This document discusses active and passive voice in English grammar. It defines active voice as having the subject performing the action, in the structure of subject-verb-object (SVO). Passive voice rearranges this to have the verb's object as the subject, using a form of "to be" as an auxiliary verb followed by the main verb in the past participle form. The document provides examples of sentences in both active and passive voices. It also outlines rules for changing between the two voices and discusses cases where passive voice is commonly used like when the subject is unknown.

1. ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE

2. Active & Passive Voice
Passive Voice
In the passive voice, the verb takes an object.
O V S
• All men | are loved | by God.
• Nests | are built | by birds.
• Bones | are eaten | by dog.
These sentences are in passive voice.
The Passive voice is used in English
(a) To stress the action done rather than the
doer of the action
(b) If the doer is unknown
(c) When it is more convenient.
Active Voice
When using the active voice, the
subjects are the ones performing
the action.
S V O
• God | loves |all men.
• Birds | build | nests.
• Dog | eats | bones.
In these three sentences the
subject does the action. Hence they
are in the active voice.

3. Active to Passive Voice
Rules for changing Active Voice into Passive Voice:
• Identify the subject, the verb and the object: SVO
• Change the object into subject
• Put the suitable helping verb or auxiliary verb. In case helping
verb is given, use the same. But note that the helping verb
given agrees with the object.
• Change the verb into past participle of the verb.
• Add the preposition "by"
• Change the subject into object

4. Active to Passive Voice
Active Voice Passive Voice
I write a letter A letter is written by me
We must keep the rule The rule must be kept by us
You bought a book A book was bought by you
He closed the window The window was closed by him
She was writing letters
Letters were being written by
her
I had posted a letter A letter had been posted by me
I do not drink tea Tea is not drunk by me
She does not eat a mango A mango is not eaten by her
Declarative sentences:

5. Active to Passive Voice
If a sentence contains two objects, indirect object and direct
object in the active voice, two forms of passive voice can be
formed.
 She brought me a cup of coffee. (AV)
• I was brought a cup of coffee by her. (PV) (or)
• A cup of coffee was brought [to] me by her. (PV)
 The teacher teaches us grammar. (AV)
• We are taught grammar by the teacher. (PV) (or)
• Grammar is taught [to] us by the teacher. (PV)

6. Passive to Active Voice
Passive Voice Active Voice
The thief was finally arrested
The police finally arrested the
thief
We were taught grammar The teacher taught us grammar
My purse has been stolen Somebody has stolen my purse
The patients were looked after
The doctor looked after the
patients
My pocket has been picked. Someone has picked my pocket.
Our army has been defeated.
The enemy has defeated our
army.
I shall be obliged to go.
Circumstances will oblige me to
go.

7. Form of Passive Voice Verbs
Note the forms of "to be" in the examples of the verb
"to kick" in various forms of the passive voice:
is kicked----------------had been kicked
was kicked-------------is going to be kicked
is being kicked---------will be kicked
has been kicked-------can be kicked
was being kicked------should be kicked

8. Label the following sentences ACTIVE or PASSIVE.
1. Louise made the chocolate cake.
2. The chocolate cake was made by Louise.
3. The package was advertised by the travel agent.
4. The travel agent advertised the package.
5. The chain was broken by my brother.
6. My brother broke the chain on my bike.
7. I hemmed the prom dress.
8. The prom dress was hemmed by me.
9. The pencil on the floor was broken by him.
10.He broke the pencil on the floor.
Practice

9.  Directions: Change the sentences below to the active voice.
1. The statue is being visited by hundreds of tourists every
year.
2. My books were stolen by someone yesterday.
3. These books had been left in the classroom by a careless
student.
4. Coffee is raised in many parts of Hawaii by plantation
workers.
5. The house had been broken into by someone while the
owners were on vacation.
Practice

10. Seatwork
1. He made an honest mistake.
2. Someone has stolen my wallet.
3. We did not plant rice.
4. My mom is baking a cake.
5. I was writing a letter.
6. People will admire you.
7. She had finished her work.
8. He speaks Spanish.
9. They have attended a seminar.
10. The man was driving the truck.