This document provides information on lower respiratory tract infections including bronchitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary tuberculosis. It defines each condition and discusses causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, medical management, nursing management, and prevention. Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses or bacteria. Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs that can be bacterial, viral, or fungal in origin. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic lung infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Standard treatments and preventative measures are outlined for each condition.
This document discusses bronchial asthma and status asthmaticus. It defines asthma as a chronic airway inflammation causing recurrent wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. Asthma is diagnosed based on symptoms and physical exam findings. It outlines the management of chronic asthma including the use of controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids and reliever medications during exacerbations. The document also discusses diagnosing asthma in children, differential diagnoses, education on proper inhaler technique and asthma triggers. Status asthmaticus is defined as a life-threatening exacerbation requiring emergency treatment and hospitalization.
This document provides information on the management of asthma in both hospital and outpatient settings. It begins with definitions and descriptions of asthma. It then discusses diagnosis, including taking a medical history and using peak expiratory flow measurements. Physical exam findings are outlined. Management goals are defined as good control of symptoms and lung function. Education of patients is emphasized. Criteria for admission to the hospital or seeking medical attention are provided. Details are given on treatment in hospital and outpatient follow up care.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation of the airways causing symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. It can be triggered by allergens, infections, pollution, and other factors. There are two main types - intrinsic asthma which has no identifiable cause and extrinsic asthma triggered by allergies. Treatment involves bronchodilators to open airways, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, oxygen therapy, and avoiding triggers. Nursing care focuses on maintaining a clear airway, administering medications, monitoring for complications, and providing education to patients and families.
1. The document discusses the diagnosis and management of bronchial asthma. It covers the definition and symptoms of asthma, criteria for diagnosis, additional tests, and diagnostic flowchart.
2. Treatment approaches are outlined in a stepwise fashion based on asthma severity and control. Initial treatment involves inhaled corticosteroids with optional additions. Treatment is adjusted based on symptom control and exacerbations.
3. Management also addresses non-pharmacological strategies, specific populations, comorbidities, education and self-management plans, and follow-up care. The overall goal is long-term control of symptoms and risk reduction.
This document provides information on managing respiratory emergencies. It defines respiratory emergencies as medical situations involving difficulty or inability to breathe. The physiology of respiration is described. Common causes of respiratory emergencies include chronic lung diseases, infections, and failure of ventilation, diffusion, or perfusion. Assessment involves evaluating breathing rate, effort, and oxygen saturation. Specific emergencies discussed include status asthmaticus, acute exacerbation of COPD, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and acute pulmonary edema. Treatment priorities are oxygen therapy, ventilation support, fluids, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and antibiotics as needed.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder involving various immune cells. It then discusses the epidemiology of asthma globally and in India. The etiology involves both genetic and environmental factors. Clinical presentation includes wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests, imaging, and allergy testing. Treatment focuses on bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and other drugs to reduce inflammation and control symptoms. The goals are to prevent exacerbations and maintain normal lung function.
- Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood. It can range from mild to life-threatening.
- The document outlines guidelines for diagnosing and differentially diagnosing asthma in children ages 0-4 and 5-12. It also discusses evaluating severity and providing treatments accordingly, including bronchodilators, steroids, magnesium sulfate. For mild-moderate cases discharge with medications and follow-up may be appropriate, while severe or life-threatening cases should receive additional treatments and be considered for admission.
This document provides information on lower respiratory tract infections including bronchitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary tuberculosis. It defines each condition and discusses causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, medical management, nursing management, and prevention. Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses or bacteria. Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs that can be bacterial, viral, or fungal in origin. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic lung infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Standard treatments and preventative measures are outlined for each condition.
This document discusses bronchial asthma and status asthmaticus. It defines asthma as a chronic airway inflammation causing recurrent wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. Asthma is diagnosed based on symptoms and physical exam findings. It outlines the management of chronic asthma including the use of controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids and reliever medications during exacerbations. The document also discusses diagnosing asthma in children, differential diagnoses, education on proper inhaler technique and asthma triggers. Status asthmaticus is defined as a life-threatening exacerbation requiring emergency treatment and hospitalization.
This document provides information on the management of asthma in both hospital and outpatient settings. It begins with definitions and descriptions of asthma. It then discusses diagnosis, including taking a medical history and using peak expiratory flow measurements. Physical exam findings are outlined. Management goals are defined as good control of symptoms and lung function. Education of patients is emphasized. Criteria for admission to the hospital or seeking medical attention are provided. Details are given on treatment in hospital and outpatient follow up care.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation of the airways causing symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. It can be triggered by allergens, infections, pollution, and other factors. There are two main types - intrinsic asthma which has no identifiable cause and extrinsic asthma triggered by allergies. Treatment involves bronchodilators to open airways, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, oxygen therapy, and avoiding triggers. Nursing care focuses on maintaining a clear airway, administering medications, monitoring for complications, and providing education to patients and families.
1. The document discusses the diagnosis and management of bronchial asthma. It covers the definition and symptoms of asthma, criteria for diagnosis, additional tests, and diagnostic flowchart.
2. Treatment approaches are outlined in a stepwise fashion based on asthma severity and control. Initial treatment involves inhaled corticosteroids with optional additions. Treatment is adjusted based on symptom control and exacerbations.
3. Management also addresses non-pharmacological strategies, specific populations, comorbidities, education and self-management plans, and follow-up care. The overall goal is long-term control of symptoms and risk reduction.
This document provides information on managing respiratory emergencies. It defines respiratory emergencies as medical situations involving difficulty or inability to breathe. The physiology of respiration is described. Common causes of respiratory emergencies include chronic lung diseases, infections, and failure of ventilation, diffusion, or perfusion. Assessment involves evaluating breathing rate, effort, and oxygen saturation. Specific emergencies discussed include status asthmaticus, acute exacerbation of COPD, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and acute pulmonary edema. Treatment priorities are oxygen therapy, ventilation support, fluids, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and antibiotics as needed.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder involving various immune cells. It then discusses the epidemiology of asthma globally and in India. The etiology involves both genetic and environmental factors. Clinical presentation includes wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests, imaging, and allergy testing. Treatment focuses on bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and other drugs to reduce inflammation and control symptoms. The goals are to prevent exacerbations and maintain normal lung function.
- Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood. It can range from mild to life-threatening.
- The document outlines guidelines for diagnosing and differentially diagnosing asthma in children ages 0-4 and 5-12. It also discusses evaluating severity and providing treatments accordingly, including bronchodilators, steroids, magnesium sulfate. For mild-moderate cases discharge with medications and follow-up may be appropriate, while severe or life-threatening cases should receive additional treatments and be considered for admission.
Asthma & COPD.pptx by Dr.Malik, DNB anesthesiaMalik Mohammad
This document provides an overview of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It discusses the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of asthma including medications, management of acute exacerbations, and considerations for anesthesia. For COPD, it defines the condition, describes emphysema and chronic bronchitis, guidelines for diagnosis, and treatment including smoking cessation and medications. It also outlines preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management strategies for patients with COPD undergoing anesthesia and surgery.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung condition caused by an allergic reaction in the airways. It is common and can cause attacks, unnecessary deaths, and hospital visits. Guidelines were updated in 2014 to replace "exacerbation" with the easier to understand term "attack". Asthma severity is graded based on symptoms, and treatment involves both long-term control medications and quick-relief bronchodilators, with the treatment intensity matching the asthma severity grade. Proper patient education is also important for effective long-term asthma management.
This document provides guidelines for managing asthma, including:
1) Educating patients and avoiding triggers like allergens, smoke, and exercise.
2) Using a stepwise treatment approach starting with short-acting bronchodilators and progressing to inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting bronchodilators if needed.
3) Managing exacerbations by assessing severity, starting bronchodilators and corticosteroids, monitoring response, and referring severe cases to the hospital.
The document provides an overview of the Global Initiative for Asthma's 2019 strategy for asthma management and prevention. It discusses GINA's goals of reducing asthma prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. It also summarizes the key aspects of asthma including phenotypes, diagnosis, assessment of control and risk factors, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment strategies. The treatment approach involves classifying asthma severity and control to determine the appropriate controller medications and adjusting the treatment regimen up or down as needed.
The document summarizes the Global Initiative for Asthma's 2019 strategy for managing asthma. It outlines that asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation. It then discusses asthma phenotypes, diagnosis of asthma, assessing asthma control and risk factors, and treatment options. The treatment approach involves a stepwise approach starting with low dose inhaled corticosteroids and adding additional controllers as needed to control symptoms and reduce exacerbation risk. The 2019 update emphasizes adding inhaled corticosteroids for all patients rather than short-acting bronchodilators alone due to risks of exacerbations from the latter approach.
Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by airway inflammation and intermittent airflow obstruction. It affects over 300 million people worldwide and can impact quality of life and work productivity if not well-controlled. The diagnosis of asthma involves a history of respiratory symptoms that vary over time and intensity, along with evidence of variable expiratory airflow limitation. Treatment aims to control symptoms and reduce future risk of exacerbations through a stepwise treatment approach using inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators, along with patient education on self-management including the use of written asthma action plans.
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma, including:
- It is the most common chronic respiratory disease globally, affecting over 330 million people.
- It is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and variable airflow limitation. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough that vary over time.
- Risk factors include genetics, atopy, obesity, viral infections, tobacco smoke exposure, and diet. Treatment involves the use of inhaled corticosteroids as the primary therapy to control symptoms and reduce risk of exacerbations. Assessment of control and severity helps guide treatment decisions.
Asthma Signs and Symptoms, Severity Classification, GINA and ATS Classification, Step-up Management of Chronic Asthma and Management of Acute Exacerbation of Asthma
This document discusses bronchial asthma, including its definition, prevalence, etiology, triggers, pathogenesis, clinical features, classification of severity, diagnosis, investigations, management, pharmacotherapy, acute severe asthma/status asthmaticus, and considerations for dental treatment of asthmatic patients. Key points include that asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction, it affects over 300 million people worldwide, treatment involves bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists and others to control symptoms and exacerbations, and special precautions should be taken when providing dental care to asthmatic patients to prevent triggering an attack.
This document discusses the classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of status asthmaticus. Status asthmaticus is an acute severe exacerbation of asthma that does not respond to usual bronchodilator therapy. It can lead to respiratory failure if not treated rapidly. Treatment involves nebulized bronchodilators, systemic corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and sometimes noninvasive ventilation or intubation. The goals are to reverse airway obstruction, correct hypoxemia, and prevent complications. Proper follow-up care is important after discharge to ensure resolution and establish long-term management.
This document provides an overview of asthma, including its definition, pathogenesis, diagnosis, classification of severity, management, and monitoring. Some key points:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and reversible airflow obstruction. It affects approximately 7% of the global population.
- Diagnosis is based on a clinical history of recurrent wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and breathlessness, and confirmation via pulmonary function tests showing obstruction and reversibility.
- Asthma severity is classified as mild, moderate or severe based on symptom frequency and lung function. Treatment involves inhaled corticosteroids with additional controllers as needed.
- Patient education on self-
Status asthmaticus is an acute exacerbation of asthma that does not respond to initial bronchodilator treatment. It can range from mild to severe, causing difficulty breathing, carbon dioxide retention, hypoxemia and respiratory failure. The airway obstruction is due to spasm, edema, increased secretions, inflammation and injury of the airway walls. Treatment involves bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen and monitoring for ICU admission if the patient does not improve or their condition worsens. Prevention focuses on medication compliance and avoiding triggers.
This document outlines protocols for treating various types of pneumonia, including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), and aspiration pneumonia. It details definitions, clinical features, common pathogens, investigations and workup, severity assessments, empirical antibiotic treatment options and durations, and monitoring considerations for each type. Empirical treatment regimens are tailored based on severity and risk factors. Duration of treatment typically ranges from 7-10 days but may be longer for complicated cases.
SEMS 2014: Ang Shiang Hu - Life threatening asthma Rahul Goswami
The Critical Care track of the Society for Emergency Medicine in Singapore Annual Scientific Meeting 2014.
For more information and conference videos, go to singem.blogspot.sg
Dr. Kumar Utsav presented an update on the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2017 guidelines. Key changes included adding sublingual immunotherapy as an add-on option for some patients, updating recommendations for severe asthma treatment including new biologics, and clarifying the use of fractional exhaled nitric oxide testing in diagnosis and management. The guidelines emphasize a practical clinical approach for managing asthma in both high and low-resource settings.
Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by episodic airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness accompanied by inflammation. It commonly causes shortness of breath, wheezing, and cough. While symptoms can resolve spontaneously or with treatment, some patients experience persistent wheezing or dyspnea. Severe exacerbations may require emergency care or hospitalization. Globally over 240 million people are affected, with a higher prevalence in children, boys, and urban populations. Mechanisms involve inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
refactory hypoxemia and status Asthmaticus.pptxsanikashukla2
The patient has refractory hypoxemia and status asthmaticus after 10 days in the ICU on mechanical ventilation. For refractory hypoxemia, therapies include recruitment maneuvers, prone positioning, neuromuscular blockade, inhaled pulmonary vasodilators, ECMO, and HFOV. Management of status asthmaticus focuses on standard treatment with oxygen, inhaled bronchodilators, and corticosteroids, as well as additional therapies like antibiotics, magnesium, methylxanthines, and epinephrine if needed. Ventilator strategies aim to reduce work of breathing and dynamic hyperinflation while treating the underlying inflammation.
This summary reviews several studies on how asthma is affected during pregnancy. The studies show rates of asthma worsening from 14-41% of patients, unchanged in 26-43%, and
A 50-year-old male presented with difficulty breathing, coughing, wheezing and chest tightness for 5 hours. He has a history of asthma for 5 years. Examination found reduced chest expansion and wheezing. Tests showed eosinophilia and reduced lung function. He was diagnosed with status asthmaticus and treated with oxygen, nebulized salbutamol, hydrocortisone and other drugs. He was prescribed inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators and montelukast for long-term control of his asthma.
Asthma & COPD.pptx by Dr.Malik, DNB anesthesiaMalik Mohammad
This document provides an overview of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It discusses the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of asthma including medications, management of acute exacerbations, and considerations for anesthesia. For COPD, it defines the condition, describes emphysema and chronic bronchitis, guidelines for diagnosis, and treatment including smoking cessation and medications. It also outlines preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management strategies for patients with COPD undergoing anesthesia and surgery.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung condition caused by an allergic reaction in the airways. It is common and can cause attacks, unnecessary deaths, and hospital visits. Guidelines were updated in 2014 to replace "exacerbation" with the easier to understand term "attack". Asthma severity is graded based on symptoms, and treatment involves both long-term control medications and quick-relief bronchodilators, with the treatment intensity matching the asthma severity grade. Proper patient education is also important for effective long-term asthma management.
This document provides guidelines for managing asthma, including:
1) Educating patients and avoiding triggers like allergens, smoke, and exercise.
2) Using a stepwise treatment approach starting with short-acting bronchodilators and progressing to inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting bronchodilators if needed.
3) Managing exacerbations by assessing severity, starting bronchodilators and corticosteroids, monitoring response, and referring severe cases to the hospital.
The document provides an overview of the Global Initiative for Asthma's 2019 strategy for asthma management and prevention. It discusses GINA's goals of reducing asthma prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. It also summarizes the key aspects of asthma including phenotypes, diagnosis, assessment of control and risk factors, and pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment strategies. The treatment approach involves classifying asthma severity and control to determine the appropriate controller medications and adjusting the treatment regimen up or down as needed.
The document summarizes the Global Initiative for Asthma's 2019 strategy for managing asthma. It outlines that asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation. It then discusses asthma phenotypes, diagnosis of asthma, assessing asthma control and risk factors, and treatment options. The treatment approach involves a stepwise approach starting with low dose inhaled corticosteroids and adding additional controllers as needed to control symptoms and reduce exacerbation risk. The 2019 update emphasizes adding inhaled corticosteroids for all patients rather than short-acting bronchodilators alone due to risks of exacerbations from the latter approach.
Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by airway inflammation and intermittent airflow obstruction. It affects over 300 million people worldwide and can impact quality of life and work productivity if not well-controlled. The diagnosis of asthma involves a history of respiratory symptoms that vary over time and intensity, along with evidence of variable expiratory airflow limitation. Treatment aims to control symptoms and reduce future risk of exacerbations through a stepwise treatment approach using inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators, along with patient education on self-management including the use of written asthma action plans.
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma, including:
- It is the most common chronic respiratory disease globally, affecting over 330 million people.
- It is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and variable airflow limitation. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough that vary over time.
- Risk factors include genetics, atopy, obesity, viral infections, tobacco smoke exposure, and diet. Treatment involves the use of inhaled corticosteroids as the primary therapy to control symptoms and reduce risk of exacerbations. Assessment of control and severity helps guide treatment decisions.
Asthma Signs and Symptoms, Severity Classification, GINA and ATS Classification, Step-up Management of Chronic Asthma and Management of Acute Exacerbation of Asthma
This document discusses bronchial asthma, including its definition, prevalence, etiology, triggers, pathogenesis, clinical features, classification of severity, diagnosis, investigations, management, pharmacotherapy, acute severe asthma/status asthmaticus, and considerations for dental treatment of asthmatic patients. Key points include that asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction, it affects over 300 million people worldwide, treatment involves bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists and others to control symptoms and exacerbations, and special precautions should be taken when providing dental care to asthmatic patients to prevent triggering an attack.
This document discusses the classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of status asthmaticus. Status asthmaticus is an acute severe exacerbation of asthma that does not respond to usual bronchodilator therapy. It can lead to respiratory failure if not treated rapidly. Treatment involves nebulized bronchodilators, systemic corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and sometimes noninvasive ventilation or intubation. The goals are to reverse airway obstruction, correct hypoxemia, and prevent complications. Proper follow-up care is important after discharge to ensure resolution and establish long-term management.
This document provides an overview of asthma, including its definition, pathogenesis, diagnosis, classification of severity, management, and monitoring. Some key points:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and reversible airflow obstruction. It affects approximately 7% of the global population.
- Diagnosis is based on a clinical history of recurrent wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and breathlessness, and confirmation via pulmonary function tests showing obstruction and reversibility.
- Asthma severity is classified as mild, moderate or severe based on symptom frequency and lung function. Treatment involves inhaled corticosteroids with additional controllers as needed.
- Patient education on self-
Status asthmaticus is an acute exacerbation of asthma that does not respond to initial bronchodilator treatment. It can range from mild to severe, causing difficulty breathing, carbon dioxide retention, hypoxemia and respiratory failure. The airway obstruction is due to spasm, edema, increased secretions, inflammation and injury of the airway walls. Treatment involves bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen and monitoring for ICU admission if the patient does not improve or their condition worsens. Prevention focuses on medication compliance and avoiding triggers.
This document outlines protocols for treating various types of pneumonia, including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), and aspiration pneumonia. It details definitions, clinical features, common pathogens, investigations and workup, severity assessments, empirical antibiotic treatment options and durations, and monitoring considerations for each type. Empirical treatment regimens are tailored based on severity and risk factors. Duration of treatment typically ranges from 7-10 days but may be longer for complicated cases.
SEMS 2014: Ang Shiang Hu - Life threatening asthma Rahul Goswami
The Critical Care track of the Society for Emergency Medicine in Singapore Annual Scientific Meeting 2014.
For more information and conference videos, go to singem.blogspot.sg
Dr. Kumar Utsav presented an update on the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2017 guidelines. Key changes included adding sublingual immunotherapy as an add-on option for some patients, updating recommendations for severe asthma treatment including new biologics, and clarifying the use of fractional exhaled nitric oxide testing in diagnosis and management. The guidelines emphasize a practical clinical approach for managing asthma in both high and low-resource settings.
Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by episodic airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness accompanied by inflammation. It commonly causes shortness of breath, wheezing, and cough. While symptoms can resolve spontaneously or with treatment, some patients experience persistent wheezing or dyspnea. Severe exacerbations may require emergency care or hospitalization. Globally over 240 million people are affected, with a higher prevalence in children, boys, and urban populations. Mechanisms involve inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
refactory hypoxemia and status Asthmaticus.pptxsanikashukla2
The patient has refractory hypoxemia and status asthmaticus after 10 days in the ICU on mechanical ventilation. For refractory hypoxemia, therapies include recruitment maneuvers, prone positioning, neuromuscular blockade, inhaled pulmonary vasodilators, ECMO, and HFOV. Management of status asthmaticus focuses on standard treatment with oxygen, inhaled bronchodilators, and corticosteroids, as well as additional therapies like antibiotics, magnesium, methylxanthines, and epinephrine if needed. Ventilator strategies aim to reduce work of breathing and dynamic hyperinflation while treating the underlying inflammation.
This summary reviews several studies on how asthma is affected during pregnancy. The studies show rates of asthma worsening from 14-41% of patients, unchanged in 26-43%, and
A 50-year-old male presented with difficulty breathing, coughing, wheezing and chest tightness for 5 hours. He has a history of asthma for 5 years. Examination found reduced chest expansion and wheezing. Tests showed eosinophilia and reduced lung function. He was diagnosed with status asthmaticus and treated with oxygen, nebulized salbutamol, hydrocortisone and other drugs. He was prescribed inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators and montelukast for long-term control of his asthma.
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breast cancer, diagnosis of breast cancer , aetiology of breast cancer, pathophysiologyy of breast cancers, drugs for the treatment of breast cancers, counselling points for breast cancers and education , surgical inyerventions in breast cancer, types of surgical intervention , chemotherapy in breast cancers,
ANAL FISTULA a surgical dissection including treatmentJEPHTHAHKWASIDANSO
anal fistula a surgical approach including treatments , drugs used in anal fistulas and surgical procedures and emergencies . the difference between anal fistulas and anal fissures
pharmacological approach to treatment counselling points , education , theory , mechanism of action of the drugs and side effects
The patient, a 15-year-old female, presented with abdominal pain and was found to have a ruptured appendix and periappendiceal abscess based on ultrasound findings. She underwent an appendectomy and drainage of the abscess. Her postoperative recovery was uneventful and she was discharged after one week with oral antibiotics.
This case presentation describes a 52-year-old male who presented with dizziness, nausea, and hypotension. He had a history of projectile vomiting for 3 days following a gastrojejunal bypass surgery 11 days prior. Diagnostic imaging including x-rays and CT scans showed gastric outlet obstruction. The patient was treated with IV fluids and medications to correct metabolic abnormalities from the obstruction. Surgical options for treating gastric outlet obstructions include pyloroplasty, vagotomy, and gastrojejunostomy. Non-surgical treatments include balloon dilation and endoscopic stenting. The most common causes are peptic ulcers, malignancies, and complications from bariatric surgeries like the one this patient underwent
Pharmacology of drugs for allergic rhinitis and common.pptxJEPHTHAHKWASIDANSO
This document discusses drugs used to treat allergic rhinitis and the common cold. It begins by defining rhinitis and describing its symptoms. It then outlines several classes of drugs used for treatment, including:
- Antihistamines which block the effects of histamine to relieve sneezing and runny nose. Older antihistamines can cause sedation while newer ones are better tolerated.
- Intranasal corticosteroids like fluticasone which are the most effective for treating rhinitis symptoms but can cause local side effects like irritation.
- α-adrenergic agonists or decongestants which constrict blood vessels to relieve congestion but
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology of drugs used to treat gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary diseases. It discusses the physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract, including the structure and functions of the digestive system. The key sections and organs covered include the stomach, small intestine, regulation of gastric secretions, and the roles of cells like parietal and chief cells. The goal is to describe drugs for treating disorders of the GI tract and explain the basic pharmacological principles and potential adverse effects.
THYROID DISORDERS ( Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism)Presentation DetailedJEPHTHAHKWASIDANSO
This document provides an overview of thyroid physiology and the use of antithyroid drugs. It discusses:
- How the thyroid gland produces and releases thyroid hormones like T4 and T3 through a process involving thyroglobulin, iodine, and thyroid peroxidase.
- How T4 circulates in the blood and is converted to the active hormone T3 in tissues via deiodinase enzymes.
- The effects of thyroid hormones on metabolism, heart rate, bone, muscle and other systems.
- The mechanisms of action and use of common antithyroid drugs like methimazole and propylthiouracil to treat hyperthyroidism.
- Conditions involving abnormal
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
3. INTRODUCTION
•Asthma is a chronic inflammation disease of the airways
characterized by shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness and
cough.
•Bronchoconstriction associated with asthma is reversible after
treatment with a Bronchodilator.
•Usually described as heterogenous in nature.
4. INTRODUCTION
•Acute asthma is the progressive worsening of the asthma symptoms
including breathlessness, wheezing, cough, and chest tightness.
•It is usually marked by the reduction is the baseline measures of
pulmonary function, such as the peak expiratory flow rate and FEV1.
5. EPIDEMIOLOGY
•According to estimates by WHO, 235 million people suffer from asthma as of
2016.
•As at the end of 2017, about 300 million people were reported to be suffering
from asthma. (GINA 2017 Report).
•Over 80% of asthma deaths occur in middle and low income countries
•Prevalence is high in the affluent (hygiene hypothesis with peak years of 3 to
9years though it can occur at any age.
6. EPIDEMIOLOGY
•According to the latest WHO data published in 2018, Asthma Deaths in
Ghana reached 1,317 and accounted for 0.66% of total deaths.
•The age adjusted Death Rate is 10.12 per 100,000 of population with Ghana
being ranked as the 53rd leading country with asthma death worldwide.
7.
8. AETIOLOGY/RISK FACTORS
•Family history (of Asthma or Atopy)
•Allergens e.g. house dust, animal dander, cockroach droppings, grass,
pollen, etc.
•Environmental factors e.g. air pollution, climatic changes, strong scents and
smoke (including cigarette smoke and car fumes)
•Viral infections
•Exercise
•Emotions and hyperventilation
•Drugs e.g. NSAIDS and beta-blockers such as propranolol
•Occupational exposure to industrial chemicals, dust and other allergens
19. STANDARD TREATMENT
GUIDELINE, 2017
ACUTE MODERATE TO SEVERE EXACERBATION OF ASTHMA: INITIAL MANAGEMENT IN
HOSPITAL
1. OXYGEN BY
Nasal prongs ; 2-6 L/min OR Face mask ; 4-8 L/min OR Non-rebreather mask ; 10-
15 L/min AND
2. Nebulize Salbutamol 2.5 – 5mg repeated initially after 15 to 30 mins then, every
2-4 hours until improves. AND
3. IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE nebulized 500mcg 4-6 hourly
4. HYDROCORTISONE IV, 200mg Stat. then 100mg q6-8 hours
THEN MAINTENANCE TREATMENT
1. Nebulised Salbutamol 2.5 -5mg every 6 hours until improved
2. Nebulised IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE 500mcg 4-6 hourly
20. STANDARD TREATMENT
GUIDELINE, 2017
MAINTENANCE TREATMENT IN HOSPITAL WHERE PATIENT IS STILL IN DISTRESS ASTER
3-4 INITIAL DOSES OF NEBULIZED SALBUTAMOL.
AMINOPHYLINE 250mg slow injection over 20mins, repeat after 30 mins with a
continuous inf by prefursor at a rate not 0.5mg/kg/hour over 24hour.
OR
AMINOPHYLINE IV infusion, 250mg in 500ml of 5% Dextrose or 0.9% Sodium Chloride
6 hourly for 24 hour.
21. STANDARD TREATMENT
GUIDELINE, 2017
Acute Moderate/Severe Exacerbation of Asthma
1st Line Treatment
Oxygen by nasal prongs (2-6L/min), Face mask (4-8L/min) or Non-
rebreather mask 10-15 L/min)
And
Salbutamol, nebulised
Adults: 2.5-5 mg repeated initially after 15-30 minutes, then every
2-4 hours until improved
Children: 2.5-5 mg every 2-4 hours until improved
22. STANDARD TREATMENT
GUIDELINE, 2017
And
Ipratropium bromide, nebulized,
Adults: 500 microgram 4-6 hourly
Children (Max dose: 1mg/24hrs)
6-12yrs: 250 mcg
1-5yrs: 125 mcg
And
IV Hydrocortisone
Adults: 200mg stat then 100mg 6hourly until clinical improvement
Children (Max dose: 1mg/24hrs)
12-18yrs: 100mg 6-8hrly
1month -12yrs: 2-4mg/kg 6-8hrly
24. where patient is still distressed after 3-4 initial doses of nebulized
salbutamol
Aminophylline, IV,
Adults: 250 mg slow injection over 20 minutes
Repeat after 30 minutes with a continuous infusion by perfusor
(rate not exceeding 0.5 mg/kg/hour over 24 hours).
Or 250 mg in 500 ml of 5% Dextrose or N/S, 6 hourly for 24 hours
Children: 5 mg/kg over 20 minutes as a slow infusion or by perfusor
at 1mg/kg/hour (max. 500 mg)
28. ROLE OF THE PHARMACIST
•Ensure that all essential medications are available in their right
quantities and doses
•Educate the patient on the his or her condition
•Educate the patient on the inhaler technique
•Collaborate with other health care professional to write an asthma
action plan for each patient.
•Reassess patient’s knowledge on the inhaler technique at every
review date
29. REFERNCES
1. Oxford emergency medicine handbook
2. Standard treatment guideline, 2017, ministry of health
3. British national formulary, 80th edition
4. GINA Guidelines Update Report 2021
