The document provides an overview of AD/DA conversion techniques. It discusses what AD and DA converters are, how they work, and some of their common applications. It then covers various conversion methods like successive approximation, flash, integrating, sigma-delta, as well as digital coding methods and sources of error in waveform digitization. Examples of AD/DA applications at CERN are also presented involving applications from low to high speed. Key circuits like sample and hold, R-2R ladders for DACs, and basic ADC designs are reviewed.
The content is related to Analog electronics. The prEsentation contains ADC process, Sampling and holding, Quantizing and encoding, Flash ADC, Pipeline ADC etc.
The content is related to Analog electronics. The prEsentation contains ADC process, Sampling and holding, Quantizing and encoding, Flash ADC, Pipeline ADC etc.
Simple description about the analog and digital signals
and a description about analog to digital conversion &
digital to analog conversion..............
A to D Convertors
work to convert analog (continuous, infinitely variable) signals to digital (discrete-time, discrete-amplitude) signals. In more practical terms, an ADC converts an analog input, such as a microphone collecting sound, into a digital signal.
Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) is an integral part of high-speed signal processing applications. This paper discusses about 10-bit SAR based ADC that enables very low power consumption and sampling rate as high as 165 MSPS.
ADC stands for analog to digital converter,it is use to convert analog signal to digital.In Embedded system this is very important because various device give analog input but micro-controller is process only digital input.
Basics covering analog signals, PLC analog input modules, transducers/transmitters and the wiring of input transducers/transmitters to the PLC analog input module. Single ended and differential wiring are also discussed.
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Simple description about the analog and digital signals
and a description about analog to digital conversion &
digital to analog conversion..............
A to D Convertors
work to convert analog (continuous, infinitely variable) signals to digital (discrete-time, discrete-amplitude) signals. In more practical terms, an ADC converts an analog input, such as a microphone collecting sound, into a digital signal.
Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) is an integral part of high-speed signal processing applications. This paper discusses about 10-bit SAR based ADC that enables very low power consumption and sampling rate as high as 165 MSPS.
ADC stands for analog to digital converter,it is use to convert analog signal to digital.In Embedded system this is very important because various device give analog input but micro-controller is process only digital input.
Basics covering analog signals, PLC analog input modules, transducers/transmitters and the wiring of input transducers/transmitters to the PLC analog input module. Single ended and differential wiring are also discussed.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
1. AD/DA Conversion Techniques
-
An Overview
J. G. Pett
Introductory tutorial lecture for :-
‘Analogue and digital techniques in
closed-loop regulation applications’
17/09/2002
for terminology see Analog Devices Inc.
2. AD/DA
Introduction to the subject
Understanding conversion methods
Methods
Parameters
The past, the present and the future
3. Introduction
What are AD/DA Converters
What are they used for
Why do you need to know how they work
Digital coding methods
Waveform digitising
CERN examples
4. What are AD/DA
Converters (1)
An Analog to Digital converter [AD or ADC]
is an electronic circuit which accepts an
analog input signal (usually a voltage) and
produces a corresponding digital number at
the output
An Digital to Analog converter [DA or DAC]
is an electronic circuit which accepts a
digital number at its input and produces a
corresponding analog signal (usually a
voltage) at the output
They exist as modules, ICs, or fully
integrated inside other parts, e.g. µCs
6. What are AD/DA Converters (2)
ADC 1 DAC 1
ADC 2
COMPUTER
or µP/µC
12
16
16
Digital
discrete time world
Analog
continuous time world
Analog
continuous time world
The
Real
World
The
Real
World
Typical AD & DA Application
+/-10v
+/-5v
+/-10v
7. What are they used for
Any time a real world analog signal is
connected to a digital system
CD players, GSMs, DVMs, Digital Camcorders
etc, etc
CERN control systems & instruments
HOWEVER, each application has particular
needs
Resolution - number of bits
Speed and Accuracy
Level of input/output waveforms
Cost etc
8. Why do you need to know
how they work
Because the theoretical course you will
shortly undertake assumes perfect
converter products - BUT
Practical converters have :
Many conversion methods - why
Trade-offs between resolution and speeds +
delays
Different methods of “sampling” the
waveforms
A large number of basic and method-dependent
error sources
Manufacturers specifications which ‘differ’ -
AND
Almost all converters need some analog ‘signal
conditioning’ which is application dependent
9. Digital coding methods (1)
8,10,12,14,16,18, 20-24bits?
Most/Least significant bit
MSB/LSB
Uni-polar, bipolar, straight
binary, 2’s complement -
invert MSB
Parallel I/O or serial [delay]
Bytes or words
Double buffering
Digital ‘breakthrough’
Digital correction methods
Time skewing & jitter
0v
+10v
-10v
0000 FFFF
8000
AD/DA Transfer Characteristic
0000 7FFF
FFFF
8000
11. Waveform digitising (1)
A waveform is ‘digitised’ (sampled) at a constant
rate D t
Each such sample represents the instantaneous
amplitude at the instant of sampling
Between samples the value remains constant [zero
order hold]
What errors can occur in this process ?
time
Digital
value
12. Waveform digitising (2)
A & B show aliasing in the time domain
C & D show a different case in the frequency
domain
- it is important to understand these effects
A
B
C
D
13. Waveform digitising errors
For a DAC
output waveform is a ‘distorted’ version of original
higher frequencies not reproduced - aliasing ?
‘average shape’ displaced in time
‘sharp’ edges need filtering
For an ADC
converter sampling errors
with a ‘sample & hold’ circuit ahead of the converter?
integrating action during part, or all of the sample-time
?
conversion time
data ‘available’ delay
aliasing - [ is multiplication of input spectrum and
fs]
…[must ‘remove’ all spectrum > fs/2 before
sampling]
14. Sampling rate
Nyquist rate = 2x highest frequency of
interest
Practically, - always sample at least 5x, or
higher
Ensure ADCs have input filtering [anti-alias]
where necessary [large hf signals]
Filter DAC outputs to remove higher
frequencies and switching ‘glitches’
‘Over-sampling’ converters sample x4 to
x500 - this may reduce above problems
and/or extend resolution
15. CERN examples
Many PLCs with analog values, such as
temperature, to measure : 10 - 12bit <10kHz
PS, SPS, LHC control instrumentation, such
as power converter control, regulation and
monitoring : 16 - 22bit <1kHz
Beam instrumentation, experiments : high
speed: 10 - 12bit 25ns
ETC ETC
20. Some very simple ideas
ADC =
precise reference voltage
comparison of divider value with unknown [analog input]
“digitally adjustable” divider or potentiometer [output
value]
DAC =
precise reference voltage ……. {multiplying dac}
“digitally adjustable” divider or potentiometer [input
value]
optional output amplifier of pot. value [analog output]
=
‘Digitally set’
potentiometer
dial
Comparator
equal
Vref
Unknown
voltage
DAC ADC
Vdac
21. DAC circuits (1)
Summation of binary weighted currents
Modern DACs use the ‘R-2R ladder’
Simplified binary weighted resistor DAC
8.75V
9.375
max.
R - 2R ladder DAC
22. DAC circuits (2)
Important circuit concepts
Resistor tracking - temp. & time > ratios
Switch is part of R [on & off resistance]
Limits for tracking and adjustment
Switch transition times - glitches
Switched current sources are faster
Other DAC methods
DC performance not needed for all uses
Different ladders, Caps. as well as Resistors
PWM, F>V
Sigma-Delta
Performance cannot be better than the Reference
- {multiplying DAC concept}
23. Basic ADC circuits (1)
Digitising begins with a ‘start’ pulse
DAC is ramped up from zero
counter stopped by comparator when Vin = DAC out
ADC output is counter value
Tracking ADC
Simple ramp and comparator ADC
start Binary output
Unknown
analog
input
24. Basic ADC circuits (2)
This ADC circuit is limited and rarely used
WHY -
slow
variable time to give result
input signal can vary during digitising
Successive Approximation ADC solves these
problems - using
complex logic to test and retain each DAC bit
a sample and hold circuit ahead of the
comparator
26. Flash ADC
The fastest process <50nsecs
Limited resolution typically 8 -
10bits
Half-flash technique is cheaper
Flash
Half-Flash
analog
input
analog
input
Vref
Vref
27. Sample & Hold Circuit (1)
Essential for defining the ‘exact’ moment of
sampling
Circuit introduces other error sources [ see (2) ]
LF398
28. Sample & Hold Circuit (2)
Storage Capacitor Waveform
Editor's Notes
Good Afternoon Everyone
My name is John Pett SL/PO group and I have been working with AD/DA conversion for all of my career at Cern some 36 years
Now today we have an important introduction to this subject and since I have some 50 odd slides it would be good to know my audience a little.
Would all of you who have NO knowledge about the subject please raise their hands
Fine, now all of you who have actually bought an ADC or a DAC and made it work please raise their hands.
THANKS Now as this is going to be a long tutorial and you may well forget any questions, I would propose that at the end of each slide please raise any immediate questions. Either I will note them on the blackboard or answer them immediately. Equally, at the end of each major section I will answer any general questions.
Now the aim is to give you all a feel about the subject and some fairly basic information to take to the other courses. This is not a design course so many of my diagrams are simple but remember that the circuit design detail is what is so important to success.
SO LETS GET GOING