Dr. Mayo and Dr. Bob discuss how the pressure to win in competitive sports has led many high school athletes to use steroids. This literature review examines why high school athletes use steroids, what happens to their bodies when using steroids, and how steroids work in the body. Statistics show that steroid use among students has increased from the early 1990s to 2002.

1. Running head: STEROID USE BY ATHLETES 1
Steroid use by high school athletes
A review on the literature
Dr. Mayo said that “Most serious athletes will tell you that the drive to win is fierce. Besides the
satisfaction of personal accomplishment, athletes often pursue dreams of winning a medal for
their country or securing a spot on a professional team. In such an environment, the use of
performance-enhancing drugs has become increasingly common”. Dr. Bob says that, inn a
society that places more emphasis on touchdowns than medical or math discoveries, this
hidden secret of success entraps more and more young people every year. Use of steroids in
sport field is a widespread phenomenon which has evolved greatly in recent years and greater
understanding of it is efficient for developing efficient prevention program. This literature
review shows how steroid use can affect high school athletes by responding to the following
questions:
1.What are steroids?
Why do high school athletes use steroids?
What happens when athletes use steroids?
How do steroids work in the body?
thousands of high school athletes hoping to make their mark either in college or professional
sports face an agonizing decision to use steroids
Matilda Oyih
Faculty of medicine, group 1.
Professor Mariam Shonia.
January 19th, 2020

2. STEROID USE BY ATHLETES 2

3. STEROID USE BY ATHLETES 3
Table of Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................... 4
[Title Here, up to 12 Words, on One to Two Lines]............................................................. 4
[Heading 1].......................................................................................................................... 4
[Heading 2]...................................................................................................................... 5
[Heading 3]...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
References........................................................................................................................... 9
Footnotes .......................................................................................................................... 10
Tables ................................................................................................................................ 11
Figures............................................................................................................................... 12

4. STEROID USE BY ATHLETES 4
Abstract
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Keywords: [Tap here to add keywords.]
Steroid use by high school athletes
A review on the literature
Dr. Mayo said that “Most serious athletes will tell you that the drive to win is fierce.
Besides the satisfaction of personal accomplishment, athletes often pursue dreams of
winning a medal for their country or securing a spot on a professional team. In such an
environment, the use of performance-enhancing drugs has become increasingly
common”. Dr. Bob says that, inn a society that places more emphasis on touchdowns
than medical or math discoveries, this hidden secret of success entraps more and more
young people every year. Use of steroids in sport field is a widespread phenomenon
which has evolved greatly in recent years and greater understanding of it is efficient for
developing efficient prevention program. This literature review shows how steroid use
can affect high school athletes by responding to the following questions:
1.What are steroids?
Why do high school athletes use steroids?
What happens when athletes use steroids?
How do steroids work in the body?
thousands of high school athletes hoping to make their mark either in college or
professional sports face an agonizing decision to use steroids

5. STEROID USE BY ATHLETES 5
What are steroids?
Steroids are hormones, and for body-building purposes the ones of interest are ‘anabolic’
steroids–a number of related compounds that mimic the effects of testosterone, the male
hormone secreted by the testes. Anabolic steroids build strength by entering a muscle cell and
switching on the genes that manufacture muscle proteins. “ (Jerry Adler, 2004). Steroids are
commonly used to treat various conditions such as asthma, arthritis, and inflammation. In many
cases, they are known to be lifesavers. Divided into two categories – Corticosteroids and Anabolic-
Androgenic steroids, the latter in particular is known for having a bad rap over the years due to their
abuse by sportsmen and bodybuilders.
‘Roids’, ‘Juice’, ‘Stackers’ or ‘Gear’ are some common nicknames for Anabolic steroids, which are
often used for muscle-building (“beefing up”) and to increase male sex characteristics. Due to their
endurance-increasing and performance-boosting powers, Anabolic steroids are widely abused. The
rampant use of these performance-enhancing drugs is often traced to peer pressure, influence by
popular athletes and the lure of landing athletic scholarships. (Jane Otterson, 2017).
Why do high school athletes use steroids?
High school athletesmayface such an overwhelmingpressure because they not only want to please
their coaches, school, teammatesand parents, but theyalso see excellence in their fieldsof sport as a
ticket to become successful when theyreach college.
Social media may have also contributed to thisapparent need, the need to become popular online may
influence student athletesto try anythingjust to become better.
A very temptingcollege scholarship is another thingthat high school athleteshave in mind. It’sfairly
common knowledge that a good athleticperformance can provide them with more choices in termsof
gettinginto any college that theywant. (Janet Russell, 2017)
Due to their endurance-increasing and performance-boosting powers,
Anabolicsteroids are widely abused. The rampant useof these performance-enhancing
drugs is often traced to peer pressure, influence by popular athletes and the lure of
landing athletic scholarships.(Jane Otterson,2017)

6. STEROID USE BY ATHLETES 6
What happens when athletes use steroids?.
Due to their endurance-increasing and performance-boosting powers,
Anabolicsteroids are widely abused. The rampant useof these performance-enhancing
drugs is often traced to peer pressure, influence by popular athletes and the lure of
landing athletic scholarships.(Mayo clinic staff, 2018). Combined with exercise,
steroids can produce quick gains for the athlete. They can improve both
endurance (helping to workout longer) and speed (helping to run faster), both of
which can be appealing for someone who is trying to get a college scholarship for
sports.(Jerry Adler, 20014).
How does steroids work in the body?.
Anabolic steroids affect the brain neurotransmitter.Testosterone andanabolic steroids
have been found to affect the central nervous system in laboratory animals and
humans. Their locations of affect inthe brain are closely linked to centres that
regulate mood, sexuality and aggression (1).
People who use steroids in excessive doses oftenexperience, during the using period
or afterit, mood disorders that meet the criteria of psychiatric disease categories
such as depression, anxiety, psychotic reactions and cognitive deterioration. (Sanna
Kailanto,2015) . Steroids make muscles grow faster. ... When used by athletes, the goal is to speed up the
body's natural muscle-building process.(Dan Peterson, 2009)
Statistics of steroid use?
Percent of Students Reporting Steroid Use 1991 - 2002
Year Eighth grade Tenth Grade Twelfth Grade

7. STEROID USE BY ATHLETES 7
1991 1.9% 1.8% 2.1%
1999 2.7% 2.7% 2.9%
2002 2.5% 3.5% 4.0%
The 2002 survey also indicated additional data related to steroid abuse by school age children:
Percent of Students Reporting Steroid Use in 2002
Student Steroid
Use
Eighth
grade
Tenth
Grade
Twelfth
Grade
Past month use 0.8% 1.0% 1.4%
Past year use 1.5% 2.2% 2.5%
Lifetime use 2.5% 3.5% 4.0%

8. STEROID USE BY ATHLETES 8
Tables
Table 1
[Table Title]
Column Head Column Head Column Head Column Head Column Head
Row Head 123 123 123 123
Row Head 456 456 456 456
Row Head 789 789 789 789
Row Head 123 123 123 123
Row Head 456 456 456 456
Row Head 789 789 789 789

9. STEROID USE BY ATHLETES 9
References
Last Name, F. M. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Pages From - To.
Last Name, F. M. (Year). Book Title. City Name: Publisher Name.

10. STEROID USE BY ATHLETES 10
Footnotes
1[Add footnotes, if any, on their own page following references. For APA formatting
requirements, it’s easy to just type your own footnote references and notes. To format a
footnote reference, select the number and then apply the Footnote Reference. The body of a
footnote, such as this example, uses the Normal text style. (Note: If you delete this sample
footnote, don’t forget to delete its in-text reference as well.)]

11. STEROID USE BY ATHLETES 11
Tables
Table 1
[Table Title]
Column Head Column Head Column Head Column Head Column Head
Row Head 123 123 123 123
Row Head 456 456 456 456
Row Head 789 789 789 789
Row Head 123 123 123 123
Row Head 456 456 456 456
Row Head 789 789 789 789
Note: [Place all tables for your paper in a tables section, following references (and, if applicable,
footnotes). Start a new page for each table, include a table number and table title for each, as
shown on this page. All explanatory text appears in a table note that follows the table, such as
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format can use single or 1.5 line spacing. Include a heading for every row and column, even if
the content seems obvious. To insert a table, on the Insert tab, tap Table. New tables that you
create in this document use APA format by default.]

12. STEROID USE BY ATHLETES 12
Figures
Figure 1. [Include all figures in their own section, following references (and footnotes and
tables, if applicable). Include a numbered caption for each figure. Use the Table/Figure style for
easy spacing between figure and caption.]
For more information about all elements of APA formatting, please consult the APA Style
Manual, 6th Edition.