https://youtu.be/Q1A8bx_JR1M?si=TcQdA8Mm_6iE5420 J. Angel Menéndez. "Custom 3D porous carbon structures from whey", PL2. XI ENCMP/ II RGC, Aveiro, Portugal, 2021. Over the past decades, porous carbon technology has evolved to the point that today we can control the nanoscale level, being able to produce activated carbons with tailored porosity and surface chemistry. Interestingly, few advances has been done regarding the shaping of the porous carbons at a macroscale level, being the most "sophisticated" structures relatively simple monoliths or activated carbon cloths. However, the recent development of additive manufacturing techniques makes it possible to produce pre-engineered porous carbon structures. Nevertheless, since most of the materials used in 3D printing are based on thermoplastic polymers that cannot be carbonized (or activated) without losing the shape, 3D printing of tailored porous carbon structures is not an straightforward issue and most of the methods proposed so far are relatively complex. To overcome this problem, we investigate the use of surpluses of whey (a natural and sustainable thermoset polymer) for producing custom 3D porous carbon structures [1]. Casting and machining [2,3], selective laser sintering (SLS) and extrusion 3D printing can be used with whey as a precursor for producing geometries that, upon carbonization or activation, give rise to porous carbon structures that preserves the original (with a controlled shrinkage) design (Figure 1). The resulting carbons have outstanding mechanical properties when compared to other similar porous materials. These carbon may perform better that the traditional activated carbons or used in new applications like producing scaffolds for bone tissue engineering [4].
[1] Menéndez, J.A.; Montes-Morán, M.A.; Arenillas, A.; Ramírez-Montoya, L.A.; Llamas-Unzueta, R.; WO2021069770 Patent.
[2] Llamas-Unzueta, R.; Menéndez, J.A.; Ramírez-Montoya, J.A.; Viña, J.; Argüelles, A.; Montes-Morán, M.A.; Carbon, 2021, 175, 403-412.
[3] Llamas-Unzueta, R.; Ramírez-Montoya, J.A.; Viña, J.; Argüelles, A.; Montes-Morán, M.A.; Menéndez, J.A. Dyna, 2021, 96, 422-428.
[4] Llamas-Unzueta, R.; Suárez, M.; Fernández, A.; Díaz, R.; Montes-Morán, M.A.; Menéndez, J.A.; Biomedicines 2021, 9, 1091
The document discusses the synthesis and characterization of cost-effective hybrid silica-cellulose aerogels for thermal insulation, acoustic absorption, energy storage, and oil absorption applications. The aerogels were synthesized through a sol-gel process involving the preparation of silica and cellulose aerogels followed by the addition of cellulose to the silica gel to form hybrid aerogels. The hybrid aerogels were characterized through various techniques and showed improved properties like low density, high porosity, and surface area, making them suitable for thermal and acoustic insulation as well as oil absorption. The document aims to optimize the synthesis parameters to develop hybrid aerogels for efficient energy and environmental applications.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 14 from a materials science textbook on ceramic materials. The chapter discusses the synthesis, processing, and applications of ceramics including inorganic glasses and glass-ceramics. It begins with the objectives and outline of topics to be covered, which include properties of ceramics, synthesis of ceramic powders, powder processing techniques, characteristics of sintered ceramics, inorganic glasses, glass-ceramics, clay products, refractories and other ceramic materials. Examples are provided to illustrate ceramic formulation and processing techniques. The document contains diagrams and tables to supplement the textual explanations.
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This document reviews carbon-carbon composites (CCC), including their fabrication methods, recent developments, and applications. CCC is composed of carbon fibers embedded in a carbon matrix. It has low density, high thermal conductivity, and excellent mechanical properties at high temperatures, making it suitable for applications like aircraft brakes, rocket nozzles, and reentry nose tips. The document describes traditional CCC fabrication methods like chemical vapor deposition and liquid phase impregnation. It also discusses recent advanced methods like the preformed yarn technique. Developments to improve CCC properties include applying heat treatments, increasing densification through additional impregnation cycles, and incorporating silicon carbide coatings to enhance oxidation resistance. In summary, CCC has outstanding
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1. The document discusses the use of geopolymer concrete as a more sustainable alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete for building construction. Geopolymer concrete is made from industrial byproducts like fly ash and rice husk ash activated by alkaline solutions, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
2. The study aims to produce geopolymer concrete using fly ash and rice husk ash as binder materials, with M25 grade mix design. Specimens will be tested for compressive strength at 14 and 28 days of curing at ambient temperature.
3. Literature reviewed suggests geopolymer concrete can successfully utilize industrial waste, reduce cement usage and CO2 emissions, while achieving comparable or improved mechanical properties over Portland cement concrete
Green cast demonstration of innovative lightweight construction components ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes the GREEN CAST project which aims to develop an innovative, sustainable construction material made from recycled fly ash as an alternative to autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). The material is produced using a geopolymer process with fly ash activated in an alkaline solution and foaming agent. Testing found the material has similar mechanical, thermal and acoustic properties as AAC but with lower environmental impact. Two full-scale demonstrator buildings were constructed using the new material and AAC blocks to compare performance, finding the new material performs similarly as an insulating material.
COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN REMOVERS AGENTS OF SILICON INTO THE SYNTHESIS OF MI...David Macias Ferrer
The present study deals with a comparison between HF and NaOH with different concentration, as removers agents of silicon into the synthesis of micro/nano-structured pyrolytic carbon (MNC) via nanocasting method,
using SBA-15 as hard template. SBA-15 was prepared through sol-gel using pluronic P-123 as surfactant and tetraethoxysilane as a silicon precursor. MNC was synthesized by the nanocasting method and anhydrous pyrolysis at 800 °C using SBA-15 as structure directing agent and refined sugar as a carbon precursor. Testing six samples of MNC, the silicon removal was carried out employ solutions 1M NaOH, 2M NaOH, 4M NaOH, 8M NaOH, 8.6M HF and 28.9M HF by 24 h. The prepared materials were characterized by means of N2
physisorption analysis, SEM, EDS, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. EDS analysis revealed that 8.6M HF and 8M NaOH had the highest removal efficiency of silicon, detecting 0.21% wt Si and 0.32% wt Si respectively versus 23.8% wt Si before this process, however, using solutions of a low concentration of NaOH, a silicon weight percentage lower than 0.6% is detected. Therefore, the HF could be replaced by NaOH avoiding possible damage to the structure of MNC due to the effect of HF and contributing to the safety of researchers and the environment.
The document discusses the synthesis and characterization of cost-effective hybrid silica-cellulose aerogels for thermal insulation, acoustic absorption, energy storage, and oil absorption applications. The aerogels were synthesized through a sol-gel process involving the preparation of silica and cellulose aerogels followed by the addition of cellulose to the silica gel to form hybrid aerogels. The hybrid aerogels were characterized through various techniques and showed improved properties like low density, high porosity, and surface area, making them suitable for thermal and acoustic insulation as well as oil absorption. The document aims to optimize the synthesis parameters to develop hybrid aerogels for efficient energy and environmental applications.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 14 from a materials science textbook on ceramic materials. The chapter discusses the synthesis, processing, and applications of ceramics including inorganic glasses and glass-ceramics. It begins with the objectives and outline of topics to be covered, which include properties of ceramics, synthesis of ceramic powders, powder processing techniques, characteristics of sintered ceramics, inorganic glasses, glass-ceramics, clay products, refractories and other ceramic materials. Examples are provided to illustrate ceramic formulation and processing techniques. The document contains diagrams and tables to supplement the textual explanations.
The document introduces the Microwave Steam Plasma (MSP) gasification technology for treating solid waste. MSP uses an electrode-less microwave plasma torch operating at temperatures over 13,000°F to break down organic materials in solid waste into a gaseous fuel of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The gaseous fuel or "syngas" can then be used to generate electricity or other end products. MSP offers greater flexibility in feedstocks compared to incineration, higher overall plant efficiency, and eliminates dioxins and furans produced by incineration. The document provides an overview of MSP technology and its advantages over other waste treatment methods.
This document provides a summary of three common polymers used in 3D printing: Nylon, ABS, and PLA. Nylon is produced through polycondensation of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid. ABS is a copolymer of acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene produced through polymerization. PLA is derived from lactic acid which is obtained through fermentation of sugars and starches and polymerized through ring-opening polymerization. All three polymers have various applications in 3D printing, manufacturing, and consumer goods due to their mechanical properties and processability.
IRJET- Fabrication Methods, Recent Developments and Applications of Carbon-Ca...IRJET Journal
This document reviews carbon-carbon composites (CCC), including their fabrication methods, recent developments, and applications. CCC is composed of carbon fibers embedded in a carbon matrix. It has low density, high thermal conductivity, and excellent mechanical properties at high temperatures, making it suitable for applications like aircraft brakes, rocket nozzles, and reentry nose tips. The document describes traditional CCC fabrication methods like chemical vapor deposition and liquid phase impregnation. It also discusses recent advanced methods like the preformed yarn technique. Developments to improve CCC properties include applying heat treatments, increasing densification through additional impregnation cycles, and incorporating silicon carbide coatings to enhance oxidation resistance. In summary, CCC has outstanding
IRJET - Application of Geopolymer Concrete in Construction of Green BuildingIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses the use of geopolymer concrete as a more sustainable alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete for building construction. Geopolymer concrete is made from industrial byproducts like fly ash and rice husk ash activated by alkaline solutions, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
2. The study aims to produce geopolymer concrete using fly ash and rice husk ash as binder materials, with M25 grade mix design. Specimens will be tested for compressive strength at 14 and 28 days of curing at ambient temperature.
3. Literature reviewed suggests geopolymer concrete can successfully utilize industrial waste, reduce cement usage and CO2 emissions, while achieving comparable or improved mechanical properties over Portland cement concrete
Green cast demonstration of innovative lightweight construction components ma...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes the GREEN CAST project which aims to develop an innovative, sustainable construction material made from recycled fly ash as an alternative to autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). The material is produced using a geopolymer process with fly ash activated in an alkaline solution and foaming agent. Testing found the material has similar mechanical, thermal and acoustic properties as AAC but with lower environmental impact. Two full-scale demonstrator buildings were constructed using the new material and AAC blocks to compare performance, finding the new material performs similarly as an insulating material.
COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN REMOVERS AGENTS OF SILICON INTO THE SYNTHESIS OF MI...David Macias Ferrer
The present study deals with a comparison between HF and NaOH with different concentration, as removers agents of silicon into the synthesis of micro/nano-structured pyrolytic carbon (MNC) via nanocasting method,
using SBA-15 as hard template. SBA-15 was prepared through sol-gel using pluronic P-123 as surfactant and tetraethoxysilane as a silicon precursor. MNC was synthesized by the nanocasting method and anhydrous pyrolysis at 800 °C using SBA-15 as structure directing agent and refined sugar as a carbon precursor. Testing six samples of MNC, the silicon removal was carried out employ solutions 1M NaOH, 2M NaOH, 4M NaOH, 8M NaOH, 8.6M HF and 28.9M HF by 24 h. The prepared materials were characterized by means of N2
physisorption analysis, SEM, EDS, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. EDS analysis revealed that 8.6M HF and 8M NaOH had the highest removal efficiency of silicon, detecting 0.21% wt Si and 0.32% wt Si respectively versus 23.8% wt Si before this process, however, using solutions of a low concentration of NaOH, a silicon weight percentage lower than 0.6% is detected. Therefore, the HF could be replaced by NaOH avoiding possible damage to the structure of MNC due to the effect of HF and contributing to the safety of researchers and the environment.
This document describes research on modifying cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) through surface chemical reactions to improve their dispersion and mechanical reinforcement properties when used in wood coatings. CNC was reacted with either alkyl quaternary ammonium bromides or acryloyl chloride to introduce new surface functional groups. The modified CNC showed better dispersion in aqueous acrylic coatings and conferred improved scratch resistance when incorporated into coatings applied to sugar maple wood, with abrasion test results indicating improvements of 24-38% over coatings containing unmodified CNC. Characterization of the modified CNC confirmed the introduction of new surface functionalities without significantly altering the CNC structure.
IRJET - Production and Characterization of Biomass BriquettesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the production and characterization of biomass briquettes. Sawdust, rice husk, and groundnut shell were used as raw materials to produce briquettes through densification and a binding agent. The briquettes were then characterized to determine properties like volatile matter content, ash content, fixed carbon, calorific value, ignition time, and burning rate. The results showed that the briquettes had calorific values similar to coal and could serve as an alternative fuel. The production of biomass briquettes provides a renewable energy source and makes use of agricultural waste.
Premier Chemicals provides purification and treatment of gases using various catalysts and adsorbents. They supply calcium chloride and develop nano hollow fibre technology to efficiently absorb contaminants from gas streams. Their patented hollow fibre design offers high surface area, low pressure drop, and fast regeneration compared to traditional packed beds.
This document discusses microwave-assisted pyrolysis of plastic waste. It begins by introducing the problem of increasing plastic waste and discusses pyrolysis as a potential solution. It then describes the design of a microwave reactor for pyrolyzing plastic waste, with a quartz reactor vessel and ability to heat using microwaves. Experiments were conducted with a mixture of plastics and carbon black as the microwave absorber. Products were analyzed using various techniques and the char was characterized. The results suggest microwave pyrolysis may be an effective way to treat plastic waste.
Kaolinite/Polypropylene Nanocomposites. Part 1: CompoundingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on producing and analyzing kaolinite/polypropylene nanocomposites. Three types of polypropylene (PP) and kaolinite powder were compounded at various formulations from 0-30% kaolinite content using a twin-screw extruder. The compounded pellets were then extruded to produce fibers for further drawing or filaments for 3D printing. Melt flow properties and crystallization temperatures were analyzed for the different PP/kaolinite compositions. The crystallization temperature increase with kaolinite content indicates kaolinite acts as a nucleating agent for PP crystallization. Fibers, filaments, and 3D printed specimens were produced to characterize the
Allteq Industries offers an advanced CO2 micro-cleaning system that uses CO2 particles to remove particulate contamination from semiconductor devices and other products in a non-destructive manner. The CO2 cleaning process controls parameters like particle size and density to precisely target contamination. It is more effective than conventional CO2 snow cleaning due to better energy control and adaptation to existing cleaning processes. The CO2 cleaning system is suitable for cleaning operations before and after various semiconductor manufacturing steps and is unlikely to damage products if set up and monitored properly. It has potential to increase yields by reducing particulate defects but results will vary depending on the application and existing contamination issues.
This document summarizes a presentation on novel storage and battery materials. It discusses the need for alternative energy sources and energy storage to address climate change and globalization trends. Storing energy from renewable sources like wind and solar is one of the biggest barriers to their adoption. Complementary use of hydrogen fuel cells and battery storage is seen as key. The presentation describes using inkjet printing to nano-functionalize battery electrodes to improve performance, lower costs, and enhance long-term stability. Specifically, it discusses infiltrating solid oxide fuel cell electrodes and printing lithium-sulfur battery cathodes with promising results such as specific capacities over 400 mAh/g after 100 cycles. Commercialization of the inkjet printing technology is suggested
This document summarizes research on synthesizing polylactide/clay nanocomposites by in situ polymerization of D,L-lactide monomer in supercritical carbon dioxide. Polylactide chains were grafted onto clay surfaces, leading to exfoliated nanocomposite morphologies. High clay content "masterbatches" of 30-50% clay were produced and used to create commercial polylactide nanocomposites with 3% clay by melt blending. The resulting nanocomposites showed improved stiffness, toughness, and impact resistance compared to pure polylactide.
ECO-FRIENDLY AND SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS PROGRESSING CIRCULAR ECONOMYiQHub
Budenheim offers sustainable solutions for the life science and materials science markets, including circular economy solutions. They have expertise in polymer processing and formulation. Their products include masterbatches, flame retardants, and additives that provide benefits such as lightweighting, energy efficiency, and improved performance while reducing CO2 emissions. Their foaming agents can reduce part weight by over 10% through cellular structure formation. They also offer color masterbatches that maximize recyclate usage and enable detection and sorting of colored plastics for recycling.
This document discusses nanocellulose and provides information on various topics related to municipal solid waste conversion technologies. It summarizes different methods for isolating cellulose and preparing nano-cellulose from biomass sources. The document also reviews several authors' works on nanocellulose and its applications. It identifies gaps in research, such as converting waste into energy and extracting nanocellulose from waste biomass. The objective is described as extracting nanocellulose from waste biomass and analyzing properties of composites made from the extracted cellulose.
This document discusses processes for separating, recycling, re-manufacturing and reusing carbon fibre from carbon fibre composites. It describes how pyrolysis is used to separate carbon fibres at high temperatures. The recovered fibres can be converted into pellets, powder or plates for reuse. Testing shows recycled carbon fibres have 10-20% lower strength than virgin fibres but offer 20-40% cost savings. Recycled fibres could be used in injection molding, additive manufacturing or to reinforce advanced materials like ceramics. Developing efficient recycling methods is important as carbon fibre use increases in industries like aviation and automotive.
This document discusses the application of inkjet printing nano-functionalization in energy materials and devices. It describes how inkjet printing can be used to infiltrate nanoparticles into solid oxide fuel cell electrodes to improve performance metrics like area specific resistance and degradation rates. The document also summarizes work using inkjet printing to fabricate lithium-sulfur battery cathodes with hierarchically porous carbon structures, achieving high capacities and coulombic efficiencies. Finally, the document promotes CAMJet Group Ltd.'s commercialization of inkjet printing technologies for processing functional materials.
This document discusses carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from power plant flue gases. It begins by outlining the need to reduce CO2 emissions due to constraints on emissions and fossil fuel resources. It then discusses various CO2 capture technologies currently used or under development for post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxy-fuel combustion processes. These include chemical absorption, adsorption, membranes, and cryogenic separation. The document also addresses the costs, challenges, and energy penalties associated with implementing CO2 capture at power plants.
Incineration Process for Solid Waste Management and Effective Utilization of ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses municipal solid waste incineration as a management option for solid waste. It describes the incineration process, which involves combusting waste materials to produce heat, flue gases, and ash. The by-products - heat, flue gases containing nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, and ash - can be effectively utilized. Heat can be used to generate electricity, flue gases can be processed to extract elements like sulfur for use in fertilizers and dental treatments, and ash can be used in construction materials. The document also outlines different incineration technologies, plant location considerations, and air pollution control methods used to clean flue gases before emission.
Use of Cow Dung Ash in Eco Friendly Concreteijtsrd
It has been estimated by World Health Organization WHO that about 5 of total CO2 released into the atmosphere is from cement industry. Besides being an natural toxin, the measure of warmth energy needed for creation of concrete is around 1500 °C which requires more energy. Cement concrete produced with ordinary cement are to be replaced by eco friendly concrete. Locally available waste material like rice husk ash, cow dung ash, animal waste ash etc can be a better option for the replacement of cement in concrete up to an extent. This paper presents the possibility of utilizing Cow dung ash CDA as a supplementary cementing material in cement concrete. Trial examinations completed to concentrate on the cow waste debris on the strength of cement. Concrete was to some extent supplanted with four rates 5 , 10 , 15 , and 20 of cow manure debris by weight. The compressive strength and flexural strengths of the concrete specimens were determined at 7, 14 and 28 days respectively. From the outcomes significant ends can be attracted terms of different boundaries like workability, flexural strength and compressive strength. Kapil Batham | Prof. M. C. Paliwal "Use of Cow Dung Ash in Eco Friendly Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46459.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46459/use-of-cow-dung-ash-in-eco-friendly-concrete/kapil-batham
Adhesive from Waste Petrol and Waste Thermocolijtsrd
In today's life the generation of plastic waste has become the serious issue. It causes serious health and ecological problems like breeding of mosquito's and if eaten by cattle and wild animals endangers their lives too, also it stops vegetation from grow obstructs in drain and piping, etc. The consumption of plastic has reached to 100 million tons, and this has caused increase in depletion of natural resources such as petroleum and natural gas etc. About 13 percent of the municipal solid waste is caused by plastic. 32 million tons of plastic waste was deposited in 2011, which is 12.7 percent of total MSW. Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide every year. More than 1 million bags are used every minute. The main aim of thi make useful product from waste thermocol i.e. adhesive. Tushar Aggarwal | Sanjay Aggarwal | Anurag Gupta "Adhesive from Waste Petrol and Waste Thermocol" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31344.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/31344/adhesive-from-waste-petrol-and-waste-thermocol/tushar-aggarwal
In today’s life the generation of plastic waste has become the serious issue. It causes serious health and ecological problems like breeding of mosquito’s and if eaten by cattle and wild animals endangers their lives too, also it stops vegetation from grow obstructs in drain and piping, etc. The consumption of plastic has reached to 100 million tons, and this has caused increase in depletion of natural resources such as petroleum and natural gas etc. About 13 percent of the municipal solid waste is caused by plastic. 32 million tons of plastic waste was deposited in 2011, which is 12.7 percent of total MSW. Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide every year. More than 1 million bags are used every minute. The main aim of thi make useful product from waste thermocol i.e. adhesive.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Second CELLUWOOD Newsletter (published in September 2014)
CELLUWOOD was a 4 years EU project, funded under the Eco Innovation research initiative. The project aims to develop a new range of structural elements made of wood by introducing innovative production elements and includes the use of cellulose instead of petroleum-based glue in the lamination of the timber products. The ‘physical’ results will be the strong eco-beams and columns and their most sustainable manufacturing technologies, in addition to significant environmental and cost benefits of the innovation. These are achieved by the introduction of the (new) technologies from other sectors (e.g. cellulose velvet, biocomposite reinforcement and bio-resin) for innovative uses in the defect removal and repairing, facilitating innovation in the use of nano/micro cellulose and bio-resin technologies in timber reengineering, and the development, testing and demonstration of the novel initiative products.
Coordinator and responsible of the project at AIDIMA: Miguel Ángel Abián
In the case of AIDIMA, this project is co-funded by IVACE (Instituto Valenciano de Competitividad Empresarial) and by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
El documento describe las rebeliones del conde Gonzalo Peláez contra el rey de León Alfonso VII entre 1132 y 1138. Narra cómo en 1132 el rey sitió los castillos de Tudela y Gauzón, que estaban bajo el control de Peláez, y cómo se acordó una tregua de un año. También habla de las posteriores rebeliones de Peláez desde sus castillos en Proaza, Buanga y Alba de Quirós, hasta que finalmente fue capturado y exiliado en Portugal, donde murió.
El que aproximadamente un 8% de la población mundial sea daltónica, parece un porcentaje demasiado elevado como para considerar el daltonismo como un defecto genético. Esta diferencia genética, ha de tener, sin duda, algún tipo de compensación y reportar algún tipo de beneficio o ventaja a los individuos que la presentan. De otra forma, el porcentaje de daltónicos debiera ser mucho menor, al igual que sucede con todas las anomalías genéticas que no conllevan beneficios. Conoce lo esencial sobre el daltonismo en 5 minutos.
Más vídeos sobre daltonismo en: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjeGqfw4YNkUDd1CNrnB3HHCgP4-thd0y
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This document discusses municipal solid waste incineration as a management option for solid waste. It describes the incineration process, which involves combusting waste materials to produce heat, flue gases, and ash. The by-products - heat, flue gases containing nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, and ash - can be effectively utilized. Heat can be used to generate electricity, flue gases can be processed to extract elements like sulfur for use in fertilizers and dental treatments, and ash can be used in construction materials. The document also outlines different incineration technologies, plant location considerations, and air pollution control methods used to clean flue gases before emission.
Use of Cow Dung Ash in Eco Friendly Concreteijtsrd
It has been estimated by World Health Organization WHO that about 5 of total CO2 released into the atmosphere is from cement industry. Besides being an natural toxin, the measure of warmth energy needed for creation of concrete is around 1500 °C which requires more energy. Cement concrete produced with ordinary cement are to be replaced by eco friendly concrete. Locally available waste material like rice husk ash, cow dung ash, animal waste ash etc can be a better option for the replacement of cement in concrete up to an extent. This paper presents the possibility of utilizing Cow dung ash CDA as a supplementary cementing material in cement concrete. Trial examinations completed to concentrate on the cow waste debris on the strength of cement. Concrete was to some extent supplanted with four rates 5 , 10 , 15 , and 20 of cow manure debris by weight. The compressive strength and flexural strengths of the concrete specimens were determined at 7, 14 and 28 days respectively. From the outcomes significant ends can be attracted terms of different boundaries like workability, flexural strength and compressive strength. Kapil Batham | Prof. M. C. Paliwal "Use of Cow Dung Ash in Eco Friendly Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46459.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46459/use-of-cow-dung-ash-in-eco-friendly-concrete/kapil-batham
Adhesive from Waste Petrol and Waste Thermocolijtsrd
In today's life the generation of plastic waste has become the serious issue. It causes serious health and ecological problems like breeding of mosquito's and if eaten by cattle and wild animals endangers their lives too, also it stops vegetation from grow obstructs in drain and piping, etc. The consumption of plastic has reached to 100 million tons, and this has caused increase in depletion of natural resources such as petroleum and natural gas etc. About 13 percent of the municipal solid waste is caused by plastic. 32 million tons of plastic waste was deposited in 2011, which is 12.7 percent of total MSW. Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide every year. More than 1 million bags are used every minute. The main aim of thi make useful product from waste thermocol i.e. adhesive. Tushar Aggarwal | Sanjay Aggarwal | Anurag Gupta "Adhesive from Waste Petrol and Waste Thermocol" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31344.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/31344/adhesive-from-waste-petrol-and-waste-thermocol/tushar-aggarwal
In today’s life the generation of plastic waste has become the serious issue. It causes serious health and ecological problems like breeding of mosquito’s and if eaten by cattle and wild animals endangers their lives too, also it stops vegetation from grow obstructs in drain and piping, etc. The consumption of plastic has reached to 100 million tons, and this has caused increase in depletion of natural resources such as petroleum and natural gas etc. About 13 percent of the municipal solid waste is caused by plastic. 32 million tons of plastic waste was deposited in 2011, which is 12.7 percent of total MSW. Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide every year. More than 1 million bags are used every minute. The main aim of thi make useful product from waste thermocol i.e. adhesive.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Second CELLUWOOD Newsletter (published in September 2014)
CELLUWOOD was a 4 years EU project, funded under the Eco Innovation research initiative. The project aims to develop a new range of structural elements made of wood by introducing innovative production elements and includes the use of cellulose instead of petroleum-based glue in the lamination of the timber products. The ‘physical’ results will be the strong eco-beams and columns and their most sustainable manufacturing technologies, in addition to significant environmental and cost benefits of the innovation. These are achieved by the introduction of the (new) technologies from other sectors (e.g. cellulose velvet, biocomposite reinforcement and bio-resin) for innovative uses in the defect removal and repairing, facilitating innovation in the use of nano/micro cellulose and bio-resin technologies in timber reengineering, and the development, testing and demonstration of the novel initiative products.
Coordinator and responsible of the project at AIDIMA: Miguel Ángel Abián
In the case of AIDIMA, this project is co-funded by IVACE (Instituto Valenciano de Competitividad Empresarial) and by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).
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Additive manufacturing of porous carbons.ppsx
1. J. Ángel Menéndez
INCAR-CSIC
angelmd@incar.csic.es
Raúl Llamas-Unzueta, J Angel Menéndez, Luis A Ramírez-Montoya, Jaime Viña,
Antonio Argüelles, Miguel A Montes-Morán “3-D structured porous carbons
with virtually any shape from whey powders.” Carbon 175 (2021) 403-412.
2. Thank you Professor Carrot for
how much I have learned from
you and for the great moments
that we share.
3. J. Ángel Menéndez
INCAR-CSIC
angelmd@incar.csic.es
Raúl Llamas-Unzueta, J Angel Menéndez, Luis A Ramírez-Montoya, Jaime Viña,
Antonio Argüelles, Miguel A Montes-Morán “3-D structured porous carbons
with virtually any shape from whey powders.” Carbon 175 (2021) 403-412.
5. Now it is possible to design and manufacture prototypes, or other
objects, at very low cost using 3D printers.
The power to design and manufacture is no longer in large
companies or research centers, but in people.
Do It Yourself (but with the help of the community and helping others by
sharing).
Its goal is to democratize access to Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and
Mathematics (STEAM) by using collaborative digital media (social networks,
open source practices, crowdfunding…)
6. Our mothers were able to
make their own sweater.
Our children can make their own toys and
share them with the rest of the world.
10. Carbon Black, Carbon Fiber, Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
Composites (FDM) and Graphene Aerogels (Paste Extrusion 3D Printing)
https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201405046
Adv.Mater.2015, 27, 1688–1693
500-100 μm
nozzles
YES
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2017.04.003
11.
12. Why not?
Our goal is to add design to active carbons by
producing porous carbon structures that can be
pre-engineered, not only in their porosity and
surface chemistry, but also in their morphology.
Idea CAD STL Slicer 3DPrinter Piece
GDCode
Internet
Ultimaker CURA
STL Finder
SD, USB
13. J. Ángel Menéndez, I. Martín-Gullón. Types of carbon adsorbents and their production
in Activated carbon surfaces in environmental remediation (Interface sci. and technol.
series, 7. T. Bandosz Ed. ELSEVIER 2006 (ISBN: 0-12-370536-3) Ch. 1, 1-48
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4285(06)80010-4
14. Powder
750-1500 €/ ton
Granular
750-2000 €/ton
Cloths and felts
5-20 €/m2
Monoliths
500-1500 €/m3
Pellets
1000-2000 €/ton
And now?
When "design" is added to activated carbons, the price
by weight is no longer an issue and they are sold by
area or volume, increasing the price by weight.
Therefore, design adds value to the active carbons.
Average prices on
Alibaba.com (2020)
15. 6DCarbons are porous carbons that can be shaped in customized 3D structures using casting or additive
manufacturing techniques. Besides, the walls of these carbon structures contain a hierarchical porous network
composed by pores from nanometers to microns.
6DCarbons
J. Ángel Menéndez, Miguel A. Montes-Morán, Ana Arenillas, Luis A. Ramírez-Montoya, Raúl Llamas-Unzueta. “Porous shaped carbon
monolith obtained from lactoserum, method of obtention and uses”. WO2021069770 Patent
("Custom 3D Porous Carbon Structures" is too long a name)
What are 6DCarbons?
17. Porogen
It uses a photoresin and an organic porogen that is removed by
extraction from the green monolith
https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201901340
It uses a UV-curable photoresin
to print a structure with pores of
250-1000 mm that after
carbonization are reduced to
pores of 100-500 mm. During
carbonization, 2-5 mm secondary
pores are also formed.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.11.070
Thermoplastic polymers cannot be
carbonized without losing their shape.
Therefore, to obtain porous structures,
it is necessary to use complex processes
that use sophisticated (i) thermoset
precursors like photopolymers and/or
(ii) templates that need to be removed
or (iii) mixtures of thermoplastic resins
and phenolic resins.
It uses a thermoplastic resin that after 3D printing is
coated with a resorcinol-formaldehyde resin and
hydrothermally carbonized. The structures are
macro/meso porous.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.02.069
It uses a thermoplastic resin
mixed with graphite and a
phenolic resin to print a
lattice that is impregnated
with nano-silica. Subsequent
pyrolysis eliminates the
thermoplastic giving rise to
macropores and subsequent
dissolution of the silica
produces micropores.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-011-9501-x
Monodispersed
SiO2 spheres
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2018.05.044
It uses a starch + gelatin + silica spheres in an extrusion
printer. Dissolution of the silica after carbonization
produces micropores.
(i)
(i+ii)
(i+ii) (ii+ iii) (iii)
19. In 2011, world whey production was estimated to be around 180
to 190 × 106 ton/year ; of this amount only 50% is processed.
Whey is a very difficult residue to dispose because its high
BOD/COD and water content (ca. 90 wt%).
It may be interesting to find new ways to valorize whey.
Whey is 100% sustainable natural product.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2008.03.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.05.055
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-016-9402-1
https://www.clal.it/en/index.php?section=whey
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.066
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.01.059
Whey has been investigated to produce N-rich powdered active carbons.
Environmental reasons
20. Two simple methods to produce complex
structures of porous carbon.
Whey powders experiment a “pseudo-sintering
process” at ca. 150 ºC
After carbonization a
porous carbon structure,
that maintains the initial
shape, is obtained.
Green structures
Porous carbon
Structures with
high mechanical
resistance
At around 150 ºC, the whey releases a
mixture of sugars and proteins that bind
the particles together.
Maillard reaction
Extrusion-based 3D Printing
Selective laser sintering
(SLS)
WHEY
90 wt%
H2O
H2O content adjustment
Partial Dehydration
Spray Drying
3wt% H2O
Powders of whey
Rehydration
Sintratec kit
1b
By controlling the water content
an extrudable paste can be
obtained
20 -30 wt% H2O
Sinter by heating
in a mold
Molds can be
prototyped with
3D printing
Extruder
24. * Considered as a residue.
Replacing 10 wt% of
traditional binders with
whey would represent
170,000 t/year of
recycled whey
Extruded pellets of coconut shell
char and liquid (partially
dehydrated) whey* (as a binder)
(*)N2 / (**)CO2 Molecular Sieve Properties?
Carbonized
450 ºC
Activated
CO2/800ºC
Commercial
( from coal)
Commercial
(from char)
Yield (%) 71.8 49.8 -- --
ρr (g/cm3) 1.56 2.04 2.09 2.05
ρbulk (g/cm3) 0.60 0.56 0.77 0.70
Porosity (%) 62.47 72.98 63.30 65.74
Ia (%) <1 <1 1.7 <1
SBET (m2/g)* 0 991 1095 809
Vmicro (cm3/g)* 0* / 0.0743** 0.4029 0.3808 0.326
Vmeso (cm3/g)* -- 0.0305 0.1727 0.07
Vp (cm3/g)* -- 0.4334 0.5535 0.396
25. Other Possibilities
Carbon Black
C Nanotubes
Graphene
Metals
Oxides
Infiltration
SiC
Intensity
(cps)
6DCarbons with High
Porosity and High
Electrical Conductivity
50 wt% SiO2
50 wt% Whey
Up to 75% by weight of SiO2 can be
mixed with whey and processed
without losing shape and with
acceptable mechanical properties of
the resulting monoliths.
26. Experimental conditions (route 1: sintering)
Carbonization
CO2 activation
KOH activation
H3PO4 activation
W: whey, S: stabilized monolith CW: carbonized whey,
TAW: thermally activated with CO2, CAS: chemically activated
N2
N2
Impregnation
KOH
H3PO4
N2
CO2
S
S
S
The shape is preserved after carbonization
or activation and the pieces obtained are
compact and resistant to machining.
27. SEM
6DCarbon structures have a hierarchical porosity composed of
micropores, mesopores, and large macropores (up to 400 mm),
which gives them a high permeability (≈ 1 - 4 darcy, 10-12 m).
Hg Porosimetry
N2 Isotherms
CO2 activation
H3PO4 activation
Carbonization
KOH activation
MEGALOPORES
MACROPORES
MESOPORES &
MICROPORES
28. The shape is preserved during carbonization, however the pieces experience an shrinkage of ca. 22%
(at Tº > 750 ºC) in each direction (XYZ) regardless of the method used in their manufacture. Yields
vary from 33 wt% to 25 wt%, depending on the temperature used in the carbonization.
29. Ibeh, P. et al. "Activated carbon monoliths from lignocellulosic biomass waste for electrochemical applications." Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2019
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2019.02.019
Taubert M. et al. “Attempts to design porous carbon monoliths using porous concrete as a template”, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2014.06.005
Zhong Y. et al. “Synthesis of a novel porous material comprising carbon/alumina composite aerogels monoliths with high compressive strength”, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2013
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.01.021
Wang S. et al. “Fabricating Mechanically Robust Binder‐Free Structured Zeolites by 3D Printing Coupled with Zeolite Soldering: A Superior Configuration for CO2 Capture”, Advanced Science, 2019
https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201901317
Woodard P. et al. “The mechanical properties and osteoconductivity of hydroxyapatite bone scaffolds with multi-scale porosity”, Biomaterials, 2007
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.08.021
Bose S, Roy M, and Bandyopadhyay A. "Recent advances in bone tissue engineering scaffolds." Trends in biotechnology, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.07.005
Yan Y. et al. “Vascularized 3D printed scaffolds for promoting bone regeneration”. Biomaterials, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.10.033
Carboprint® https://www.sglcarbon.com/en/markets-solutions/material/carboprint
32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.08.037
Most of these technologies are designed
to print graphene or carbon nanotubes (to
increase electrical conductivity), but the
combination with activated carbon would
also offer a much larger surface area.
M Canal-Rodríguez, A Arenillas, N Rey-Raap, G Ramos-
Fernández, I Martín-Gullón, J A Menéndez (2017) Graphene-
doped carbon xerogel combining high electrical conductivity
and surface area for optimized aqueous supercapacitors
Carbon 118: 291-298.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.03.059
https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603486
Electrochemical applications
33. The detection layer is printed on a 3D printer
that extrudes a mixture of thermoplastic
polyurethane, microporous carbon black
and NaCl, which leaves micron-sized pores
after dissolving with H2O.
https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201807569
3D printed porous
carbons structures
are also possible to
design rigid, but
much easier to
manufacture,
sensors .
https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201902521
An inkjet printer is used to print a sugar
template, which is infiltrated with silicone
elastomers. Then the sugar is dissolved
with H2O and the resulting porous
structure is coated with SWCNT.
Electrochemical applications
34. Enhanced heat transfer properties
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.10.133
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2019.07.013
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aas9459
https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201700829
If we can do similar
structures with a porous
carbon, we could have
the advantages that
activated carbons offer;
such as a high specific
surface area or versatile
surface chemistry.
Chemical engineering applications
35. These are relatively simple
reactors. Other designs would
be possible that maximize the
area exposed to light and
minimize volume.
Why not a Sunflower-inspired photoreactor?
3D Design taken from Cults. “Tournesol-Numerique”. Author: OASISK
Chemical engineering applications
https://doi.org/10.1021/ie900859z
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2004.06.009
Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology
https://doi.org/10.3103/S1063455X09040043
Lab Scale
Large Scale
Gemasolar, Very Large Scale
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2011.12.007
36. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CS00631D
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2018.12.013
Reactors or parts could be
manufactured using 3D printed
porous carbon structures.
https://doi.org/10.1680/nme/13.00021
3D printed gas-liquid contactor
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.05.016
6DC as membranes
or membrane
supports?
Custom shape and wall thickness
Hierarchical and tunable porosity
Pressure, acid and temperature resistant
Can be coated or infiltrated
Chemical engineering applications
37. Biomedical engineering applications
https://doi.org/10.1556/1846.2017.00013
https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04471
https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b04980
ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng
Bioreactors combining scaffolds
for enzyme or bacteria
immobilization and membranes
require versatile porous materials.
https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201800030
3D Design of a “Continuous Flow Reactor Mold”.
Taken from thingiverse. Author: J. Langner
A mold for a continuous flow reactor can be
built using a 3D printer. This mold can be
used to make a porous carbon reactor,
which offers a large surface area and
multiple sites for the support of enzymes or
bacteria, following the process based on
sintering of whey powder and subsequent
carbonization.
39. Biomedical engineering applications
Viability > 70% indicates that
the material is not cytotoxic.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9091091
Non-cytotoxic and bioactive behavior.
Porosity between 48% and 58%, with a hierarchical pore
size distribution ranging from 1 to 400 mm.
Elastic modulus up to three times better than those of
traditional Hydroxyapatite (HA) or Tricalcium Phosphate
(TCP) scaffolds with similar porosities.
3D printing of Whey/HA /TCP mixtures
Next
40. Adding design to activated carbons makes
them more versatile materials increasing their
applications and value.
Idea CAD STL Slicer 3DPrinter Piece
GDCode
Internet
Ultimaker CURA
Cults, STL finder
SD, USB