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Adaptation in forest and agricultural systems
- 1. November 12, 2022 COP27 Ecosystem-based Adaptation Solutions in Food and Forestry Systems Dr. Rachel Bezner Kerr Professor, Cornell University IPCC WGII CLA Chp.5 SIXTH ASSESSMENT REPORT Working Group II – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
- 2. Adaptation in Forests • Conservation, protection and restoration in natural forests; • Sustainable forest management, diversifying and adjusting tree species compositions to build resilience, and managing increased risks from pests and diseases and wildfires. • Cooperation, and inclusive decision making, with local communities and Indigenous Peoples, as well as recognition of inherent rights of Indigenous Peoples, is integral to successful forest adaptation in many areas.
- 3. Ecosystem-based Adaptation Approaches • Ecosystems, biodiversity and climate systems deeply connected • Effective Ecosystem-based Adaptation reduces a range of climate change risks to people, biodiversity and ecosystem services with multiple co-benefits • Agroecology principles and practices, ecosystem-based management in fisheries, & other approaches that work with natural processes can be key strategies in adaptation & migitation • Many co-benefits e.g. food security, nutrition, health, livelihoods, biodiversity.
- 4. Agroecosystem Diversification o Multiple spatial & temporal patterns e.g. intercrops, crop rotation, hedgerow diversity, agroforestry, integrated crop livestock systems; o Improves regulating and supporting ecosystem services such as pest control, soil fertility and health, pollination, nutrient cycling, water regulation, buffering of temperature extremes, yield stability and reduced risk of crop loss. o Example: study in Canada compared diversified rotations vs corn, found significant positive yield impacts, yield stability and increased soil organic carbon under both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 by 2100. (Jarecki et al., 2018, cited in IPCC Chp. 5: 746)
- 5. Barriers & Strategies to Increase Agroecosystem Diversification Barriers: • Policy disincentives (e.g. subsidies) • Limited research and investment • Low access to seeds, infrastructure, markets • Knowledge and capacity to manage complexity Strategies: • Shifting subsidies to diversified systems • Public procurement for diversified products • Supporting shorter regional value chains, agritourism • Lower insurance premiums • Payments for ecosystem services Photo credit: Rachel Bezner Kerr
- 6. Planning & Implementation Approaches Key • Adaptation planning and implementation that does not consider adverse outcomes for different groups can lead to maladaptation, increasing exposure to risks, marginalising people from certain socio-economic or livelihood groups, and exacerbating inequity. • Inclusive planning initiatives informed by cultural values, Indigenous knowledge, local knowledge, and scientific knowledge can help prevent maladaptation. [Alexander Schimmeck-MraFXV3v7Ts-Unsplash]
- 7. THANK YOU @IPCC www.ipcc.ch IPCC Secretariat: ipcc-sec@wmo.int IPCC Press Office: ipcc-media@wmo.int @IPCC_CH linkedin.com/company/ipcc For More Information: Follow Us: / Dr. Rachel Bezner Kerr Cornell University rbeznerkerr@cornell.edu @rbeznerkerr #IPCCReport
Editor's Notes
- Report highlights interdependence of ecosystems, biodiversity and climate change. Trade-offs and barriers associated with such approaches include costs of establishment, access to inputs and viable markets, new knowledge and management (high confidence) and their potential effectiveness varies by socio-economic context, ecosystem zone, species combinations and institutional support (medium confidence). Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) strategies, such as diversification, land restoration, agroecology, and agroforestry, have the potential to strengthen food system resilience to climate change. - EbA support ecosystem services and long-term land productivity. - For example, agroforestry and agroecology can increase biodiversity, diversify farm production, and sustain key ecosystem services (pollination, water quality) that in turn support food production systems. - Some socio-economic trade-offs exists, which will need to be address with integrated policy addressing, for example, dietary shifts.
- Strengthens resilience to climate change, with socioeconomic and environmental co-benefits, but trade-offs & benefits vary by socio-ecological context (high confidence); Example: study in Canada compared diversified rotations vs corn, found significant positive yield impacts, yield stability and increased soil organic carbon under both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 by 2100. Variable impacts depending on crop combination, agroecosystem;
- Sheep example in France