as fitness for use in terms of design,
conformance, availability, safety and field use. He focuses
on top-down management and technical methods rather than
worker pride and satisfaction.
6. Philip Crosby: author of popular book Quality
is Free. His absolutes of quality are:
Quality is defined as conformance to requirements, not
“goodness”
The system for achieving quality is prevention, not
appraisal.
The performance standard is zero defects, not “that’s close
enough”
The measurement of quality is the price of non-
conformance, not indexes.
7. Commonality of Themes of Quality Gurus
Inspection is never the answer to quality improvement, nor
is “policing”.
Involvement of leadership and top management is essential
to the necessary culture of commitment to quality.
A program for quality requires organization-wide efforts
and long term commitment, accompanied by the necessary
investment in training.
Quality is first and schedules are second.
8. DIFINITION OF QUALITY
The concept and vocabulary of quality are elusive. Different
people interpret quality differently. Few can define quality
in measurable terms that can be proved operationalized.
When asked what differentiates their product or service;
The banker will answer” service”
The healthcare worker will answer “quality health care”
The hotel employee will answer “customer satisfaction”
The manufacturer will simply answer “quality product”
9. Five Approaches of Defining Quality
Harvard professor David Garvin, in his book
Managing Quality summarized five principal
approaches to define quality.
Transcendent
Product based
User based
Manufacturing based
Value based
10. Transcendental view
Those who hold the transcendental view would say “I can’t
define it, but I know it when I see it”
Advertisers are fond of promoting products in these terms.
“ Where shopping is a pleasure” (supermarket). “We love to
fly and it shows" (airline).
Television and print media are awash with such indefinable
claims and therein lies the problem:
Quality is difficult to define or to operationalize. It thus
becomes elusive when using the approach as basis for
competitive advantage. Moreover, the functions of design,
production and service may find it difficult to use the
definition as a basis for quality management.
11. PRODUCT BASED
Quality is viewed as a quantifiable or measurable
characteristic or attribute. For example durability or
reliability can be measured and the engineer can design to
that benchmark.
Quality is determined objectively.
Although this approach has many benefits, it has limitation
as well. Where quality is based on individual taste or
preference, the benchmark for measurement may be
misleading.
12. USER BASED
It is based on idea that quality is an individual matter and
products that best satisfy their preferences are those with the
highest quality. This is rational approach but leads to two
problems;
Consumer preference vary widely and it is difficult to
aggregate these preferences into products with wide appeal.
This leads to the choice between a niche strategy or a
market aggregation approach which tries to identify those
product attributes that meet the needs of the largest number
of consumers.
Another problem concerns the answer to the question “Are
quality and customer satisfaction the same?” the answer is
probably not. One may admit that a Lincoln continental has
many quality attribute, but satisfaction may be better
achieved with an Escort.
13. MANUFACTURING BASED
Manufacturing-based definitions are concerned primarily
with engineering and manufacturing practices and use the
universal definition of “conformance to requirements”.
Requirements or specifications are established by design
and any deviation implies a reduction in quality. The
concept applies to services as well as product. Excellence in
quality is not necessarily in the eye of the beholder but
rather in the standards set by the organization.
This approach has the serious weakness. The consumer’s
perception of quality is equated with conformance and
hence is internally focused.
14. Value Based
It is defined in term of costs and prices as well as
number of other attributes. Thus, the consumer’s
purchased decision is based on quality at an
acceptable price. This approach is reflected in the
popular Consumer Reports magazine which ranks
products and services based on two criteria: Quality
and Value.
The highest quality is not usually the best value.
That designation is assigned to the “best- buy”
product or service.
15. MANAGEMENT OF
PROCESS
QUALITY
HUMAN RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIC
QUALITY
PLANNING
INFORMATION
AND ANALYSIS
CUSTOMER
FOCUS
AND
SATISFACTION
QUALITY
AND
OPERATIONAL
RESULTS
SENIOR
EXECUTIVE
LEADERSHIP
System Approach for TQM
Driver
System
17. Characteristics of TQM Leader
Visible, Committed and Knowledgeable
A Missionary Zeal
Aggressive Targets
Strong Drivers
Communication of Values
Organization
Customers Contact
18. TQO HRM
Five Principles are:
Quality Work the First Time
Focus on the Customer
Strategic Holistic Approach to Improvement
CI as a Way of Life
Mutual Respect and Teamwork
20. Indicators for Customer Satisfaction
Frontline empowerment
Excellent hiring, training, attitude and morale for front line
employees
Proactive customer service system
Proactive management of relationship with customers
Use of all listening posts
Quality requirements of market segment
Commitment to customers
Understanding customer requirements
Service standards meeting customers requirements
21. Cost of Quality
Three Views of quality Costs
Higher quality means higher cost.
Quality attributes such as performance and features cost more in
terms of labor, material, design and other costly resources.
The additional benefits from improved quality do not compensate
for additional expense.
The cost of improving quality is less than the resulting savings.
The saving result from less rework, scrap and other direct expenses
related defects.
This is said to account for the focus on continuous improvement of
processes in Japanese firms.
22. Three Views of quality Costs
Quality costs are those incurred in excess of those
that would have been incurred if the product were
built or the service performed exactly right the first
time.
This view is held by adherents of TQM philosophy.
Costs include not only those that are direct, but also
those resulting from lost customers, lost market share
and the many hidden costs and foregone opportunities
not identified by modern cost accounting systems.
23. Quality Costs
COST OF QUALITY IS THE COST OF
NON QUALITY
1: 10:100 Rule
“A stitch in time saves nine”
24. Types of Quality Costs
The cost of quality is generally classified into
four categories
1. Cost of Prevention
2. Cost of Appraisal
3. Cost of Internal Failure
4. Cost of External Failure
25. Quality Costs
Cost of Prevention
Prevention costs include those activities which remove and
prevent defects from occurring in the production process.
Included are such activities as quality planning, production
reviews, training, and engineering analysis, which are
incurred to ensure that poor quality is not produced.
Appraisal
Those costs incurred to identify poor quality products after
they occur but before shipment to customers. e.g. Inspection
activity.
26. Quality Costs
Internal Failure
Those incurred during the production process.
Include such items as machine downtime, poor quality
materials, scrap, and rework.
External Failure
Those incurred after the product is shipped.
External failure costs include returns and allowances,
warranty costs, and hidden costs of customer dissatisfaction
and lost market share.
28. Conclusion
Remember the earth revolves around the
CUSTOMER. Quality begets customers and
customers beget quality. Let us all have action
plans to support quality, this will make the
world happy and earn us the blessing of God
Almighty.
“Actions are direct reflection of one’s
intentions” (Al-Quran)