2. DISASTER
A serious disruption of the functioning of a society,
causing widespread human, material, or environmental
losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to
cope using its own resources. (UNDRO)
Acute phase: CMR > 1/10,000/day
*Vis-a-vis slow onset crisis (e.g. Global warming)
**Crude Mortality Rate in stable situations is 0.2-0.3/10,000/day
4. EMERGENCY PHASES OF DISASTERS
Acute
Post acute
(can be chronic)
Rehabilitation/
reconstruction
Preparedness
*There are no time limits for each phase.
*The post-acute and rehab phase may be unstable and once again become acute.
5. WHAT ARE THE 3 MAIN DIFFERENT TYPES OF
DISASTER?
• Disasters are classified into three types:
(natural, man-made, and hybrid disasters)
• It is believed that the three disaster types cover all
disastrous events.
• No definition of disaster is universally accepted.
6. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• It is about organizing and directing resources to
cope with a disaster and coordinating the roles and
responsibilities of responders, private sector
organizations, public sector agencies, nonprofit
and faith-based organizations, volunteers,
donations, etc.
7. WHAT IS THE MAIN PURPOSE OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT?
Disaster management aims to reduce, or avoid the
potential losses from hazards, assure prompt and
appropriate assistance to victims of disaster, and
achieve rapid and effective recovery.
9. HOW CAN WE CONTROL NATURAL DISASTERS?
• The first step to preventing potential
natural disasters is reducing pollutant
emissions. It is also necessary to make
states more resilient by looking forward
and preparing countries to deal with
climate-related risks, from adopting
conservation and restoration measures to
improving infrastructure.
10. WHAT ARE THE 6 PHASES OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT?
1) mitigation;
2) preparedness;
3) Prevention;
4) Rehabilitation;
5) response; and
6) recovery.
11. WHAT IS THE PRIMARY GOAL OF DISASTER
PREPAREDNESS?
• The objective is to reduce the loss of life and
livelihoods.
• Simple initiatives can go a long way, for instance in
training for search and rescue, establishing early
warning systems, developing contingency plans, or
stockpiling equipment and supplies.
12. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND DISASTER RISK
MANAGEMENT
• The policy objective of anticipating and reducing risk is
called disaster risk reduction (DRR).
• Although often used interchangeably with DRR, disaster
risk management (DRM) can be thought of as the
implementation of DRR, since it describes the actions that
aim to achieve the objective of reducing risk.
• Adapted from UNISDR Global Assessment Report 2015
13. • Disaster risk is an indicator of poor development,
so reducing disaster risk requires integrating DRR
policy and DRM practice into sustainable
development goals.
14. WHAT IS DISASTER RISK REDUCTION?
• Since we cannot reduce the severity of natural hazards, the main opportunity for
reducing risk lies in reducing vulnerability and exposure.
• Reducing these two components of risk requires identifying and reducing the
underlying drivers of risk, which are particularly related to poor economic and
urban development choices and practice, degradation of the environment, poverty
and inequality and climate change, which create and exacerbate conditions of
hazard, exposure and vulnerability.
• Addressing these underlying risk drivers will reduce disaster risk, lessen the impacts
of climate change and, consequently, maintain the sustainability of development.
15. “We need to manage risks,
not just disasters”.
17. •DRR is a part of sustainable development, so it must involve
every part of society, government, non-governmental
organizations and the professional and private sector.
• It therefore requires a people-centred and multi-sector
approach, building resilience to multiple, cascading and
interacting hazards and creating a culture of prevention and
resilience.
18. CONSEQUENTLY DRM INCLUDES STRATEGIES
DESIGNED TO:
• avoid the construction of new risks
• address pre-existing risks
• share and spread risk to prevent disaster losses
being absorbed by other development outcomes
and creating additional poverty
19. •Although DRM includes disaster
preparedness and response activities, it is
about much more than managing disasters.
20. • Successful DRR results from the combination of top-down,
institutional changes and strategies, with bottom-up, local and
community-based approaches.
• DRM programmes should not be stand alone but instead be
integrated within development planning and practice, since
disasters are an indicator of failed or skewed development, of
unsustainable economic and social processes, and of ill-
adapted societies.
21. • Approaches need to address the different layers of risk (from intensive to
extensive risk), underlying risk drivers, as well as be tailored to local
contexts.
• There is no ‘one-size fits all’ approach to DRM, but there exist a number of
approaches and frameworks, which have been effectively implemented to
reduce disaster risk.
• But, before being able to reduce risk, we need to understand the hazards,
and the exposure and vulnerability of people and assets to those hazards.
23. ARE WE REDUCING DISASTER RISK?
• While we have made some progress in reducing disaster
mortality associated with intensive risks, increasing
exposure of people and economic assets means that
mortality and economic losses from extensive risk are
trending up and absolute global economic losses from
disasters are increasing, although not relative to GDP.
24. ARE WE REDUCING DISASTER RISK?
• Some low and middle-income countries may not have the
financial resilience to accommodate the likely average
annual losses from future disasters, which threaten the
very economic existence of many small island
development states.
26. • More needs to be done to prevent new risks, which are
already emerging owing to increasing urbanization, the
threat of climate change and other risk drivers. In an
increasingly interconnected world, we are seeing that
disasters can also result in synchronous failures.
27. • Development can be sustainable, it is just a question of
whether we can change our approach in time to prevent
disaster risk from reaching dangerous levels.
28. “We have made more progress
in managing disasters than in
reducing our disaster risk”.
29. • Over the last 10 years, there has been significant progress
in strengthening disaster preparedness, response and early
warning capacities and in reducing specific risks, according
to the HFA Monitor.
• However, progress has been limited in most countries
when it comes to managing the underlying risks.
30. “Although we know how to reduce
disaster risk, there is often a lack of
incentive to do so”.
31. • Both individuals, governments and businesses tend to discount low-probability
future losses and seem reluctant to invest in DRM.
• Despite the magnitude of disaster costs, reducing risks is often perceived as less
of a priority than fiscal stability, unemployment or inflation.
• New evidence demonstrates, however that the opportunity cost of disasters is
high and that many low and middle-income countries, and small island
development states are financially unable to cope with the predicted future losses
from disasters while also maintaining their capacity to develop.
• In other words, they are not resilient.
32. • The costs and benefits of disaster risk management need to
become fully encoded into public and private investment at all
levels, into the financial system and into the design of risk-sharing
and social protection mechanisms.
• Cost-benefit analyses can be expanded to highlight the trade-offs
implicit in each decision, including the downstream benefits and
avoided costs in terms of reduced poverty and inequality,
environmental sustainability, economic development and social
progress.
33. • They can also help to identify who retains the risks,
who bears the costs and who reaps the benefits.
• Such a broad approach to cost-benefit analysis can
increase the visibility and attractiveness of
investments in disaster risk reduction.
34. “The good news is that we can achieve great things
when we invest in DRR. There are countless success
stories of reducing disaster risk ranging from
community-based participatory approaches to the
global reduction in disaster mortality associated
with intensive risks”.
35. • However, we need to recognize that the impact of some DRM
measures may not be immediate. It may take decades for the
outcome of improved planning regulations and building standards to
translate into reduced disaster losses, as a critical mass of new, risk-
sensitive building and urban development has to be achieved.
• The future of DRR requires that we assess the costs and benefits of
DRM, reform risk governance, move from risk information to
knowledge and strengthen accountability.
36. REFERENCES
• SPRINT IPPF East & South East Asia and Oceania Region, Overview of MISP
Interventions in Crises
• https://www.eseaor.ippf.org
• https://restoreyoureconomy.org/main/phases-of-disaster/
Preparedness
Preparedness focuses on understanding how a disaster might impact the community and how education, outreach and training can build capacity to respond to and recover from a disaster. This may include engaging the business community, pre-disaster strategic planning, and other logistical readiness activities. The disaster preparedness activities guide provides more information on how to better prepare an organization and the business community for a disaster.
Response
Response addresses immediate threats presented by the disaster, including saving lives, meeting humanitarian needs (food, shelter, clothing, public health and safety), cleanup, damage assessment, and the start of resource distribution. As the response period progresses, focus shifts from dealing with immediate emergency issues to conducting repairs, restoring utilities, establishing operations for public services (including permitting), and finishing the cleanup process.
Recovery
Recovery is the fourth phase of disaster and is the restoration of all aspects of the disaster’s impact on a community and the return of the local economy to some sense of normalcy. By this time, the impacted region has achieved a degree of physical, environmental, economic and social stability.
The recovery phase of disaster can be broken into two periods. The short-term phase typically lasts from six months to at least one year and involves delivering immediate services to businesses. The long-term phase, which can range up to decades, requires thoughtful strategic planning and action to address more serious or permanent impacts of a disaster. Investment in economic development capacity building becomes essential to foster economic diversification, attain new resources, build new partnerships and implement effective recovery strategies and tactics. Communities must access and deploy a range of public and private resources to enable long-term economic recovery.
