Access of the rural poor to goods and services to control Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)
By R. Emerson Tuttle
European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD)
Barriers, opportunities, and the role of the private and public sectors and international organizations in achieving change.
This ppt concerns
New investments in developing countries at the Base of the Pyramid (BoP); Is there a potential market for FMD control?; What are the barriers preventing access to quality FMD control options?; Business models to overcome existing barriers; An evolving role for the public sector and international organizations.
Innovation platforms increase community participation in livestock health int...ILRI
Poster prepared by Michel Dione (ILRI), Ibrahima Traore (ILRI), Ahmadou Sow (ILRI), Barbara Wieland (ILRI) and Abdou Fall (ILRI) for the Virtual Livestock CRP Planning Meeting, 8-17 June 2020
ILRI research on foodborne diseases and antimicrobial resistance associated w...ILRI
Presentation by Delia Grace, Florence Mutua, Fred Unger, Johanna Lindahl, Kristina Roesel, Ram Pratim Deka, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Barbara Wieland and Hung Nguyen-Viet at a regional symposium on research into smallholder pig production, health and pork safety, Hanoi, Vietnam, 27–29 March 2019.
The growing 50+ market, driven by the demand and spending power of the baby boomer generations, is changing the global economy and also offers big opportunities for Finnish companies.
Future of agriculture agriculture - technology is a necessity in 2020 and beyondMamoon Ismail Khalid
The pace of change is accelerating with technological advances, innovative business models, and changing consumer preferences. Many of the world’s leading industries are grinding to a halt as governments across the globe attempt to thwart the further spread of Covid-19. Industries that involve bringing large numbers of people together physically are bearing the brunt, including sporting events, restaurants, education, and tourism.
But there are a few that have been deemed essential to everyday life, including healthcare, emergency services, food manufacturing, and farming.
Innovation platforms increase community participation in livestock health int...ILRI
Poster prepared by Michel Dione (ILRI), Ibrahima Traore (ILRI), Ahmadou Sow (ILRI), Barbara Wieland (ILRI) and Abdou Fall (ILRI) for the Virtual Livestock CRP Planning Meeting, 8-17 June 2020
ILRI research on foodborne diseases and antimicrobial resistance associated w...ILRI
Presentation by Delia Grace, Florence Mutua, Fred Unger, Johanna Lindahl, Kristina Roesel, Ram Pratim Deka, Sinh Dang-Xuan, Barbara Wieland and Hung Nguyen-Viet at a regional symposium on research into smallholder pig production, health and pork safety, Hanoi, Vietnam, 27–29 March 2019.
The growing 50+ market, driven by the demand and spending power of the baby boomer generations, is changing the global economy and also offers big opportunities for Finnish companies.
Future of agriculture agriculture - technology is a necessity in 2020 and beyondMamoon Ismail Khalid
The pace of change is accelerating with technological advances, innovative business models, and changing consumer preferences. Many of the world’s leading industries are grinding to a halt as governments across the globe attempt to thwart the further spread of Covid-19. Industries that involve bringing large numbers of people together physically are bearing the brunt, including sporting events, restaurants, education, and tourism.
But there are a few that have been deemed essential to everyday life, including healthcare, emergency services, food manufacturing, and farming.
Exploring the Scope of Cost Effective Aflatoxin Risk Reduction Strategiespchenevixtrench
Outline of the Aflacontrol Project: Exploring the Scope of Cost Effective Aflatoxin Risk Reduction Strategies in in Maize and Groundnut Value chains to improve market access and health of the poor in Africa
The smallholder pig value chains development in Uganda (SPVCD) project: Where...ILRI
Presented by Danilo Pezo, Michel Dione and Emily Ouma at the Planning workshop on 'assessing the impact of African Swine Fever in smallholder pig systems and the feasibility of potential interventions, Kampala, Uganda, 13 May 2013
Improving Food Safety in Africa
Brad Flett - Agricultural Research Council - Grain Crops Institute, Potchefstroom, RSA. President of the African Society of Mycotoxicology
Roundtable of aflatoxin experts on
“Building a multi-stakeholder approach to mitigate aflatoxin contamination of food and feed”
Brussels, Monday 25th January 2016
Sustainable and productive farming systems: The livestock sector ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith at the International Conference on Food Security in Africa: Bridging Research and Practice, Sydney, Australia, 29-30 November 2012
Prevention and control of aflatoxin contamination in value chains: Contrib...Francois Stepman
25th January 2016. Roundtable of aflatoxin experts on “Building a multi-stakeholder approach to mitigate aflatoxin contamination of food and feed”.
Background: Food losses, issue of aflatoxin, challenges, abbreviations followed by GIZ project activities:
Promotion of value chains and reduction of risk of aflatoxin contamination: by the “Green Innovation Centres for the Agriculture and Food Sector”, commissioned by BMZ Special Initiative “ONEWORLD – No Hunger!”.
Further (planned) activities to reduce post-harvest losses and possible aflatoxin contamination: by various projects worldwide
Aflasafe technology in Zambia: Upscaling and dissemination in other countries in Africa: by IITA/CGIAR - CCAFS, GIZ/ITAACC, Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation, USDA, PACA and other partners
Aflatoxin risk assessment as part of the Rapid Food Loss Assessment Tool (RLAT): by Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture (SV NAREN)
Falck zepeda et al ravello icabr june 2013 final updatedJose Falck Zepeda
Presentation at the 2013 ICABR meeting in Ravello, Italy. Details experiences with two surveys conducted on GM maize in Honduras. Identifies impacts on yields and profits, issues, traits related to the adoption of a GM product in a small resources poor country.
Expertise of CIRAD-UMR Qualisud for aflatoxin control in AfricaFrancois Stepman
Catherine Brabet (CIRAD, France) Expertise of CIRAD-UMR Qualisud for aflatoxin control in Africa
Roundtable of aflatoxin experts on
“Building a multi-stakeholder approach to mitigate aflatoxin contamination of food and feed”
Brussels, Monday 25th January 2016
Andrew Emmott, Twin&Twin Trading, Senior Associate (Nuts), London, UK.
Roundtable of aflatoxin experts on
“Building a multi-stakeholder approach to mitigate aflatoxin contamination of food and feed”
Brussels, Monday 25th January 2016
Stemming Aflatoxin pre- and post-harvest waste in the groundnut value chain (...Francois Stepman
Roundtable of aflatoxin experts on
“Building a multi-stakeholder approach to mitigate aflatoxin contamination of food and feed”
Brussels, Monday 25th January 2016
An introduction to Myanmar's current healthcare system with an eye on whether the country is ready for meaningful foreign direct investment in the sector.
Animal health Product development & adoption Partnership organisation
A not-for-profit Public-Private Partnership – registered charity
Sponsored by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) and with projects funded by BMGF, DFID and EC.
Pro-poor focus: working with key partners to make a sustainable difference in access to animal health products for poor livestock keepers
Exploring the Scope of Cost Effective Aflatoxin Risk Reduction Strategiespchenevixtrench
Outline of the Aflacontrol Project: Exploring the Scope of Cost Effective Aflatoxin Risk Reduction Strategies in in Maize and Groundnut Value chains to improve market access and health of the poor in Africa
The smallholder pig value chains development in Uganda (SPVCD) project: Where...ILRI
Presented by Danilo Pezo, Michel Dione and Emily Ouma at the Planning workshop on 'assessing the impact of African Swine Fever in smallholder pig systems and the feasibility of potential interventions, Kampala, Uganda, 13 May 2013
Improving Food Safety in Africa
Brad Flett - Agricultural Research Council - Grain Crops Institute, Potchefstroom, RSA. President of the African Society of Mycotoxicology
Roundtable of aflatoxin experts on
“Building a multi-stakeholder approach to mitigate aflatoxin contamination of food and feed”
Brussels, Monday 25th January 2016
Sustainable and productive farming systems: The livestock sector ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith at the International Conference on Food Security in Africa: Bridging Research and Practice, Sydney, Australia, 29-30 November 2012
Prevention and control of aflatoxin contamination in value chains: Contrib...Francois Stepman
25th January 2016. Roundtable of aflatoxin experts on “Building a multi-stakeholder approach to mitigate aflatoxin contamination of food and feed”.
Background: Food losses, issue of aflatoxin, challenges, abbreviations followed by GIZ project activities:
Promotion of value chains and reduction of risk of aflatoxin contamination: by the “Green Innovation Centres for the Agriculture and Food Sector”, commissioned by BMZ Special Initiative “ONEWORLD – No Hunger!”.
Further (planned) activities to reduce post-harvest losses and possible aflatoxin contamination: by various projects worldwide
Aflasafe technology in Zambia: Upscaling and dissemination in other countries in Africa: by IITA/CGIAR - CCAFS, GIZ/ITAACC, Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation, USDA, PACA and other partners
Aflatoxin risk assessment as part of the Rapid Food Loss Assessment Tool (RLAT): by Sector Project Sustainable Agriculture (SV NAREN)
Falck zepeda et al ravello icabr june 2013 final updatedJose Falck Zepeda
Presentation at the 2013 ICABR meeting in Ravello, Italy. Details experiences with two surveys conducted on GM maize in Honduras. Identifies impacts on yields and profits, issues, traits related to the adoption of a GM product in a small resources poor country.
Expertise of CIRAD-UMR Qualisud for aflatoxin control in AfricaFrancois Stepman
Catherine Brabet (CIRAD, France) Expertise of CIRAD-UMR Qualisud for aflatoxin control in Africa
Roundtable of aflatoxin experts on
“Building a multi-stakeholder approach to mitigate aflatoxin contamination of food and feed”
Brussels, Monday 25th January 2016
Andrew Emmott, Twin&Twin Trading, Senior Associate (Nuts), London, UK.
Roundtable of aflatoxin experts on
“Building a multi-stakeholder approach to mitigate aflatoxin contamination of food and feed”
Brussels, Monday 25th January 2016
Stemming Aflatoxin pre- and post-harvest waste in the groundnut value chain (...Francois Stepman
Roundtable of aflatoxin experts on
“Building a multi-stakeholder approach to mitigate aflatoxin contamination of food and feed”
Brussels, Monday 25th January 2016
An introduction to Myanmar's current healthcare system with an eye on whether the country is ready for meaningful foreign direct investment in the sector.
Animal health Product development & adoption Partnership organisation
A not-for-profit Public-Private Partnership – registered charity
Sponsored by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) and with projects funded by BMGF, DFID and EC.
Pro-poor focus: working with key partners to make a sustainable difference in access to animal health products for poor livestock keepers
R&D less innovative but increasingly costly
Manufacturing is less sustainable in the West - shift to developing
markets
Health care costs rising globally – pressure on prices/profits
Emergence of non-communicable diseases (NCD’s)
Demand for medicines is growing more rapidly in the emerging
economies than the industrialized economies
Push towards generics over patented medicines
Focus on access to quality healthcare in Africa
Improving manufacturing/quality standards in developing countries
Increasing political support for local manufacturing in Africa
Greater focus on Africa as a “Market Opportunity
One Health approach to address zoonotic and emerging infectious diseases and ...ILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Hu Suk Lee, Fred Unger, Arshnee Moodley, Eric Fèvre, Barbara Wieland, Bernard Bett, Michel Dione, Edward Okoth, Johanna Lindahl, Sinh Dang-Xuan and Delia Grace at the virtual 2020 Global ODA Forum for Sustainable Agricultural Development 9–10 November 2020.
People's Development Trust Fund: a Tool for Poverty ReductionAndre Villalba
Presentation on the findings of a Study for Policy Review by Ma. Angela Villalba for the National Anti-Poverty Commission - focused on the People's Development Trust Fund
Livestock in ASEAN countries: Animal and human health and value chainsILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet, Fred Unger and Delia Grace at a webinar on 'The future of farming: Opportunities for Irish agritech in Southeast Asia', 27 May 2021.
Food safety in low- and middle-income countries: What works, what doesn't and...ILRI
Presentation by Delia Grace, Fred Unger, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Johanna Lindahl, Kohei Makita, Kristina Roesel, Michael Taylor, Ram Deka, Sinh Dang Xuan, Steve Jaffee and Silvia Alonso at the 15th International Symposium of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 13 November 2018.
Presentation by Delia Grace, Bernard Bett, Theo Knight-Jones, Florence Mutua, Hung Nguyen, Himadri Pal and Kristina Roesel at the World One Health Congress, Singapore, 7–11 November 2022.
This presentation was given at the 'Beyond Scaling Up: Pathways to Universal Access' workshop which was held at the Institute of Development Studies, Brighton on the 24-25 May, 2010. This event was co-sponsored by the Future Health Systems Research Programme Consortium and the STEPS Centre. Mackintosh presented on supply chains.
The Brussels Development Briefing n. 57 on “Investing in smallholder agriculture for food security and nutrition” organised by CTA, the European Commission/EuropeAid and the ACP Secretariat was held on Wednesday 11th September 2019, 9h00-13h00 at the ACP Secretariat, Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels, Room C. The Briefing discussed smallholder agriculture and its key role in delivering food security/nutrition, and sustainable food systems, as recognised in SDG 2.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ocular injury ppt Upendra pal optometrist upums saifai etawah
Access of the rural poor to goods and services to control Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)
1. 40th General Session of the EuFMD • 22-24 April 2013, Rome (Italy)
Access of the rural poor to goods and
services to control Foot-and-Mouth
Disease (FMD)
Barriers, opportunities, and the role of the private and public
sectors and international organizations in achieving change
R. Emerson Tuttle
European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
August 1, 2013
2. +
Agenda
Defining the problem
Conclusions
New investments in developing countries at the Base of the Pyramid
(BoP)
Is there a potential market for FMD control?
What are the barriers preventing access to quality FMD control
options?
Business models to overcome existing barriers
An evolving role for the public sector and international organizations
2
3. +
The problem
Rural livestock keepers have minimal – if any – access to
control options for FMD
Governments manage risk for constituents, leaving
individuals to suffer from inefficiencies
How can the current model be improved?
3
http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/jan/21/farm-africa-animal-healthcare-franchise
4. +
The current paradigm
Increased circulation of virus
Public response
Foreign aid
Disease outbreak
-Decreased resilience
-Negative livelihoods impact
-Decreased market access
-Limited ability to trade products internationally
Temporary management
Disease outbreak seen as the problem
?
4
5. +
Towards a new paradigm
Current paradigm does not properly work
Animal diseases are widespread
Governments need to improve animal disease control and management
systems, but resources are limited1
What is the role for the private sector to complement public service
animal health delivery systems?
In this presentation: FMD control in East Africa and the scope for a
private sector role
5
6. +
Conclusions
There is a market for rural FMD control
Numerous barriers (demand-side and supply-side) prevent this
market from functioning
Current business models can be adapted for more effective
FMD management
Governments must evolve to facilitate private investment in
disease control
International organizations must design a framework for
understanding socioeconomic barriers to access
An optimum balance of public/private FMD control provision
must be found!
6
7. +
Evidence
Rapid and continued growth projected for Sub-Saharan Africa2
An emerging trend of privatization in Africa
Viewing the poor as a conscious consumers as opposed to victims
Challenge the idea that the poorest are not willing to pay for goods
and services
Design interventions targeting those at the BoP
Many consumers – low purchasing power
Impact investments also include a social dimension
7
http://moonofthesouth.com/kenyan-media-accused-stereotyping-2/
8. +
Evidence:Wealth at the BoP?
Refers to a heterogeneous group of consumers in the market
with relatively little purchasing power
Globally: 4 billion people living on <$2.50/day
Ethiopia: $84 billion of wealth in the BoP3, 22 million rural poor
Kenya: 15 million rural poor4
Target this consumer class through high volume/low value
business models
Market-based solutions (MBS) to development
8
http://www.generationim.com/sustainability/challenges/real-needs-base.html
9. +
Evidence: Impact investments
Interventions that have a positive social/environmental benefit
while securing financial returns5
Examples:
Microfinance loan programs
Clean water delivery systems
Information technology networks
Energy provision
Sale of desired food commodities, nutritional supplements
Hygiene products and public health improvements
9
http://www.thankyouwater.org/
10. +
No MBSs in animal health:Why?
Inaccessible/non-quantified market
Demand- and supply-side barriers preventing proper market
functioning
Intricacies of FMD require innovation and adaptation:
Genetic variation of the virus
Cold chain requirement
Rapid spread
Sub-clinical or chronic infection
10
11. +
FMD control:What is the potential
market value?
11
http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Diseaseinformation/Diseasedistributionmap
Outbreak distribution: Jan-Jun 2012
13. +
FMD control:What is the potential
market value?
Focus on cattle in the East African region, specifically
Ethiopia and Kenya:
Ethiopia – 54 million head6
Kenya – 17 million head7
14.5 million dairy cattle combined
Business of $142 million per year for control strictly through
vaccination
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14. +
FMD control: Are the potential
consumers willing to pay?
The market: rural cattle-owning households (not large
producers)
Small farmers keep the large majority of the cattle stock
88% of rural households in Ethiopia rely on livestock production8
92% of such households own cattle
Non-homogenous group differentiated across three major
characteristics:
Poverty
Herd size
Magnitude of importance of livestock to income
14
All rural householdsLivestock-owning householdsCattle-owning rural households
81% of total, ~61.5 million individuals in Ethiopia alone
15. +A new paradigm
Increased circulation of virus
Disease outbreak
-Decreased resilience
-Negative livelihoods impact
-Decreased market access
-Limited ability to trade products internationally
Demand-side barriers Supply-side barriers
Poor access of rural livestock holders to
quality FMD control options
Minimal/no preventive rural control
Underlying socioeconomic issues create
the environment for disease to persist
15
16. +
Barriers to access: Demand-side
1) Lack of trust in government services (by consumer class)
2) Lack of trust in products
3) Limited resources
4) Political voice of those at the BoP
5) Lack of knowledge of local FMD situation
6) FMD as one of many concerns
16
17. +
Barriers to access: Supply-side
1) Exclusive government capture of FMD control
2) Spatial distribution of consumers
3) Temporal distribution of demand
4) Vaccine requirements
5) Limited access to appropriate epidemiological info
6) Impediments to pharmaceutical importation
17
18. +
Building trust: Sidai Africa9
Franchise-based social enterprise in rural Kenya
Operates under full cost-recovery from keepers
Establish trust amongst consumers through brand recognition
Liaise with suppliers to provide appropriate and quality goods
18
http://www.sidai.com/index.php?page=aboutus
19. +
Breaking barriers:
Demand-side
1) Lack of trust in government services (by consumer class)
2) Lack of trust in products
3) Limited resources
4) Political voice of those at the BoP
5) Lack of knowledge of local FMD situation
6) FMD as one of many concerns
Supply-side
1) Exclusive government capture of FMD control
2) Spatial distribution of consumers
3) Temporal distribution of demand
4) Vaccine requirements
5) Limited access to appropriate epidemiological info
6) Impediments to pharmaceutical importation
19
20. +
Streamlining disease information:
Vovixa’s Alerta System10
Data management system developed to eliminate inefficiencies in
Peruvian health data reporting
Paper system = lag-time, data entry error
Telecom system = instantaneous, direct contact from the field to the
central government (and vise versa)
Use of local community health workers as mobile reporting hubs
20
21. +
Breaking barriers:
Demand-side
1) Lack of trust in government services (by consumer class)
2) Lack of trust in products
3) Limited resources
4) Political voice of those at the BoP
5) Lack of knowledge of local FMD situation
6) FMD as one of many concerns
Supply-side
1) Exclusive government capture of FMD control
2) Spatial distribution of consumers
3) Temporal distribution of demand
4) Vaccine requirements
5) Limited access to appropriate epidemiological info
6) Impediments to pharmaceutical importation
21
22. +
Other examples
Una tantum voucher system for vaccination with a high quality
‘experience’ good
Stimulate demand through positive experience
Address issues of: trust in products, limited resources, temporal
distribution of demand
Aggregation platforms: dairy cooperatives
Increase purchasing power through network of livestock owners
Reduce transaction costs for consumers AND suppliers
Address issues of: limited resources, political voice, spatial
distribution of demand
Mobile service delivery platforms:
Address issues of: spatial distribution of demand, (vaccine
requirements)
22
http://www.opportunity.org/
http://www.heifer.org/eadd/
23. +
An expanded role for the public
sector role
Shift from a delivery model to a regulatory model:
Information provider
Bolster purchasing power
Encourage investment in animal health
Develop institutional framework
Fill in service delivery gaps that private sector cannot reach
23
http://ccafs.cgiar.org/sites/default/files/pastoralist_sossahel.jpg?1345797745
24. +Provider of FMD information
For livestock keepers:
Local FMD conditions
Preventive management options
Product quality and regulations
For suppliers:
Number of animals requiring vaccination
Distribution of consumers
Relevant FMD epidemiology
24
http://www.africom.mil/Newsroom/Article/8615/ugandan-us-health-workers-come-together-for-animal
25. +
Purchasing power
Support aggregation and microfinance platforms
‘Smart’ subsidies:11
to livestock keepers to incentivize preventive management
to service providers investing in rural control
sub-contracting of private veterinarians to work in rural areas
25
26. +
Encouraging private investments in
animal health
Provide incentives to businesses to devise/test innovative
business approaches to FMD control
Loans at preferential rate
Grant funding
Tax rebates
Collaterals
Establish innovative private-public partnerships to test
different methods for effective FMD control, and animal
disease and control management in general
26
27. +
The role of international organizations
Incentivize governments to shift towards a model that
includes private sector involvement:
Provide simple tools for analysis of socioeconomic barriers
Integration with the Progressive Control Pathway (PCP)
Develop systems for common vaccine registration
Support harmonization at the regional and international level
27
29. +
References
1) Vosloo, W, ADS Bastos, O Sangare, SK Hargreaves and GR Thomson. 2002. Review of the status and control
of foot and mouth disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz 21 (3): 437-449.
2) Hatch, G, P Becker and M van Zyl. 2011. The dynamic African consumer market: Exploring growth
opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Accenture. 44pp.
3) Hammond, AL, WJ Kramer, RS Katz, JT Tran and C Walker. 2007. The next 4 billion: Market size and business
strategy at the base of the pyramid. World Resources Institute and International Finance Corporation Report.
164 pp.
4) World Bank. 2013. World Databank: World Development Indicators for Ethiopia and Kenya, 2005-2011.
Accessed on 23 June, 2013 at: http://databank.worldbank.org/.
5) Clark, C, J Emerson, J Balandina, R Katz, K Milligan, R Ruttman and B Trelstad. 2012. Investing for impact:
How social entrepreneurship is redefining the meaning of return. Credit Suisse and the Schwab Foundation for
Social Entrepreneurship. 58pp.
6) Central Statistics Agency (CSA), Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. 2013. Agricultural sample survey
volume II: Report on livestock and livestock characteristics (private peasant holdings). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
194pp.
7) Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). 2009. Livestock population census data. Accessed on 16 June,
2013 at: http://www.knbs.or.ke/censuslivestock.php.
8) CSA. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. 2012. Living Standards Measurement Study – Integrated
Survey on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA): Ethiopia rural socioeconomic survey. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 4pp.
9) Sidai Africa Ltd: Tunza Mifugo Yaka. 2013. Accessed on 10 June 2013 at: http://www.sidai.com/.
10) Casas, C, WC Lajoie, and CK Prahalad. 2006. The Voxiva story. Accessed online on 6 June 2013 at:
http://www.mit.edu/~gari/teaching/prahalad_sec_Va.pdf.
11) Pica-Ciamarra, U, J Otte and C Martini. 2010. Livestock sector policies and programmes in developing
countries: A menu for practitioners. Pro-Poo Livestock Policy Initiative: A Living from Livestock, FAO. Rome,
Italy. 150pp.
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31. +
Discussion points
Additional demand barrier: what of the research pointing to
the fact that individuals do not see the benefit of vaccination?
EuFMD trainings point otherwise: there are individuals who are
able to pay for control that would be interested in doing so given
the opportunity
Also, papers such as Barasa et al. 2008 Jibat et al. 2013, and
Radeny et al. 2006 suggest that there is a benefit to vaccination,
and livestock keepers are shown to have an increasing awareness
and interest in FMD control
Comments on Sidai: massive international investment to start
the program, issue of monopolization and control of many
sectors (credit, advice, animal health, etc.), crowding out
local provision
Not as cut-and-dry, issues are present in this model as well, yet
international donors providing an investment in market
functioning in such a way displays a shift in the mindset that may
prove useful to explore
31
32. +
Discussion points (continued)
How can we influence ministries in these countries to change
their policies?
Easier to do with a government interested in foreign export
Provide a concrete and solid economic incentive or argument
displaying the benefits
Be better in connecting development goal desires with animal health
means – investments in this sector are surely tied to these goals, yet
better outreach to this end is needed
Shift focus from disease to services
What is needed is an institutional/communication innovation rather
than animal health innovation per se
‘Livestock entrepreneurs’ will not be easy to motivate: better
targeting of the disease control message is necessary
If 90% of individuals are not willing, or able to pay for services,
what of the other 10% who are? There exist individuals who do
wish for better access and can pay for goods and services, we
should be working to find means to connect these individuals to
quality options
32
33. +
Discussion points (continued)
Cost of compliance issues
Animal health interventions are sometimes far too costly and the
incentives don’t necessarily line up
‘Receiving services’ sometimes forgotten – aggregation
platforms act as a means to targeting this issue
Vaccine technology really acts as one of the largest barriers
Cold chain
Serotyping
Delivery costs of ~$1.7 on average in recent calculations
Provide infrastructure and burden-sharing mechanisms that
reduce transaction costs
Disease control is not merely about
immunology/epidemiology, it is also about knowledge
Systems of communication through mobile phone technologies?
33
34. +
Discussion points (continued)
The poor really are not victims, they can be accessed by
markets
For example, an individual with a cow most likely isn’t even in the
scope of ‘poor,’ and providing access and the appropriate
quality/incentive structure should lead to local buy-in for control
Temporal nature of vouchers, target sales right after harvest (in
the case of fertilizer distribution) – similar translation in livestock
sector at animal markets?
34