Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme among Men who have Sex with Men: A Systematic Evaluation of HAF II Project in Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Background: Targeted interventions among men who have sex with men (MSM) could have a considerable effect in slowing the spread of HIV epidemic. This paper therefore presents the achievements and implications of HIV prevention programme among MSM in Bayelsa State, Nigeria Methods: The project was an intervention study carried out among MSM in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The calculated sample size for this project was 155 MSM and snowball sampling technique was used for their selection. The project adopted the minimum prevention package intervention (MPPI) and data collected with output indicators were entered into the District Health Information Software (DHIS) 2, exported into Microsoft Excel and analysed using same. Results: The overall target population reached during this intervention was 381 MSM given a target reached of 245.8%. A total of 35 community dialogues were held within the duration of the intervention and 49 influencers participated. The number of peers registered during the intervention were 203 and out of the total number of condom (20582) required for this intervention, only 15235 (74.0%) were distributed. A total of 185 (91.1%) of the registered peers were reached with all the three stages of MPPI and 381 (245.8%) were reached with HCT. Among these, 17 (4.5%) were tested positive to HIV. Conclusion: This study showed an HIV prevalence of 4.5% among men who have sex with men in Bayelsa state at the time of the intervention. Given this high HIV prevalence, it is vital to enact more targeted and evidencebased prevention programs for these men.
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme among Female Sex wo...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Plateau State, Nigeria with HIV prevalence rate of 7.7% as at 2010 had among the highest HIV and syphilis levels in Nigeria, earning itself a reputation of being one of the 12 + 1 states contributing the highest HIV prevalence in Nigeria and described as “hot zone” of HIV infections. Factors responsible for this were not unrelated to the high-risk activities of Female Sex Workers (FSWs). This paper therefore presents achievements and implications HIV prevention among FSWs in Plateau State, Nigeria Methods: This project was an intervention effort focused on delivering evidence-based HIV prevention activities among FSWs in 3 local government areas within the State. The estimated target population for the study was 460 and this project used the minimum prevention package intervention (MPPI). Peer educators were selected and trained among the FSWs to reach out to their peers using cohort session. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools, entered on the District Health Information Software version 2 and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 68 community dialogues were held with 1,466 influencers participating in the process. In addition, 601 peers were registered, while 18 persons benefitted from 27 income generation activities aimed at capacity building for FSWs. A total of 642 persons were counseled, tested and shown their results, with 15 persons tested positive resulting in HIV prevalence of 2.3%. Although 10,560 condoms were distributed however, these numbers was below the number of condoms required during the intervention. Conclusion: This intervention was a success. However, more needs to be done with regards to condom distribution and supply among FSWs since there is a crucial role for FSWs to play in the plot of taking the HIV prevalence of Plateau State even further down
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme Among Out of School...inventionjournals
Background: The increasing number of sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS among the youths in sub-Saharan Africa indicates that successive efforts towards preventing the scourge remain inadequate in the continent. Preventing the spread of HIV infection among youths aged 15 – 24 years is critical to reducing the incidence of new HIV infection. This paper therefore presents HIV prevention programme among Out of School Youths (OSYs) in Kogi State, Nigeria. Methods: This intervention was carried out among out-of-school youths in 7 randomly selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in the state with a total target population of 19, 600 OSY. One hundred and twenty (120) OSY comprising (68 males and 52 females) were recruited and trained as Peer Educators. Activities carried out included structural, behavioural and biomedical interventions using the Minimum Prevention Package for Intervention (MPPI) strategy. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools and entered in the DHIS2 platform. The data were later exported into Microsoft Excel and analysed using same. Results: Three hundred and three community dialogues were held within the 2-years period with 672 participants and 25787 peers recruited by the peer educators resulting in 131.6% of the estimated target population. A total of 8812 of out of school youths were counselled, tested and received results for HIV. Among these, a total of 175 (2.0%) were tested positive. Conclusion: Effective implementation of minimum prevention package for intervention in HIV/AIDS prevention programme carried out in these communities could be attributed to the dialogues held at the commencement of the project. However, there are still shortfalls in attainment of the expected results. It is therefore recommended that there be increased integration of services and decentralization of MPPI activities to primary health care centers and rural communities, stepwise supervision and monitoring of HIV prevention activities be strengthened and engagement of all tiers of governance to engender political commitment and ownership of the HIV response with a view of ensuring sustainability of these programmes.
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention of Mother-toChild Transmissio...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Mother-to-child transmission is the predominant route through which children contract HIV and can be controlled through Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) programme. This paper presents programme activities on PMTCT conducted among women of reproductive age in Plateau State, Nigeria. Methods: This intervention was carried out among women of reproductive age in eight local government areas of Plateau state. Seven civil society organizations were engaged and provided with funding by Plateau State Agency for the Control of AIDS under the HIV/AIDS fund (HAF) II. A total of 7460 women of reproductive age are the estimated sample size for this intervention and the minimum prevention package intervention was used for this project activities. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools and DHIS2 while analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel. Results: The total number of community dialogues/advocacy held was 85 and a total of 1,437 people participated. Seventeen income generation activities were carried out in this intervention and 131 people benefitted from it. A total of 87,028 pieces of condom were distributed with majority (88.5%) being distributed in 2014. Only a total of 5606 women were counseled tested and received result and 44 (0.8%) were tested positive. A total of 3275 women were referred for antenatal care during this programme and more than half (52.0%) were referred in 2014. Conclusion: This intervention has been helpful in reducing the burden of HIV and AIDS among women of reproductive age in Plateau State. However, the coverage of minimum prevention package intervention was low. More needs to be done in terms of coverage in future programmes and the intervention should also be extended to other local government areas.
This study examined the relationship between knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention and HIV counselling and testing uptake among young people in Nigeria. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprises all 36 states in Nigeria [2]. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192; urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputing them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis [4] and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages; measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric test such as chi-square was used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. Results of data analysis indicated that the cognitive factors of knowledge of HIV prevention and knowledge of HIV transmission were statistically significant predictors of the likelihood of having HCT uptake. It was among others recommended that stakeholders, authorities, and providers of health services in Nigeria should strive to increase the rate of HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years.
Background: Incidence and prevalence of reproductive health difficulties have been shown to be higher among younger people. In Ghana, youthfriendly sexual and reproductive health services and facilities are very limited. The study aimed at examining the friendliness of sexual and reproductive health service delivery and utilization.
Methods: Across sectional design with both qualitative and quantitative methods was conducted to examine the friendliness and utilization of reproductive health services among youth in the Kwadaso Sub-Metro of Ashanti Region, Ghana. A multistage stratified sampling was used to enroll 170 youth (150 in-school and 20 out of school youth) aged 10 - 24years. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics using SPSS software version 20.
Results: Findings demonstrated that out of the 150 in-school youth sampled, 56% ever had a boyfriend or girlfriend, however, about one third(39.3%) did not recall the length of stay with partner, 58% have heard about sexual reproductive health services offered in the study area. A total of 55.8% of all categories of youth had used at least one or more reproductive health service before. Findings again revealed that 37.2% and 44% respectively of youth who had used sexual reproductive health considered the services received at a facility to be very friendly and friendly, yet, a few 18.6% indicated unfriendliness with services received at the facility.
Conclusion: An integrative and comprehensive approach is required to scale up youth utilization of sexual reproductive health services especially facility based. This requires baseline survey of youth users of reproductive health services and the quality of services offered.
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme among Transport Wor...inventionjournals
Background: HIV prevention programs across the world have considered drivers of articulated vehicles, especially those travelling long distances, as an important bridge population for the transmission of HIV to the general population and are thus a major target for HIV reduction programming. This paper therefore presents achievements of HIV prevention programme among transport workers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria including its implications for future programming. Methods: A total of three civil society organizations were engaged by Bayelsa State Agency for the Control of AIDS and funded to provide HIV prevention programmes under the HIV/AIDS fund (HAF) II project. A total of 3900 transport workers were the estimated sample size for this intervention and purposive sampling was used in selecting participants. The minimum prevention package intervention (MPPI) was adopted in the implementation of this project and data collected were entered into District Health Information Software (DHIS) 2 before being exported and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 35 community dialogues were held and 172 influencers participated within the duration of the intervention. The number of peers registered were 3786 out of which, 462 (12.2%) were registered in the first quarter. The duration of the programme witnessed the distribution of a total number of 39194 condoms which represented 73.5% of the total number of condoms required. A total of 2381 (62.9%) of the registered peers were reached with all the three stages of MPPI and 2878 (76.0%) were reached with only HCT. Among these, 81 (2.8%) were tested positive to HIV. Conclusion: This study showed that the HIV prevalence was 2.8% among the participants. However, many of the registered peers were missing during HCT. Efforts to develop appropriate IEC materials for drivers and in particular to improve the sustainability of outreach and peer education activities within key communities, should be maintained and reinforced. Also, flexible approaches to condom distribution need to be developed and promoted.
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme among Female Sex wo...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Plateau State, Nigeria with HIV prevalence rate of 7.7% as at 2010 had among the highest HIV and syphilis levels in Nigeria, earning itself a reputation of being one of the 12 + 1 states contributing the highest HIV prevalence in Nigeria and described as “hot zone” of HIV infections. Factors responsible for this were not unrelated to the high-risk activities of Female Sex Workers (FSWs). This paper therefore presents achievements and implications HIV prevention among FSWs in Plateau State, Nigeria Methods: This project was an intervention effort focused on delivering evidence-based HIV prevention activities among FSWs in 3 local government areas within the State. The estimated target population for the study was 460 and this project used the minimum prevention package intervention (MPPI). Peer educators were selected and trained among the FSWs to reach out to their peers using cohort session. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools, entered on the District Health Information Software version 2 and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 68 community dialogues were held with 1,466 influencers participating in the process. In addition, 601 peers were registered, while 18 persons benefitted from 27 income generation activities aimed at capacity building for FSWs. A total of 642 persons were counseled, tested and shown their results, with 15 persons tested positive resulting in HIV prevalence of 2.3%. Although 10,560 condoms were distributed however, these numbers was below the number of condoms required during the intervention. Conclusion: This intervention was a success. However, more needs to be done with regards to condom distribution and supply among FSWs since there is a crucial role for FSWs to play in the plot of taking the HIV prevalence of Plateau State even further down
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme Among Out of School...inventionjournals
Background: The increasing number of sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS among the youths in sub-Saharan Africa indicates that successive efforts towards preventing the scourge remain inadequate in the continent. Preventing the spread of HIV infection among youths aged 15 – 24 years is critical to reducing the incidence of new HIV infection. This paper therefore presents HIV prevention programme among Out of School Youths (OSYs) in Kogi State, Nigeria. Methods: This intervention was carried out among out-of-school youths in 7 randomly selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in the state with a total target population of 19, 600 OSY. One hundred and twenty (120) OSY comprising (68 males and 52 females) were recruited and trained as Peer Educators. Activities carried out included structural, behavioural and biomedical interventions using the Minimum Prevention Package for Intervention (MPPI) strategy. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools and entered in the DHIS2 platform. The data were later exported into Microsoft Excel and analysed using same. Results: Three hundred and three community dialogues were held within the 2-years period with 672 participants and 25787 peers recruited by the peer educators resulting in 131.6% of the estimated target population. A total of 8812 of out of school youths were counselled, tested and received results for HIV. Among these, a total of 175 (2.0%) were tested positive. Conclusion: Effective implementation of minimum prevention package for intervention in HIV/AIDS prevention programme carried out in these communities could be attributed to the dialogues held at the commencement of the project. However, there are still shortfalls in attainment of the expected results. It is therefore recommended that there be increased integration of services and decentralization of MPPI activities to primary health care centers and rural communities, stepwise supervision and monitoring of HIV prevention activities be strengthened and engagement of all tiers of governance to engender political commitment and ownership of the HIV response with a view of ensuring sustainability of these programmes.
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention of Mother-toChild Transmissio...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Mother-to-child transmission is the predominant route through which children contract HIV and can be controlled through Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) programme. This paper presents programme activities on PMTCT conducted among women of reproductive age in Plateau State, Nigeria. Methods: This intervention was carried out among women of reproductive age in eight local government areas of Plateau state. Seven civil society organizations were engaged and provided with funding by Plateau State Agency for the Control of AIDS under the HIV/AIDS fund (HAF) II. A total of 7460 women of reproductive age are the estimated sample size for this intervention and the minimum prevention package intervention was used for this project activities. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools and DHIS2 while analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel. Results: The total number of community dialogues/advocacy held was 85 and a total of 1,437 people participated. Seventeen income generation activities were carried out in this intervention and 131 people benefitted from it. A total of 87,028 pieces of condom were distributed with majority (88.5%) being distributed in 2014. Only a total of 5606 women were counseled tested and received result and 44 (0.8%) were tested positive. A total of 3275 women were referred for antenatal care during this programme and more than half (52.0%) were referred in 2014. Conclusion: This intervention has been helpful in reducing the burden of HIV and AIDS among women of reproductive age in Plateau State. However, the coverage of minimum prevention package intervention was low. More needs to be done in terms of coverage in future programmes and the intervention should also be extended to other local government areas.
This study examined the relationship between knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention and HIV counselling and testing uptake among young people in Nigeria. The study is a quantitative research guided by one research question and one hypothesis. The target population comprised young people in Nigeria ages 15 to 24 years because the focus of this study was to identify the factors affecting HCT uptake among young people in this age cohort. The representative sample was obtained from the updated master sample frame of rural and urban zones developed by the National Population Commission in Nigeria. This master sample frame was a national survey that comprises all 36 states in Nigeria [2]. Probability sampling technique was used to obtain a sample of 10091 respondents (ages 15 to 24 years) for the study. The multistage cluster sampling was used to select suitable young people with known probability. Data were collected throughout Nigeria between September and December 2012 from 32,543 households (rural = 22,192; urban = 10,351) using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. The individual questionnaires asked about household characteristics, background characteristics of the respondents. Data were analyzed by inputing them into SPSS v21.0 for analysis [4] and then coded them for each participant. The data were summed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages; measures of central tendencies were used to answer the research question while nonparametric test such as chi-square was used to analyze non-normally distributed data at 0.5 level of significance. Results of data analysis indicated that the cognitive factors of knowledge of HIV prevention and knowledge of HIV transmission were statistically significant predictors of the likelihood of having HCT uptake. It was among others recommended that stakeholders, authorities, and providers of health services in Nigeria should strive to increase the rate of HCT uptake among young people ages 15 to 24 years.
Background: Incidence and prevalence of reproductive health difficulties have been shown to be higher among younger people. In Ghana, youthfriendly sexual and reproductive health services and facilities are very limited. The study aimed at examining the friendliness of sexual and reproductive health service delivery and utilization.
Methods: Across sectional design with both qualitative and quantitative methods was conducted to examine the friendliness and utilization of reproductive health services among youth in the Kwadaso Sub-Metro of Ashanti Region, Ghana. A multistage stratified sampling was used to enroll 170 youth (150 in-school and 20 out of school youth) aged 10 - 24years. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics using SPSS software version 20.
Results: Findings demonstrated that out of the 150 in-school youth sampled, 56% ever had a boyfriend or girlfriend, however, about one third(39.3%) did not recall the length of stay with partner, 58% have heard about sexual reproductive health services offered in the study area. A total of 55.8% of all categories of youth had used at least one or more reproductive health service before. Findings again revealed that 37.2% and 44% respectively of youth who had used sexual reproductive health considered the services received at a facility to be very friendly and friendly, yet, a few 18.6% indicated unfriendliness with services received at the facility.
Conclusion: An integrative and comprehensive approach is required to scale up youth utilization of sexual reproductive health services especially facility based. This requires baseline survey of youth users of reproductive health services and the quality of services offered.
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme among Transport Wor...inventionjournals
Background: HIV prevention programs across the world have considered drivers of articulated vehicles, especially those travelling long distances, as an important bridge population for the transmission of HIV to the general population and are thus a major target for HIV reduction programming. This paper therefore presents achievements of HIV prevention programme among transport workers in Bayelsa State, Nigeria including its implications for future programming. Methods: A total of three civil society organizations were engaged by Bayelsa State Agency for the Control of AIDS and funded to provide HIV prevention programmes under the HIV/AIDS fund (HAF) II project. A total of 3900 transport workers were the estimated sample size for this intervention and purposive sampling was used in selecting participants. The minimum prevention package intervention (MPPI) was adopted in the implementation of this project and data collected were entered into District Health Information Software (DHIS) 2 before being exported and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 35 community dialogues were held and 172 influencers participated within the duration of the intervention. The number of peers registered were 3786 out of which, 462 (12.2%) were registered in the first quarter. The duration of the programme witnessed the distribution of a total number of 39194 condoms which represented 73.5% of the total number of condoms required. A total of 2381 (62.9%) of the registered peers were reached with all the three stages of MPPI and 2878 (76.0%) were reached with only HCT. Among these, 81 (2.8%) were tested positive to HIV. Conclusion: This study showed that the HIV prevalence was 2.8% among the participants. However, many of the registered peers were missing during HCT. Efforts to develop appropriate IEC materials for drivers and in particular to improve the sustainability of outreach and peer education activities within key communities, should be maintained and reinforced. Also, flexible approaches to condom distribution need to be developed and promoted.
Madridge Journal of AIDS (ISSN: 2638-1958); HIV-related stigma is a global issue. Its perpetuation varies in magnitude across and within countries, and serves as a major barrier to HIV prevention efforts.
The MoPH, Donors and the NGOs Partnership and its Impact on Maternal and Child Health in Afghanistan
Nadera Hayat Burhani, MD, Specialized in Ob/Gyn, MPH, MPPM (Fellow, Melbourne University)
Melbourne
7May 2015
Achievements and Implications of Care and Support Programme among Orphans and...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: In Nigeria, children who need special protection on the account of being in vulnerable situations are observably increasing due to growing levels of poverty and the poor socio-economic situation of the country and it is necessary to ameliorate the problem by strengthening the capacity of families. This article therefore presents the achievements of care and support programme among orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in Bayelsa State, Nigeria as well as the implications for future programming. Methods: The project was an intervention study carried out among OVC in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Four civil society organizations were engaged by Bayelsa State Agency for the Control of AIDS (BYSACA) under HIV and AIDS Fund (HAF) II project to provide care and support services for OVC. The target population consisted of paternal orphan or maternal orphan, double orphan and vulnerable children whose parents are infected with HIV but alive in six local government areas. A total of 3000 was an estimated sample size for this intervention and data were collected using various data reporting tools and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: The total number of OVC reached during the project period was 5410 given a target reached of 180.3%. Among these, 87.7% of the children were reached with at least one service, 74.9% were reached with psychosocial services, nutrition (37.4%), educational services (33.3%), healthcare services (9.5%) and protection services (4.4%). Thirty-five children withdrawn from the programme and two children reported died during this project. Conclusion: Efforts to care, support and protect vulnerable children should not only focus on their immediate survival needs such as food, education, water, shelter and clothing, but also on long-term developmental needs that reduce children's vulnerability such as life skills, child protection, vocational training, food security, and household economic strengthening.
Peering Through the Window: An Exploratory Study of Early Literacy within the...inventionjournals
This study was an exploratory case study regarding parent perspectives of early literacy within the context of the home environment. Eight parents participated in data collection by attending an introductory interview and keeping a home-learning journal beginning in May, 2000 and entering data through August, 2000. The participants in this study were drawn from a Title I school in a north-central Oklahoman community. All the parents shared two important background components, their children were enrolled in the same neighborhood school, and were enrolled in that school's prekindergarten class. Using thematic analysis techniques, the data was fractured into individual learning events, arranged in categories based on similar emergent themes, then linked to other learning events in each theme area to provide a rich description of each category. Major findings resulted in the identification of several major themes in early literacy interactions within the home environment of the participants. The overarching themes were reading, writing, oral communication, skill-based activities, technology, and the use of community resources. Excerpts taken directly from participant’s home learning journals illustrate each theme area with descriptions of literacy events. The researcher suggests that more research is needed in the areas of literacy acquisition in single child versus multiple child homes, the use of technology as a literacy learning tool, and paternal roles in the area of literacy interactions within the home environment.
Madridge Journal of AIDS (ISSN: 2638-1958); HIV-related stigma is a global issue. Its perpetuation varies in magnitude across and within countries, and serves as a major barrier to HIV prevention efforts.
The MoPH, Donors and the NGOs Partnership and its Impact on Maternal and Child Health in Afghanistan
Nadera Hayat Burhani, MD, Specialized in Ob/Gyn, MPH, MPPM (Fellow, Melbourne University)
Melbourne
7May 2015
Achievements and Implications of Care and Support Programme among Orphans and...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: In Nigeria, children who need special protection on the account of being in vulnerable situations are observably increasing due to growing levels of poverty and the poor socio-economic situation of the country and it is necessary to ameliorate the problem by strengthening the capacity of families. This article therefore presents the achievements of care and support programme among orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in Bayelsa State, Nigeria as well as the implications for future programming. Methods: The project was an intervention study carried out among OVC in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Four civil society organizations were engaged by Bayelsa State Agency for the Control of AIDS (BYSACA) under HIV and AIDS Fund (HAF) II project to provide care and support services for OVC. The target population consisted of paternal orphan or maternal orphan, double orphan and vulnerable children whose parents are infected with HIV but alive in six local government areas. A total of 3000 was an estimated sample size for this intervention and data were collected using various data reporting tools and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: The total number of OVC reached during the project period was 5410 given a target reached of 180.3%. Among these, 87.7% of the children were reached with at least one service, 74.9% were reached with psychosocial services, nutrition (37.4%), educational services (33.3%), healthcare services (9.5%) and protection services (4.4%). Thirty-five children withdrawn from the programme and two children reported died during this project. Conclusion: Efforts to care, support and protect vulnerable children should not only focus on their immediate survival needs such as food, education, water, shelter and clothing, but also on long-term developmental needs that reduce children's vulnerability such as life skills, child protection, vocational training, food security, and household economic strengthening.
Peering Through the Window: An Exploratory Study of Early Literacy within the...inventionjournals
This study was an exploratory case study regarding parent perspectives of early literacy within the context of the home environment. Eight parents participated in data collection by attending an introductory interview and keeping a home-learning journal beginning in May, 2000 and entering data through August, 2000. The participants in this study were drawn from a Title I school in a north-central Oklahoman community. All the parents shared two important background components, their children were enrolled in the same neighborhood school, and were enrolled in that school's prekindergarten class. Using thematic analysis techniques, the data was fractured into individual learning events, arranged in categories based on similar emergent themes, then linked to other learning events in each theme area to provide a rich description of each category. Major findings resulted in the identification of several major themes in early literacy interactions within the home environment of the participants. The overarching themes were reading, writing, oral communication, skill-based activities, technology, and the use of community resources. Excerpts taken directly from participant’s home learning journals illustrate each theme area with descriptions of literacy events. The researcher suggests that more research is needed in the areas of literacy acquisition in single child versus multiple child homes, the use of technology as a literacy learning tool, and paternal roles in the area of literacy interactions within the home environment.
Relations of Domination on Bourdieu’s Perspective between Food Handlers and T...inventionjournals
Restaurants, as social spaces, are scenarios of interaction between food handlers and bosses in the daily preparation of the meals offered to customers. Ensuring food safety, and therefore, the prevention of the occurrence of foodborne disease outbreaks, is the responsibility of both parties. However, some structural and social aspects are seen as elements that may act to depreciate food safety. A qualitative ethnographic study was carried out with the use of participant observation in commercial restaurants in two Brazilian cities. Thus, this article seeks to present several points of conflict between food handlers and their bosses and their implications for food safety.
“Niveles de Rendimiento Académico en estudiantes de las carreras de Hotelería...inventionjournals
El propósito de la investigación fue determinar la incidencia de niveles de rendimiento académico de estudiantes de la carrera de hotelería y turismo, comunicación social de la universidad Técnica de Babahoyo Extensión Quevedo-Ecuador, año 2014. Desde la perspectiva de una investigación de nivel aplicativo se llevó a cabo un conjunto de actividades utilizando conceptos teóricos de rendimiento académico en estudiantes de las carreras. Se eligió una muestra de del III A y B 40 estudiantes y 40 estudiantes y 12 docentes de los III y IV ciclo. Con la presente actividad se logró conocer la incidencia del nivel de rendimiento académico. El tipo de investigación fue descriptivo correlacional bajo un diseño no experimental de campo; para la recolección de datos se utilizaron cuestionarios para Docentes y Estudiantes, para la segunda variable se realizó una ficha de recojo de información para los promedios de notas de diversos cursos de las carreras. Palabras Claves: Rendimiento académico, niveles de rendimiento, educación. SUMMARY: The purpose of the research was to determine the incidence of academic achievement levels of students of the hotel and tourism career, social communication of the Technical University of Babahoyo Extension Quevedo-Ecuador, year 2014. From the perspective of an application level research; Was carried out a set of activities using the theoretical concepts academic achievement of the students of the races. A sample of III A and B was chosen 40 students and 40 students of IV A and B are 70 students and 08 teachers of cycles III and IV cycle. With the present activity, it was possible to know the level of incidence of the level of academic achievement. The type of research was descriptive correlational, under a non-experimental field design; For data collection, a questionnaire was used for Teachers and Students. For the second variable, a data collection form was used for the average scores of the various courses of the courses
The Community Perception About Colíder’s Colonization In Brazilinventionjournals
This article aims to register the history of Colíder’s colonization in order to understand the meanings that the settlers community has in relation to three aspects: publicity, encountered difficulties and the confrontation with the “Settler”. This register was made through the three settlers’ testimony: José Afonso Pereira, Gema Ignês Postal Barbiero and Helena Maria Miranda, who arrived in the region from 1974. Colíder city is located in the midwest region of Brazil and it was colonized by a private company called "Colonization, Industrialization and Rural Development". The settlers’ migration to the new city in searching of better conditions was compromised by the non-compliance of the colonizing company in providing the necessary documentation of the land possession. The reality is richer and more complex, and what has been presented is a simplification. Therefore, the study is justified, since it is hoped that the registration of these informations will help the future generations to understand how was Gleba Cafezal’s occupation, now Colíder.
La Gestión Administrativa Y Su Incidencia En El Compromiso Laboral De La Poli...inventionjournals
The research was framed in an analytical - descriptive study on the incidence of administrative management in the commitment of human police talent, with the purpose of giving a significant contribution to the organizational development of the Ecuadorian National Police. The purpose of the investigation is to contribute significantly to the police personnel at all levels of hierarchy and organization within the national territory of Ecuador. In my study is the quantitative approach, which shows the relationship between the two variables: administrative management and the commitment of human police talent. The present investigation begins with the identification of the problem of study, for which a previous investigation of field was used in some police units of the city of Quito, in order to determine punctually the problem. Then with the technical study the size of the sample under study is highlighted that are 400 surveyed nationwide. The study starts with the exploratory research where the necessary bibliography was collected to support the development of the thesis, such as the research question, the content of the information gathering instrument that is the survey, and the method of analysis employed for The effect. But fundamentally the bibliography served to have a wide spectrum around the administration and the commitment of the people, which was put into practice in the operationalization of the variables, which determined the questions of diagnosis and management performed and, The proposal of the management proposal. For the analysis of the information and data collected, we used the deductive, inductive and statistical methods, in order to go through a process of scientific investigation. The field investigation was carried out in several police units in the city of Quito, with the application of 2 types of survey: the diagnosis, and the management proposal, where a good amount of information related to the incidence was obtained Of these 2 variables, where it was determined that if there is a high incidence of administrative management in people, since the existing malaise around this issue was identified by police
Intertextuality of Rumi’s Masnavi with Quran: Author’s intentional effort and...inventionjournals
The notion of intertextuality emphasized that all literary texts are related to or influenced by the texts prior them. However in some cases the intertextual relation between the former and the later text is specifically intentional. This specific intertextual relationship is the one that Gerad Genette called hypertextuality, which although like all intertextual relationships is depended on the relation between two concepts of the later text, hypertext and the earlier one, hypotext, pays special attention to the intentionality of the intertextual relationship. Being sensible toward this sort of deliberate relationships that the author of a hypertext crated in his/her work is one of the essentialities of translation practices. It seems that in some of the recent English translations of Rumi’s poetry the noted sensitivity on the hypertextual relationships was totally neglected and caused the text to be located in a different context. This article by shedding light on the concept of intertextual relationship between Rumi’s Masnavi and Quran, aimed to demonstrate the real context of Rumi’s poetry to those Rumi’s audiences who read his poetry in another language other than Persian.
The Correlation of Reading Comprehension Ability of Persian and English Langu...inventionjournals
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Similar to Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme among Men who have Sex with Men: A Systematic Evaluation of HAF II Project in Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme among Injecting Dru...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: The HIV epidemic appears to be generalized with new infections occurring among persons perceived to be practicing low risk sex in Bayelsa State. The epidemic appeared to be concentrated among the sub-populations including injecting drug users (IDUs). Intervention therefore needed to ameliorate this problem hence, this paper presents achievements of HIV prevention programme among IDUs in Bayelsa state including its implications for programming. Methods: This was an intervention project conducted among injecting drug users in five purposive selected local government areas (LGAs) in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Centre for Development and Empowerment of Commercial Motorcyclist (CEDECOM) was engaged by Bayelsa State Agency for Control of AIDS and funded under the HIV and AIDS fund (HAF) II project to scale up HIV prevention among injecting drug users. The project was carried out between April, 2016 and January, 2017. The estimated sample size for this intervention was 210 IDUs and minimum prevention package intervention (MPPI) was adopted in the implementation of this project activities. Data were entered on DHIS2 platform and later exported and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Data were presented using descriptive statistics such as percentage, simple proportion and frequency. Results: The overall target population reached during this intervention was 440 given a target reached of 209.5%. All the 36 community dialogues that took place during the course of this project occurred in the first quarter with a total number of 54 male influencers participated in dialogues and sensitization activities during this period. A total number of 440 peers were registered during this period and a total number of 11,346 male condoms and 656 female condoms were distributed. A total of 243 (55.2%) of the registered peers were reached with all the three stages of MPPI and 427 (97.0%) were reached with HCT. Among these, 21 (4.9%) were tested positive to HIV. Conclusion: This intervention was a success as it scaled up HIV prevention services among injecting drug users in the state. To optimize the effectiveness of this type of intervention in reducing HIV infection among this risk group, future programs should be based on principles related to equity and gender balance.
PAGE 24The perceptions of health workers on the effecti.docxalfred4lewis58146
PAGE
24
The perceptions of health workers on the effectiveness of HIV Prevention Programmes for MSM in Jamaica
May 2013
Abstract
The Jamaican Ministry of Health (MOH) has framed a policy and strategy that allows for sexual health promotion and HIV prevention programmes to be conducted for men who have sex with men (MSM), despite an enforced legal framework which makes it illegal to participate in anal sex. The population of Jamaica’s MSM accounts for the highest HIV prevalence rate on the island. While the National HIV/ STI Programme conducts a government-run programme, a significant portion of the work is conducted by local and internationally funded non-government organizations (NGO). This study seeks to explore the efficiency of these HIV/AIDS prevention programmes from the experiences and perspectives of the health care workers involved in their implementation. It will utilize qualitative research methodology of a descriptive cross-sectional design. The procedure will involve the use of interviews. These will be conducted with health workers in MSM programmes from NGOs and the Jamaica National HIV/STI Programme. It is expected that the results may indicate a view of success with many programmes, with limitations being attributed to the societal and legal framework within which they work. It may also show disparities between government and locally ran programmes conducted by NGOs. The results of this study will be shared and made available to public libraries, the government of Jamaica and other stakeholders working to alleviate the impact of HIV and AIDS in Jamaica and the world. *
Keywords: HIV/AIDS, health promotion and HIV prevention, men who have sex with men (MSM), Jamaica, sexual health, gay men, other MSM and transgender individuals (GMT).Table of Contents
Page #
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Discussion
Conclusion
Reflection
References
Appendix Consent
Appendix Draft Interview
Glossary
Privacy Statement
1. Introduction
This study explores the effectiveness of the HIV and AIDS response within the target population of MSM in Jamaica. It investigates, the views and perspectives of the health workers who carry out or implement these programmes.
Thanks to science, the ability to treat and care for persons living with HIV (PLHIV) and AIDS has grown exponentially. Individuals are defying their prognoses and are living with HIV and AIDS for record number of years than they did when the virus was first discovered. Gay, bisexual, transgendered and other men who have sex with men but may not identify as gay, are disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted infections like HIV (MOH, 2011a). For the purpose of this research the term MSM will be defined and utilized as the public health terminology to capture the target audience of all males who have sex with males.
For the purpose of this research.
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A summary of the Stigma Index report of Kenya, Nigeria, Zambia by GNP+
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Since the first case of HIV/AIDS was reported in Kenya in 1984 the numbers of those infected have risen and many people have since died or are living with the HIV/AIDS since the epidemic started in 1980s in the drug injecting people and the homosexuals. These deaths have resulted in Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC). This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, with one of the objective of finding out the socio-economic effect of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nyamira district. A sample of 384 people participated in the study. The people were through simple random selected from Bonyegwe sublocation of Nyamusi division. Semi-structured interview schedules were used in data collection from the households. To remove ambiguity, the research tools were pre-tested to both HIV/AIDS organizations and householders not in the sample population but with similar characteristics. The research tools were refined and used on the actual sample population. Text, graphs, figures and tables were used in data presentation. The study indicates that those people who had not attained any level of formal education were (17%). The study revealed that householders (40%) had higher proportion of secondary education as compared with members of HIV/AIDS organizations (37%). Most of the members of HIV/AIDS organizations (89%) indicated that farming is their main source of income and a cushion for food security as compared with householders (63%). The ministry of health should strengthen provision of PMTCT services at the ANC clinic so that we prevent more cases of orphans and vulnerable children. The study suggests that in future all mothers who test positive for HIV virus should be put on treatment in order to reduce defaulters at the same time reach sustainable coverage in the provision of HIV/AIDS services to the orphans and vulnerable children in the society.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme among Men who have Sex with Men: A Systematic Evaluation of HAF II Project in Bayelsa State, Nigeria
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 6 Issue 2||February. 2017 || PP.29-34
www.ijhssi.org 29 | Page
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme
among Men who have Sex with Men: A Systematic Evaluation
of HAF II Project in Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Ademola L. Adelekan1,5
, Temple R. Iluma2
, Prosper Okafor3
, Enuma Charles2
,
Michael Owojuyigbe4
, Oladipupo Olaleye1,5
, Diepreye Alagoa2
, Eunice
Sammy-Boy2
, Blessing Emmanuel2
, Ighile Kelly2
, Olusegun Adeoye6
, Michael
Olugbile6
, Emmanuel Alhassan7
, Tobias John7
, Oluwakemi Ladeinde7
1
Blue Gate Public Health Promotion Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
2
Bayelsa State Agency for the Control of AIDS, Yenagoa, Nigeria
3
Centre for Development and Empowerment of Commercial Motorcyclist, Yenagoa, Nigeria
4
Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
5
Department of Health Promotion and Education, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of
Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
6
HIV Programme Development Project, World Bank, Abuja, Nigeria
7
National Agency for the Control of AIDS, Abuja, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Background: Targeted interventions among men who have sex with men (MSM) could have a considerable
effect in slowing the spread of HIV epidemic. This paper therefore presents the achievements and implications
of HIV prevention programme among MSM in Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Methods: The project was an intervention study carried out among MSM in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The
calculated sample size for this project was 155 MSM and snowball sampling technique was used for their
selection. The project adopted the minimum prevention package intervention (MPPI) and data collected with
output indicators were entered into the District Health Information Software (DHIS) 2, exported into Microsoft
Excel and analysed using same.
Results: The overall target population reached during this intervention was 381 MSM given a target reached of
245.8%. A total of 35 community dialogues were held within the duration of the intervention and 49 influencers
participated. The number of peers registered during the intervention were 203 and out of the total number of
condom (20582) required for this intervention, only 15235 (74.0%) were distributed. A total of 185 (91.1%) of
the registered peers were reached with all the three stages of MPPI and 381 (245.8%) were reached with HCT.
Among these, 17 (4.5%) were tested positive to HIV.
Conclusion: This study showed an HIV prevalence of 4.5% among men who have sex with men in Bayelsa state
at the time of the intervention. Given this high HIV prevalence, it is vital to enact more targeted and evidence-
based prevention programs for these men.
Keywords: HAF II project, Men who have sex with men, HIV, Minimum prevention package intervention,
HIV/AIDS
I. INTRODUCTION
In 2013, roughly over 35 million persons were deemed to be living with HIV, and about 2.3 million
people became infected with HIV across the world in the same year alone [1]. Across the world, certain
populations are deemed to be more vulnerable to acquisition and transmission of HIV than other adults who are
also of reproductive age. Among these are men who have sex with men (MSM) [2]. Globally, men who have
sex with men are 19 times more likely to be living with HIV than the general population. This figure is rising in
some regions such as Asia [3]. During 2011, men who have sex with men accounted for 41% of new HIV
infections in Western Europe, 56% in Peru and 63% in the United States of America (USA) [3]. In Jamaica, one
in three men who have sex with men are living with HIV [4]. Men who have sex with men constitute the second
most-at-risk populations affected by the epidemic in Nigeria. HIV prevalence among MSM in Nigeria was 3
times higher than the general population, and stood at 13.5% at the time and later at 17.2% in 2010 [5-6]. Also,
MSM are believed to contribute about 10% of the annual new infections among both males and females within
the country, due to their sexual networking with heterosexual partners [6].
The UNGASS Country progress report of 2010 points to low consistent condom use in anal sex, high
biological risk of HIV acquisition associated with unprotected anal sex and low level of exposure to
2. Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme among Men who Have Sex with ..
www.ijhssi.org 30 | Page
interventions as being major factors responsible for the high prevalence of HIV among MSM [5]. The National
Agency for the Control of AIDS [5] estimated the percentage of protected sexual acts among MSM to be 52.8%
based on the percentage of them that used a condom in the last sex with men in non-commercial sex. A
secondary analysis of the 2010 Integrated Biological and Behavioral Sentinel Survey (IBBSS) data involving
1545 MSM between 18 and 49 years showed that high number MSM practice risky sexual behaviour that is
driven by alcohol and multiple male partners [7]. Nigerian MSM often live double lives of publicly engaging in
heterosexual relationships and same-sex relationships secretly [8]. Men who have sex with men also experience
conflicts between their cultural, religious, family values, and expectations and their sexual identities
[8]. According to the first national IBBSS (2007), the HIV prevalence among MSM in Nigeria was 3 times
higher than the general population and about half had sex with both men and women [9]. Despite this, Nigerian
MSM do not consider themselves as having a higher risk of HIV infection compared with the general population
[9]. High HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men is evidence that prevention strategies are failing
to reach this group. Targeted interventions at this group could have a considerable effect in slowing the spread
of the epidemic. This paper therefore presents the achievements and implications of HIV prevention programme
among MSM in Bayelsa State, Nigeria
II. METHODOLOGY
Study Design
The project was an intervention study carried out among MSM in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. It focused on factors
that tend to drive the spread of HIV epidemic to reduce the incidence of new infections and prevalence of HIV
and AIDS in State.
Study Area
Bayelsa, one of the six states in Nigeria’s South South geopolitical zone, was created in 1996. The
State which covers an area of 9,415.8 km2
, is bordered by Rivers and Delta States and to the south by the Gulf
of Guinea; and is divided into 8 local government areas (LGAs), with the capital located in Yenegoa. The total
population from the 2006 census was 1,704,515 (874,083 males and 830,432 females). The four main languages
spoken are Izon, Nembe, Epie-Atissa and Ogbia [10].
Study Population
The study population are men who have sex with men in 4 out of 8 LGAs in the State. The LGAs are Brass,
Ogbia, Sagbama and Southern Ijaw.
Sample Size and Sampling Technique
The calculated sample size for this project was 155 MSM. Snowball sampling technique was used for the
selection of the participants.
The Intervention Process
Centre for Development and Empowerment of commercial Motorcyclists (CEDECOM) which is one of
the Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in Nigeria was engaged by the Bayelsa State Agency for the Control of
AIDS and funded under the HIV and AIDS fund (HAF) II project of the World Bank. The project adopted the
minimum prevention package intervention (MPPI) and activities are classified under structural, behavioural,
biomedical interventions. Activities conducted under each of the three levels of MPPI were as follows:
Structural Intervention
The structural level of the intervention included community-based interventions with the purpose of
creating adequate access to information and services among MSM. This level of interventions focused mainly
on community dialogues and advocacy visits to stakeholders. Community dialogues focused on addressing
structural and cultural barriers hindering MSM from accessing and utilizing appropriate HIV prevention,
treatment and care services as well as ensuring enabling environment for the acceptability of MSM within the
communities they belong.
Behavioural Intervention
Behavioural change intervention which included the use of Priority for Local AIDS Control Efforts
(PLACE) approach was aimed at influencing participants to adopt healthy behaviours, whilst reducing their risk
for HIV infection was employed herein. The behavioural change intervention was carried out by Peer Educators
(PEs) selected among MSM. These selected PEs recruited peers among MSM who they reached out to during
PLACE sessions using MPPI. The peer/cohort sessions was a monthly program carried out by PEs with their
peers or cohorts registered into the project. Each of the PEs has a minimum of 8 and maximum of 12 members
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in their cohort. They meet at least 2 times or at most 3 times in an interval of 15 days or 10 days respectively in
a month to discuss HIV and other related issues including sexual and reproductive health as contained in their
training manual. After a minimum of 6 contacts, the peers were provided with HCT and graduated having
completed the modules in the manual. Issues discussed during such sessions included partner reduction, condom
negotiation and use, lubricant use, good health seeking behaviour for prompt treatment of STIs, treatment
referral, follow-up and HCT. Condoms were also distributed to the participants.
Biomedical Intervention
The biomedical level of intervention was with the aim of increasing access to HIV services among
MSM, including HIV counseling and testing (HCT) services, care linkages and antiretroviral therapy. Mobile
HCT services were carried out for all peer educators and their cohorts as well as other members of the
community. Those tested positive were referred to health facilities for care and support while others were
counselled to adopt a non-risky behavioural style of life.
Data Collection
Data collection was done using various data collection and reporting tools including HIV Client intake
forms, Referral form, Peer education monthly summary form, National prevention monthly summary form
among others. HIV counseling and testing was documented using the client intake form. Data on peer education
was collected by peer educators during peer education session while HCT data was collected by the counselor
testers.
Data Analysis
Data collected with output indicators using data reporting tools were entered into the District Health
Information Software (DHIS) 2. The data were exported into Microsoft Excel and analysed using same. They
are were analysed with aid of descriptive statistics and represented in tables and charts.
Ethical Issues
Prior to the commencement of the intervention, the proposal was subjected to a two-stage review and
ethical approval to conduct the research was obtained from the National and the State Ethical Review
Committee, Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria. The criteria for selection of samples included voluntary
declaration of participation in the study and the ability for transmission of information. The HIV tests were done
under HCT tents within the community, with only one client attended to at a time to ensure privacy of the client.
The HIV client intake forms were kept in a safe place to ensure confidentiality. Those that tested positive were
confidentially referred for appropriate treatment using referral form.
III. RESULTS
The findings are presented based on the levels of intervention: structural, behavioural and biomedical
interventions. The overall target population reached during this intervention was 381 MSM with a target reached
of 245.8%.
Structural Intervention
A total of 35 community dialogues were held within the duration of the intervention, with all being held in the
first quarter of the intervention. A total of 49 influencers participated in the community dialogues (Table 1).
Table 1: Structural Intervention
Period
Number of community
dialogues held
Influencers participating in
community dialogue
1st
Quarter 35 (100.0%) 49 (100.0%)
2nd
Quarter 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
Total 35 49
Behavioural Intervention
The number of peers registered during the intervention were 203 out of which 62 (30.5%) were
registered in the first quarter. The duration of the intervention programme witnessed the distribution of a total of
829 female condoms and 14,406 male condoms to the participants. More male condoms were distributed in the
second quarter of the intervention, with 7,657 male condoms (53.2%) being distributed in the first quarter as
against 6,749 (46.8%) male condoms in the preceding quarter. Out of the total number of condom (9,454)
required in the first quarter, only 7,157 (75.7%) were distributed while during the second quarter, a total of
8,870 (72.6%) of the required number of condoms were distributed. The number of lubricants distributed for
both quarters were 3,797 out of this 53.3% were distributed in the first quarter (Table 2).
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Table 2: Behavioural Intervention
Period No of Peers
registered No of
condoms
required
No of
condoms
distributed
No of male
condoms
distributed
No of
female
condoms
distributed
No of
lubricants
required
No of
lubricants
distributed
1st
Quarter 62 (30.5%) 9454 (45.9%) 7157 (47.0%) 6,749 (46.8%) 408 (57.4%) 2250 (59.3%) 1274 (72.3%)
2nd
Quarter
141 (69.5%) 11128
(54.1%) 8078 (53.0%) 7,657 (53.2%) 421 (42.6%)
1547 (40.7%) 488 (27.7%)
Total 203 20582 15235 14406 829 3797 1762
Biomedical Intervention
A total of 381 participants were counseled, tested, and received results; this included 207 (54.3%) persons in the
first quarter and 174 (45.7%) in the second quarter. Among the tested participants, a total of 17 were tested
positive. Nobody was referred for STIs services during the course of the project (Table 3).
Table 3: Biomedical Intervention
Period No counseled, tested
and received result
No of persons who
tested positive
No of persons
referred for STI
1st
Quarter 207 (54.3%) 8 (47.1%) 0 (0.0%)
2nd
Quarter 174 (45.7%) 9 (52.9%) 0 (0.0%)
Total 381 17 0
Coverage of MPPI, HCT and Prevalence of HIV
A total of 185 (91.1%) of the registered peers were reached with all the three stages of MPPI and 381 (245.8%)
were reached with HCT. Among these, 17 (4.5%) were tested positive to HIV (Fig. 1).
Figure 1: Coverage of MPPI, HCT and Prevalence of HIV
IV. DISCUSSION
The National Agency for the Control of AIDS (2010) asserted that there is very limited knowledge of
the dynamics of infection transmission amongst MSM in the country due to the considerable focus on
heterosexual transmission of the epidemic. The body thus posited that a necessary first step would be to collect
more data concerning MSM to facilitate the design of suitable interventions for them. As such, the HAF II
intervention was not only a means of collecting data on the group, but also an intervention geared towards
curbing the spread of HIV scourge. At the structural level, community dialogues and advocacies were
particularly expedient as they served to address both the structural and cultural barriers which had an impact on
the access of counseling and testing services, care linkages and antiretroviral therapy. This was necessary
because in traditional African societies, and even in urban centres in Nigerian states, there is rampant
homophobia, stigma and discrimination against men who have sex with men given that the act is considered
punishable under the law in the country, not only culturally, but also religiously a taboo. Interestingly, health
workers who are supposed to serve as care linkages are guilty of discriminatory practices. As such, the number
of MSM who turned out for community dialogues however was not many. This is in concord with the assertions
of NACA [5] and Lung et.al.[11], amongst others who opined that MSM were considered a taboo within general
society and as such gave room for restrictions in data collation. Consequently, this was reflected in the low
number of community dialogues held, and the fact that they were all held in the first quarter of the intervention
programme, and none in the second quarter.
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At the behavioural level, peers were registered to form a network of MSM and allow for a scenario in
which MSM could discuss issues relating to condom negotiation and use, as well as a reduction of high risk
sexual behavior. At this level of intervention, correct and consistent use of condoms and lubricants were not
only being passed through behavioural change communication, and interpersonal communication, but also
driven by the distribution of condoms (both male and female) to the MSM to avoid the complaints of high cost
of condoms. The distribution of female condoms amongst MSM was due to the recognition of the fact that many
of the MSM also led double-lives often having female sex partners or wives, due to the need to blend into
regular society [5]. Furthermore, the use of behavioural level of intervention becomes more important because
there is a recognition of the fact that MSM constitute the second most-at-risk populations affected by the
scourge of HIV in Nigeria with a 17.2% average prevalence rate [5], and are often driven in their risky sexual
behaviour by alcohol and multiple male partners [7, l2]. The prevalence of HIV recorded in this intervention
was 4.5%. This is lower than estimates of HIV among MSM in Abuja, Ibadan, and Lagos cities in Nigeria where
34.9%, 11.3%, and 15.2% respectively were reported [11]. One of the earliest studies was published in 2005 in
Senegal, where 463 MSM from Dakar and four other urban communities demonstrated an HIV prevalence of
21.5%. A 2005 study of 713 receptive MSM from Khartoum, Sudan, revealed an HIV prevalence of 9.3%. In
Kenya, HIV prevalence as high as 43% among MSM was recorded [13-15]. In Nigeria, 13.5% of men who have
sex with men were living with HIV in 2007 and in 2015 prevalence had risen to 23% [16], though prevalence
varied significantly between sites of study. Specifically, HIV prevalence among MSM in Cross River was 2.8%,
11.7% in Kano, and 25.4% in Lagos [17]. The combination of these studies suggests that even in the generalized
HIV epidemics of sub-Saharan Africa, MSM are nearly four times more likely to be infected with HIV than the
general population [17].
Implications for Programming
Specific interventions to key groups may have huge effects on the progress of the epidemic, if properly
conducted, it could slow the epidemic; if not, could further aggravate the situation. HCT is an important link in
the continuum of HIV prevention and treatment services. There is no gain saying that the spread of the epidemic
particularly among MSM can be mitigated by understanding the risk-related behaviors, and needs of the group
which may or may not be financial, psychological, health or social. By allocating appropriate resources within
an intervention package to these needs, the spread of the epidemic may be cut short. More knowledge and data
should for future intervention be collected on the group and the dynamics of infection transmission.
Furthermore, there is a need to incorporate income generation activities in any future intervention programmes,
this would help many of the MSM to be financially independent, as some individuals do turn to homosexuality
due to the lure of financial rewards. Also, as noted in the study, only four out of the eight LGAs in the state were
covered. It is likely that many MSM may have been missed hence the need to extend this project to the rest of
the LGAs not covered. It is also important to note that guarantees of non-prosecution should be afforded to
members of this group in a bid to ensure that the purpose of the intervention is not jeopardized. Many of the
most successful HIV programmes aimed at men who have sex with men empower this group and actively
involve them in a community setting. In sub-Saharan Africa, studies have shown how HIV services that are
targeted at, and run by men who have sex with men, have seen the greatest response and uptake. This avoids the
necessity of attending general healthcare settings, where men who have sex with men risk identity and sexual
orientation exposure that could be met with stigma and discrimination. Not only is funding needed to provide
HIV prevention, testing and treatment for men who have sex with men, but it's also needed to generate research
and data to inform effective programming. Without allocated funding for research and programme delivery,
high HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men will remain.
V. CONCLUSION
This study showed an HIV prevalence of 4.5% among men who have sex with men in Bayelsa state at
the time of the intervention. Given this high HIV prevalence, it is vital to enact more targeted and evidence-
based prevention programs for these men. The goal of these programs is to decrease HIV transmission among
men by increasing condom use during anal sex and employing other evidence-based biomedical
interventions. Governments and international donors must therefore cease to neglect the HIV epidemic among
men who have sex men, and acknowledge the situation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The evaluation team wishes to acknowledge the World Bank and the National Agency for the Control
of AIDS (NACA) for making available the funding for the evaluation and dissemination of this project
intervention. Special appreciation goes Alex Ogreagade, Claude Ujile and Weniebi Zibiya for their support
during this project implementation.
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