2. Factors Affecting Acid Strength
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 2
When one considers the series of acids HX (where X = F, Cl, Br, or I) and H2X (where X = O, S, Se,
or Te), it is seen that there is a general increase in acid strength with increasing size of the element
attached to hydrogen. For example, the strengths of these compounds decrease as H2Te > H2Se > H2S
> H2O and HI > HBr > HCl >> HF.
These trends can be explained by considering the effectiveness of the overlap of the hydrogen 1s
orbital with the p orbital on the other atom. For F, the p orbital is a 2p orbital of small size. Therefore,
the overlap is effective, and the H–F bond is a strong one. With H+ removed, F− is comparable in
strength as an electron pair donor to the water molecule and it has a negative charge.
3. Factors Affecting Acid Strength
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 3
Accordingly, the proton donation by HF is not extensive and the acid is weak. On the other hand, the 5p
orbital on iodine does not overlap well with the 1s orbital on hydrogen so H+ is easily lost to water making
the ionization complete. Similar arguments apply to the H2X acids and predict correctly that H2Te is the
most acidic of that series.
4. Factors Affecting Acid Strength
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 4
It is generally true that for a series of oxyacids of the
same element (e.g., HClO4, HClO3, HClO2, and HOCl),
the acid containing the element in the highest oxidation
state will be the strongest acid. Thus, H2SO4 is a
stronger acid than H2SO3; HNO3 is a stronger acid than
HNO2; and HClO4 is a stronger acid than HClO3, which
is in turn a stronger acid than HClO2. This behavior can
be explained by considering the structure of molecules
having the same central atom. In the case of H2SO4 and
H2SO3, the structures are
5. Factors Affecting Acid Strength
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 5
It is apparent that H2SO4 has two oxygen atoms, which are not bonded to hydrogen atoms, whereas
H2SO3 has only one. Oxygen has the second highest electronegativity of any atom, and electrons are
drawn toward those atoms by an inductive effect. The inductive effect caused by the two oxygen atoms
removes electron density from the sulfur atom resulting in a slight positive charge, which is partially
compensated by a general shift of electron density away from the O–H bonds:
This makes the O–H bonds more polar and more
susceptible to having a proton removed by a base. The
same argument applies to the series HClO4, HClO3,
HClO2, and HOCl.
6. Factors Affecting Acid Strength
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 6
Another way of viewing the inductive effect is to consider the stability of the anion after the proton is lost.
Because there is some degree of double bonding to the oxygen atoms, there is greater delocalization of
charge that stabilizes the anion after the proton is removed. This argument can also be used to explain
the trend that as acids the strength varies as H2Te > H2Se > H2S because the HX− ions increase in size
so the ease of accommodating the negative charge suggests this order.
7. Factors Affecting Acid Strength
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 7
When written as a general formula, the oxyacids can be represented as XOa(OH)b, where a = 0, 1, 2, ...
and b = 1, 2, 3, ... depending on the acid. If a = 0, all of the oxygen atoms have a hydrogen atom
attached, as in H3BO3, or more correctly, B(OH)3, and the acid is very weak. If a = 1, as in H2SO3, HNO2,
HClO2, and so on, there is one oxygen atom that does not have a hydrogen atom attached and the acid
is weak. If a = 2, as in H2SO4, HNO3, and HClO3, the acid is strong, at least in the first step of dissociation.
If a = 3, as in HClO4, there are three oxygen atoms that give an inductive effect and the acid is very
strong.
This line of reasoning correctly predicts that those acids for which a = 3 will be stronger, as a group, than
those for which a = 2; those for which a = 2 will be stronger than those for which a = 1; and so forth.
8. Factors Affecting Acid Strength
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 8
The chloroacetic acids also show the inductive effect produced by chlorine atoms:
Because Cl has a high electronegativity, it withdraws electron density from the O–H region of the molecule,
leaving the hydrogen atom with a slightly greater charge, making it easier to remove. In some cases, the
loss of a proton is made more energetically favorable by the formation of an anion that has lower energy.
For example, phenol, C6H5OH, is an acid for which Ka is 1.1 ×10−10. On the other hand, ethanol, C2H5OH, is
not normally an acid (Ka ≈ 10−17), except toward extremely strong bases such as O2−, H−, or NH2.
9. Factors Affecting Acid Strength
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 9
Although both cases involve breaking an O–H bond, at least part of this difference can be attributed to
the stability of the phenoxide ion for which several resonance structures can be drawn:
10. Factors Affecting Acid Strength
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 10
In general, the greater the number of contributing resonance structures, the more stable the species will
be. This large number of resonance structures has the effect of producing an anion that has a lower
energy than that of the alkoxide ion for which resonance is not possible. Consequently, phenol is a
stronger acid than the aliphatic alcohols.
For polyprotic acids such as H3PO4 or H3AsO4, there is usually a factor of approximately 105 difference in
successive Ka values. Phosphoric acid has dissociation constants that have the values Ka1 = 7.5 ×10−3, Ka2 =
6.2 ×10−8, and Ka3 = 1.0 ×10−12. This is because the first proton comes from a neutral molecule, the second
from a −1 ion, and the third from a −2 ion. As a result of electrostatic attraction, it is energetically less
favorable to remove H+ from species that are already negative. When considering the first and second
ionization constants for the H2X acids, it is seen that there is generally a factor of about 10^7 to 10^8
difference in the values.
18. Areas of growth
B2B Supply chain ROI E-commerce
Q1 4.5 2.3 1.7 5.0
Q2 3.2 5.1 4.4 3.0
Q3 2.1 1.7 2.5 2.8
Q4 4.5 2.2 1.7 7.0
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 18
19. Business opportunities are like
buses. There's always another
one coming.
Richard Branson
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 19
20. Meet our team
Takuma Hayashi
President
Mirjam Nilsson
Chief Executive Officer
Flora Berggren
Chief Operation Officer
Rajesh Santoshi
VP Marketing
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 20
21. The full team
Takuma Hayashi
President
Mirjam Nilsson
Chief Executive Officer
Flora Berggren
Chief Operations Manager
Rajesh Santoshi
VP Marketing
Graham Barnes
VP Product
Rowan Murphy
SEO Strategist
Elizabeth Moore
Product Designer
Robin Kline
Content Developer
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 21
22. Plan for product launch
Planning
• Synergize scalable
e-commerce
Marketing
• Disseminate
standardized metrics
Design
• Coordinate
• e-business
applications
Strategy
• Foster holistically
superior
methodologies
Launch
• Deploy strategic
networks with
compelling e-
business needs
1 2 3 4 5
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 22
23. Timeline
Synergize scalable
e-commerce
Sep 20XX
Disseminate standardized metrics
Nov 20XX
Coordinate e-business
applications
Jan 20XX
Foster holistically superior
methodologies
March 20XX
Deploy strategic networks with
compelling e-business needs
May 20XX
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 23
24. Areas of focus
B2B market scenarios
Develop winning strategies to keep
ahead of the competition
Capitalize on low-hanging fruit to
identify a ballpark value
Visualize customer directed
convergence
Cloud-based opportunities
Iterative approaches to corporate
strategy
Establish a management framework
from the inside
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 24
25. How we get there
ROI
Envision multimedia-based
expertise and cross-media
growth strategies
Visualize quality
intellectual capital
Engage worldwide
methodologies with web-
enabled technologies
Niche Markets
Pursue scalable customer
service through
sustainable strategies
Engage top-line web
services with cutting-edge
deliverables
Supply chains
Cultivate one-to-one
customer service with
robust ideas
Maximize timely
deliverables for real-time
schemas
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 25
26. Summary
At Contoso, we believe in giving 110%. By using our next-generation
data architecture, we help organizations virtually manage agile
workflows. We thrive because of our market knowledge and great
team behind our product. As our CEO says, "Efficiencies will come from
proactively transforming how we do business."
8/3/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 26
