- Aarskog-Scott Syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the FGD1 gene, affecting development and causing distinctive facial features and limb abnormalities.
- It mainly affects males and causes short stature, hand abnormalities like short fingers and single palm creases, and genital abnormalities like shawl scrotum.
- There is no cure, but treatment focuses on improving quality of life through procedures to correct physical abnormalities, growth hormone therapy, education support, and genetic counseling.
Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most common vasculitis of childhood that presents with a tetrad of purpura, arthritis/arthralgia, abdominal pain, and renal involvement. It is characterized by IgA-containing immune complexes depositing in small vessels, skin, GI tract, joints, and kidneys. The diagnosis is based on purpura with lower limb predominance and at least one of the other criteria. Imaging and labs help assess organ involvement while biopsy confirms the diagnosis.
Behcet's disease is a rare immune-mediated systemic vasculitis characterized by recurrent oral and genital ulcers. It was first described in 1937 by Turkish dermatologist Hulusi Behcet based on its hallmark triple-symptom complex of recurrent oral and genital ulcers and uveitis. Behcet's disease can affect multiple organ systems and commonly involves the eyes, skin, joints, and blood vessels. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria including recurrent oral ulcers plus two of genital ulcers, eye lesions, skin lesions or a positive pathergy test. Treatment depends on symptoms but may include colchicine, corticosteroids, azathioprine, anti-T
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is caused by deficiencies in enzymes involved in cortisol production. This leads to increased ACTH and overproduction of adrenal androgens. The most common type (90% of cases) is due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. In affected females, virilization of external genitalia occurs prenatally due to high androgen exposure. Treatment involves glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement to control symptoms and prevent adrenal crisis. Long-term management may also include surgery to correct ambiguous genitalia in females.
This document summarizes congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which is caused by a deficiency in the 21-hydroxylase enzyme. This leads to a deficiency in cortisol and aldosterone, causing salt-wasting in infants. It also causes prenatal androgen excess in females, resulting in virilization of the external genitalia. Prenatally, this causes enlarged clitoris and fused labia in females. Postnatally, both sexes experience signs of androgen excess like accelerated growth and premature epiphyseal closure. The document outlines the various clinical features and complications of both the cortisol/aldosterone deficiency and androgen excess aspects of CAH.
Edward syndrome, also known as Trisomy 18, is a chromosomal condition caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 18. It is associated with abnormalities in many parts of the body and was first described by John H. Edwards in 1960. Affected individuals often have physical characteristics like low birth weight, small head size, malformed ears and heart defects. Treatment focuses on palliative care as the condition is often fatal, with the majority of children passing away within their first year. Those who survive longer experience severe developmental delays.
The document discusses several anatomical and physiological peculiarities of the nervous system in children. It notes that the brain mass is a higher percentage of body mass in newborns compared to adults, and certain areas develop more quickly than others. Neurons in newborns have less surface area covered by synapses and shorter axons compared to older children and adults. The formation of the nervous system is most important in early childhood, and negative influences in the first 18 months can cause future disturbances.
Este resumen describe un libro infantil titulado "El león mariposa". Bertie, un niño que vive en una granja aislada en Sudáfrica, descubre un cachorro de león blanco bebiendo en una charca cercana. Más tarde, cuando las hienas atacan al cachorro, Bertie lo rescata y lo lleva a su casa. A pesar de las objeciones iniciales de su padre, Bertie y su madre convencen a su padre de dejar que el cachorro se quede con ellos. El cachorro se convierte
Cat's cry syndrome & Prader willi syndromesNasir Koko
Cat's cry syndrome, also known as cri du chat syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder caused by a missing part of chromosome 5. It is characterized by a high-pitched cry in infants and significant developmental delays. Prader-Willi syndrome is another rare genetic disorder caused by deletions or defects on chromosome 15. It causes poor muscle tone and feeding difficulties in infants as well as excessive hunger and weight gain in older children. Both disorders are diagnosed based on symptoms and genetic testing, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms.
Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most common vasculitis of childhood that presents with a tetrad of purpura, arthritis/arthralgia, abdominal pain, and renal involvement. It is characterized by IgA-containing immune complexes depositing in small vessels, skin, GI tract, joints, and kidneys. The diagnosis is based on purpura with lower limb predominance and at least one of the other criteria. Imaging and labs help assess organ involvement while biopsy confirms the diagnosis.
Behcet's disease is a rare immune-mediated systemic vasculitis characterized by recurrent oral and genital ulcers. It was first described in 1937 by Turkish dermatologist Hulusi Behcet based on its hallmark triple-symptom complex of recurrent oral and genital ulcers and uveitis. Behcet's disease can affect multiple organ systems and commonly involves the eyes, skin, joints, and blood vessels. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria including recurrent oral ulcers plus two of genital ulcers, eye lesions, skin lesions or a positive pathergy test. Treatment depends on symptoms but may include colchicine, corticosteroids, azathioprine, anti-T
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is caused by deficiencies in enzymes involved in cortisol production. This leads to increased ACTH and overproduction of adrenal androgens. The most common type (90% of cases) is due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. In affected females, virilization of external genitalia occurs prenatally due to high androgen exposure. Treatment involves glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement to control symptoms and prevent adrenal crisis. Long-term management may also include surgery to correct ambiguous genitalia in females.
This document summarizes congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which is caused by a deficiency in the 21-hydroxylase enzyme. This leads to a deficiency in cortisol and aldosterone, causing salt-wasting in infants. It also causes prenatal androgen excess in females, resulting in virilization of the external genitalia. Prenatally, this causes enlarged clitoris and fused labia in females. Postnatally, both sexes experience signs of androgen excess like accelerated growth and premature epiphyseal closure. The document outlines the various clinical features and complications of both the cortisol/aldosterone deficiency and androgen excess aspects of CAH.
Edward syndrome, also known as Trisomy 18, is a chromosomal condition caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 18. It is associated with abnormalities in many parts of the body and was first described by John H. Edwards in 1960. Affected individuals often have physical characteristics like low birth weight, small head size, malformed ears and heart defects. Treatment focuses on palliative care as the condition is often fatal, with the majority of children passing away within their first year. Those who survive longer experience severe developmental delays.
The document discusses several anatomical and physiological peculiarities of the nervous system in children. It notes that the brain mass is a higher percentage of body mass in newborns compared to adults, and certain areas develop more quickly than others. Neurons in newborns have less surface area covered by synapses and shorter axons compared to older children and adults. The formation of the nervous system is most important in early childhood, and negative influences in the first 18 months can cause future disturbances.
Este resumen describe un libro infantil titulado "El león mariposa". Bertie, un niño que vive en una granja aislada en Sudáfrica, descubre un cachorro de león blanco bebiendo en una charca cercana. Más tarde, cuando las hienas atacan al cachorro, Bertie lo rescata y lo lleva a su casa. A pesar de las objeciones iniciales de su padre, Bertie y su madre convencen a su padre de dejar que el cachorro se quede con ellos. El cachorro se convierte
Cat's cry syndrome & Prader willi syndromesNasir Koko
Cat's cry syndrome, also known as cri du chat syndrome, is a rare genetic disorder caused by a missing part of chromosome 5. It is characterized by a high-pitched cry in infants and significant developmental delays. Prader-Willi syndrome is another rare genetic disorder caused by deletions or defects on chromosome 15. It causes poor muscle tone and feeding difficulties in infants as well as excessive hunger and weight gain in older children. Both disorders are diagnosed based on symptoms and genetic testing, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms.
general Examination in paediatric medicine Sujit Balodiya
This 22 month old boy presents with pallor. His mother notes no other symptoms but was concerned due to comments from relatives. On exam, he appears pale but is otherwise healthy and active. Lab work shows microcytic anemia. The cause is likely iron deficiency due to a diet high in milk and low in iron-rich foods. Counseling is provided on an iron-rich diet.
This document summarizes several pediatric neurologic disorders including hydrocephalus, neural tube defects, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, and infections of the central nervous system. It describes the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, nursing diagnoses, and treatment approaches for each condition. Nursing priorities for patients include maximizing respiratory function, preventing further injury, promoting mobility, preventing complications, and supporting psychological adjustment.
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) occurs when the kidneys do not properly remove acid from the blood into urine, leading to high acid levels in the blood. There are different types depending on which part of the kidney tubule is affected. RTA can be caused by genetic defects or other conditions and results in bone diseases, kidney stones, and growth problems if not treated. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests showing high acid and low bicarbonate levels. Treatment aims to lower acid levels and prevent complications through alkaline supplements, potassium if needed, and addressing any underlying disorders. With proper long-term management, prognosis is generally good though late diagnosis can lead to permanent bone deformities.
1) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of disorders caused by deficiencies in cortisol biosynthesis. This leads to excess production of androgens, causing virilization in females and precocious puberty in males.
2) The most common type is 21-hydroxylase deficiency, which accounts for 95% of CAH cases. It can present as the severe salt-wasting form or the milder simple virilizing form.
3) Diagnosis is based on elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels in the presence of clinical signs. Genetic testing can confirm the type of enzyme deficiency causing CAH.
Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of the exocrine glands, mainly the lacrimal and salivary glands, causing symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth. It most commonly affects middle-aged women and clinical features include keratoconjunctivitis sicca, xerostomia, and a dry, sticky oral mucosa. Sjogren's syndrome can occur alone as primary Sjogren's or associated with other autoimmune diseases like SLE or RA, known as secondary Sjogren's. Diagnosis involves blood tests for autoantibodies, biopsy of the labial salivary gland, and tests of tear and saliva production
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP) is the most common vasculitis in children that causes a rash, joint pain, abdominal pain, and kidney inflammation. It is considered a type of IgA nephropathy with extrarenal symptoms. HSP typically affects young children and has a classic presentation of purpura rash, abdominal pain, and arthritis. It can involve the skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, with steroids sometimes used for severe or persistent cases to help prevent long-term kidney damage.
Alagille syndrome is a rare, inherited disorder that affects multiple organ systems including the liver, heart, eyes, bones, kidneys and nervous system. It is caused by a mutation in a single gene and is present at birth, though symptoms may not appear until later in life. Symptoms include jaundice, itching, pale stools, poor weight gain and vitamin deficiencies due to impaired bile flow and fat absorption. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on increasing bile flow, managing symptoms, maintaining nutrition, and liver transplantation in severe cases. Many children and adults with Alagille syndrome can lead normal lives with proper management.
This document provides an overview of vasculitis in children. It defines vasculitis as an inflammatory destructive process affecting arteries and veins. It discusses the pathogenesis, classification, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of various types of vasculitis in children. The document focuses on defining different types of vasculitis based on the size of blood vessels involved, location of lesions, and pathology. It provides details on the clinical presentation and organ system involvement of conditions like Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Kawasaki disease, polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Criteria for diagnosing some common pediatric vasculitides are
Vacterl syndrome is a rare birth defect caused by multiple chromosomal defects early in development, affecting the vertebrae, anus, heart, lungs, kidneys and limbs. It occurs in 1 in 10,000 to 40,000 newborns. Environmental factors, early developmental issues, and genetic conditions like Trisomy 18 are potential causes. Diagnosis requires at least three of the main symptoms represented by the letters in VACTERL to be present. Long term complications depend on the severity and type of defects, and may require multiple surgeries.
Reye's syndrome is a rare but serious illness that affects the brain and liver, most commonly in children recovering from a viral infection like influenza or chickenpox. It predominantly affects children between 4-14 years old. The syndrome is diagnosed based on medical history, physical exam, and lab tests if a child recently took aspirin after a viral flu and shows changes in mental state or liver problems. Treatment requires hospitalization and focuses on stopping organ damage and complications through intensive care like IV fluids, monitoring vitals, and medicine to reduce brain swelling.
Pediatrics. trisomy 21. Meiotic non-disjunction of chromosome 21. clinical features and associated abnormalities of down syndrome. screening test for down syndrome. counseling for parents in down syndrome.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by five primary viruses. Hepatitis A and E viruses are transmitted through the fecal-oral route while hepatitis B, C, and D viruses are transmitted parenterally or sexually. Hepatitis B, C, and D can result in chronic infection. Most cases of acute viral hepatitis resolve without treatment but hepatitis B, C, and D pose long term risks of cirrhosis and liver cancer if infection is chronic. Diagnosis involves serologic testing to detect viral antigens and antibodies. Treatment focuses on supportive care although antivirals exist for chronic hepatitis B and C. Prevention emphasizes vaccination for hepatitis A and B.
The document discusses the importance of the gastrointestinal tract and its functions of digestion and absorption. It provides details on the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins/minerals in the GI tract. Key enzymes and their sites of action are identified. Malabsorption syndromes are then examined, including causes, classification, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and relevant laboratory studies. Overall, the document emphasizes the critical role of proper GI function for overall health and nutrition.
This document provides information about Aarskog syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by short stature and facial abnormalities. It discusses the signs and symptoms, which include rounded face, widely spaced eyes, skeletal abnormalities and genital abnormalities in males. It states the cause is mutations in the FGD1 gene and affected population is estimated at 1 in 25,000. It also lists related disorders like Noonan syndrome that have similar symptoms.
The document provides an overview of Down syndrome including definitions, features in newborns, common abnormalities, and age-specific healthcare guidelines. It notes that Down syndrome is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 and occurs in approximately 1 in 660 births. Newborns with Down syndrome typically exhibit certain physical features such as slanted eyes and hypotonia. Common abnormalities include heart defects, gastrointestinal issues, hearing problems, and thyroid disorders. The document outlines guidelines for healthcare from the neonatal period through adulthood.
Roseola infantum, also known as sixth disease or exanthem subitum, is caused by human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and 7. It presents with a fever lasting 4 days accompanied by pharyngitis and cough, followed by a rash that appears for 1 day and disappears without pigmentation or desquamation. Complications are rare. It is characterized by defervescence of fever followed by appearance of the rash.
The document summarizes various oral mucosal diseases and lesions. It discusses lichen planus, describing its prevalence, clinical presentations, associations with systemic diseases, and potential malignant transformation. It also briefly outlines the management of lichen planus, noting debates around treating asymptomatic lesions to potentially prevent malignant conversion.
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It can be caused by trisomy 21, translocation, or mosaicism. Common symptoms include distinctive facial features, poor muscle tone, cognitive delays, and heart defects. While there is no cure, early intervention including speech, physical, and occupational therapy can help children with Down syndrome reach their full potential. Lifespan and quality of life have improved significantly in recent decades for those living with Down syndrome.
This document discusses the approach to a child presenting with lymphadenopathy. It begins with an introduction to lymph node anatomy and pathophysiology. It then discusses the differential diagnosis and key features of generalized versus regional lymphadenopathy. Specific infectious, inflammatory and malignant conditions that can cause lymphadenopathy are outlined. The summary concludes with guidance on taking a thorough history to identify potential causes and guide appropriate investigations.
VACTERL association is a condition characterized by having at least three of the following birth defects: vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac abnormalities, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal anomalies, limb abnormalities, and esophageal atresia. It occurs in 1 in 10,000 to 40,000 births. While the cause is unknown, genetic and environmental factors likely play a role. Treatment involves surgery to address specific defects, with long-term management by specialists. The prognosis depends on the severity and type of defects present.
chromosomal disorders of the human body.pptanyaloreto813
1. Chromosomal disorders are caused by structural or numerical abnormalities in human chromosomes that can result in genetic conditions.
2. Some examples of chromosomal disorders discussed in the document include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Cri-du-chat syndrome.
3. Chromosomal disorders are associated with intellectual disabilities and physical abnormalities that vary depending on which chromosome is involved in the abnormality.
Aarskog syndrome is a rare genetic condition characterized by short stature and multiple facial, limb and genital abnormalities. Additionally, some types of cognitive disorders may occasionally be present. Up to now, the FGD1 gene on the X chromosome is the only gene known to be associated with Aarskog syndrome.Belly button that sticks out.
Bulge in the groin or scrotum.
Delayed sexual maturity.
Delayed teeth.
Downward palpebral slant to eyes (palpebral slant is the direction of the slant from the inner to outer corner of the eye)
Hairline with a "widow's peak"
Mildly sunken chest (pectus excavatum)
More items...Causes Genetic (X-linked recessive)Most individuals with Aarskog-Scott syndrome have normal intelligence; however, some may have mild learning and behavior problems, and in rare cases, severe intellectual disability has been reported here is no exact cure for Aarskog syndrome; however, medication helps ease the symptoms and other eye, ear, or dental issues. In some cases, surgery is required for inguinal hernia, cleft lip or palate, or undescended testicles condition
general Examination in paediatric medicine Sujit Balodiya
This 22 month old boy presents with pallor. His mother notes no other symptoms but was concerned due to comments from relatives. On exam, he appears pale but is otherwise healthy and active. Lab work shows microcytic anemia. The cause is likely iron deficiency due to a diet high in milk and low in iron-rich foods. Counseling is provided on an iron-rich diet.
This document summarizes several pediatric neurologic disorders including hydrocephalus, neural tube defects, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, and infections of the central nervous system. It describes the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, nursing diagnoses, and treatment approaches for each condition. Nursing priorities for patients include maximizing respiratory function, preventing further injury, promoting mobility, preventing complications, and supporting psychological adjustment.
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) occurs when the kidneys do not properly remove acid from the blood into urine, leading to high acid levels in the blood. There are different types depending on which part of the kidney tubule is affected. RTA can be caused by genetic defects or other conditions and results in bone diseases, kidney stones, and growth problems if not treated. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests showing high acid and low bicarbonate levels. Treatment aims to lower acid levels and prevent complications through alkaline supplements, potassium if needed, and addressing any underlying disorders. With proper long-term management, prognosis is generally good though late diagnosis can lead to permanent bone deformities.
1) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of disorders caused by deficiencies in cortisol biosynthesis. This leads to excess production of androgens, causing virilization in females and precocious puberty in males.
2) The most common type is 21-hydroxylase deficiency, which accounts for 95% of CAH cases. It can present as the severe salt-wasting form or the milder simple virilizing form.
3) Diagnosis is based on elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels in the presence of clinical signs. Genetic testing can confirm the type of enzyme deficiency causing CAH.
Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of the exocrine glands, mainly the lacrimal and salivary glands, causing symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth. It most commonly affects middle-aged women and clinical features include keratoconjunctivitis sicca, xerostomia, and a dry, sticky oral mucosa. Sjogren's syndrome can occur alone as primary Sjogren's or associated with other autoimmune diseases like SLE or RA, known as secondary Sjogren's. Diagnosis involves blood tests for autoantibodies, biopsy of the labial salivary gland, and tests of tear and saliva production
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP) is the most common vasculitis in children that causes a rash, joint pain, abdominal pain, and kidney inflammation. It is considered a type of IgA nephropathy with extrarenal symptoms. HSP typically affects young children and has a classic presentation of purpura rash, abdominal pain, and arthritis. It can involve the skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, with steroids sometimes used for severe or persistent cases to help prevent long-term kidney damage.
Alagille syndrome is a rare, inherited disorder that affects multiple organ systems including the liver, heart, eyes, bones, kidneys and nervous system. It is caused by a mutation in a single gene and is present at birth, though symptoms may not appear until later in life. Symptoms include jaundice, itching, pale stools, poor weight gain and vitamin deficiencies due to impaired bile flow and fat absorption. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on increasing bile flow, managing symptoms, maintaining nutrition, and liver transplantation in severe cases. Many children and adults with Alagille syndrome can lead normal lives with proper management.
This document provides an overview of vasculitis in children. It defines vasculitis as an inflammatory destructive process affecting arteries and veins. It discusses the pathogenesis, classification, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of various types of vasculitis in children. The document focuses on defining different types of vasculitis based on the size of blood vessels involved, location of lesions, and pathology. It provides details on the clinical presentation and organ system involvement of conditions like Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Kawasaki disease, polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Criteria for diagnosing some common pediatric vasculitides are
Vacterl syndrome is a rare birth defect caused by multiple chromosomal defects early in development, affecting the vertebrae, anus, heart, lungs, kidneys and limbs. It occurs in 1 in 10,000 to 40,000 newborns. Environmental factors, early developmental issues, and genetic conditions like Trisomy 18 are potential causes. Diagnosis requires at least three of the main symptoms represented by the letters in VACTERL to be present. Long term complications depend on the severity and type of defects, and may require multiple surgeries.
Reye's syndrome is a rare but serious illness that affects the brain and liver, most commonly in children recovering from a viral infection like influenza or chickenpox. It predominantly affects children between 4-14 years old. The syndrome is diagnosed based on medical history, physical exam, and lab tests if a child recently took aspirin after a viral flu and shows changes in mental state or liver problems. Treatment requires hospitalization and focuses on stopping organ damage and complications through intensive care like IV fluids, monitoring vitals, and medicine to reduce brain swelling.
Pediatrics. trisomy 21. Meiotic non-disjunction of chromosome 21. clinical features and associated abnormalities of down syndrome. screening test for down syndrome. counseling for parents in down syndrome.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that can be caused by five primary viruses. Hepatitis A and E viruses are transmitted through the fecal-oral route while hepatitis B, C, and D viruses are transmitted parenterally or sexually. Hepatitis B, C, and D can result in chronic infection. Most cases of acute viral hepatitis resolve without treatment but hepatitis B, C, and D pose long term risks of cirrhosis and liver cancer if infection is chronic. Diagnosis involves serologic testing to detect viral antigens and antibodies. Treatment focuses on supportive care although antivirals exist for chronic hepatitis B and C. Prevention emphasizes vaccination for hepatitis A and B.
The document discusses the importance of the gastrointestinal tract and its functions of digestion and absorption. It provides details on the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins/minerals in the GI tract. Key enzymes and their sites of action are identified. Malabsorption syndromes are then examined, including causes, classification, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and relevant laboratory studies. Overall, the document emphasizes the critical role of proper GI function for overall health and nutrition.
This document provides information about Aarskog syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by short stature and facial abnormalities. It discusses the signs and symptoms, which include rounded face, widely spaced eyes, skeletal abnormalities and genital abnormalities in males. It states the cause is mutations in the FGD1 gene and affected population is estimated at 1 in 25,000. It also lists related disorders like Noonan syndrome that have similar symptoms.
The document provides an overview of Down syndrome including definitions, features in newborns, common abnormalities, and age-specific healthcare guidelines. It notes that Down syndrome is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 and occurs in approximately 1 in 660 births. Newborns with Down syndrome typically exhibit certain physical features such as slanted eyes and hypotonia. Common abnormalities include heart defects, gastrointestinal issues, hearing problems, and thyroid disorders. The document outlines guidelines for healthcare from the neonatal period through adulthood.
Roseola infantum, also known as sixth disease or exanthem subitum, is caused by human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and 7. It presents with a fever lasting 4 days accompanied by pharyngitis and cough, followed by a rash that appears for 1 day and disappears without pigmentation or desquamation. Complications are rare. It is characterized by defervescence of fever followed by appearance of the rash.
The document summarizes various oral mucosal diseases and lesions. It discusses lichen planus, describing its prevalence, clinical presentations, associations with systemic diseases, and potential malignant transformation. It also briefly outlines the management of lichen planus, noting debates around treating asymptomatic lesions to potentially prevent malignant conversion.
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It can be caused by trisomy 21, translocation, or mosaicism. Common symptoms include distinctive facial features, poor muscle tone, cognitive delays, and heart defects. While there is no cure, early intervention including speech, physical, and occupational therapy can help children with Down syndrome reach their full potential. Lifespan and quality of life have improved significantly in recent decades for those living with Down syndrome.
This document discusses the approach to a child presenting with lymphadenopathy. It begins with an introduction to lymph node anatomy and pathophysiology. It then discusses the differential diagnosis and key features of generalized versus regional lymphadenopathy. Specific infectious, inflammatory and malignant conditions that can cause lymphadenopathy are outlined. The summary concludes with guidance on taking a thorough history to identify potential causes and guide appropriate investigations.
VACTERL association is a condition characterized by having at least three of the following birth defects: vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac abnormalities, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal anomalies, limb abnormalities, and esophageal atresia. It occurs in 1 in 10,000 to 40,000 births. While the cause is unknown, genetic and environmental factors likely play a role. Treatment involves surgery to address specific defects, with long-term management by specialists. The prognosis depends on the severity and type of defects present.
chromosomal disorders of the human body.pptanyaloreto813
1. Chromosomal disorders are caused by structural or numerical abnormalities in human chromosomes that can result in genetic conditions.
2. Some examples of chromosomal disorders discussed in the document include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Cri-du-chat syndrome.
3. Chromosomal disorders are associated with intellectual disabilities and physical abnormalities that vary depending on which chromosome is involved in the abnormality.
Aarskog syndrome is a rare genetic condition characterized by short stature and multiple facial, limb and genital abnormalities. Additionally, some types of cognitive disorders may occasionally be present. Up to now, the FGD1 gene on the X chromosome is the only gene known to be associated with Aarskog syndrome.Belly button that sticks out.
Bulge in the groin or scrotum.
Delayed sexual maturity.
Delayed teeth.
Downward palpebral slant to eyes (palpebral slant is the direction of the slant from the inner to outer corner of the eye)
Hairline with a "widow's peak"
Mildly sunken chest (pectus excavatum)
More items...Causes Genetic (X-linked recessive)Most individuals with Aarskog-Scott syndrome have normal intelligence; however, some may have mild learning and behavior problems, and in rare cases, severe intellectual disability has been reported here is no exact cure for Aarskog syndrome; however, medication helps ease the symptoms and other eye, ear, or dental issues. In some cases, surgery is required for inguinal hernia, cleft lip or palate, or undescended testicles condition
Diseases and abnormalities caused by mutation.pptxQueenieCuabo2
This document discusses several genetic disorders and abnormalities that can be caused by mutations or chromosome abnormalities:
1. Sickle cell anemia results from a single point mutation in the hemoglobin gene and causes red blood cells to take on a sickle shape, clogging blood vessels.
2. Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation affecting mucus and sweat glands, causing thick mucus buildup that can damage organs like the lungs.
3. Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Patau's syndrome involve extra or missing chromosomes, leading to developmental delays and physical abnormalities.
4. Other disorders discussed include Tay-Sachs disease, hemophilia,
Chromosomal abnormalities occur when there is an abnormal number or structure of chromosomes and can result in congenital disorders. Some common abnormalities include trisomies like Down syndrome which is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, and monosomies like Turner syndrome caused by missing one sex chromosome. Other abnormalities involve chromosomal translocations or deletions. Early diagnosis and treatment that addresses medical, developmental, and educational needs can help those with chromosomal disorders reach their highest potential.
This document discusses various hereditary disorders including developmental defects, cytogenic (karyotypic) abnormalities, single gene defects, and multifactorial inheritance disorders. It provides examples for each type of disorder such as Down syndrome for trisomy abnormalities, Marfan syndrome for single gene dominant disorders, and cleft lip for multifactorial disorders. The document also describes specific developmental defects like anencephaly and thalidomide malformations as well as cytogenic abnormalities including numerical and structural chromosomal issues.
Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It is the leading cause of intellectual disability. Individuals with Down Syndrome often have certain physical characteristics including a flat facial profile, small head, protruding tongue, and short stature. They may experience various health issues as well such as congenital heart disease, hearing problems, thyroid issues and obesity. Early intervention including physical, occupational and speech therapy can help with development and learning. Management depends on each person's specific needs and may include surgery for certain conditions.
This document discusses chromosomal abnormalities, including common abnormalities seen in children. It describes the normal human karyotype of 46 chromosomes consisting of 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. It then discusses specific abnormalities including trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), trisomy 18, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and structural abnormalities involving deletions or duplications of chromosomal segments. For each condition, it provides the genetic basis and characteristic clinical features as well as treatment approaches when available.
The document discusses various chromosomal abnormalities including numerical defects like Trisomy 21 which causes Down Syndrome, and structural defects. It provides details on several chromosomal disorders including Down Syndrome, Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18), Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13), Turner Syndrome, and Klinefelter Syndrome. These disorders are caused by errors in chromosome number or structure and can result in physical and mental birth defects as well as developmental issues. The document outlines characteristics, symptoms, and prognosis of each condition.
X-linked recessive traits are inherited in a pattern where females can be carriers but typically do not exhibit symptoms, while males with a single copy of the recessive gene will exhibit the trait. Examples of X-linked recessive conditions discussed in the document include red-green color blindness and hemophilia A. Color blindness affects approximately 1 in 12 men and results in the inability to distinguish between certain colors, while hemophilia A is a bleeding disorder caused by a lack of clotting factor VIII. Other genetic conditions discussed include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome.
Tuberous sclerosis is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of noncancerous tumors in multiple organs like the skin, brain, kidneys, and heart. It is caused by mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 genes. The signs and symptoms vary between people but can include skin abnormalities like hypomelanotic macules, facial angiofibromas, and shagreen patches. Neurological effects include seizures, developmental delays, and noncancerous brain tumors like subependymal nodules and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas. It has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and affects approximately 1 in 6,000 newborns. While there is no cure, treatment focuses
This document discusses different modes of genetic inheritance including single gene (Mendelian) disorders, chromosomal disorders, multifactorial inheritance, and teratogenically caused conditions. It provides details on autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and multifactorial inheritance. Examples are given of many common genetic disorders that are inherited through each of these modes of inheritance such as cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, phenylketonuria, and Marfan syndrome. The roles of new mutations, variable expression, and consanguinity are also described.
This document discusses birth defects, their causes, and prenatal diagnosis techniques. It covers common chromosomal and genetic causes of birth defects like Down syndrome. Environmental factors like infections, radiation, drugs, and maternal diseases are also discussed as teratogens that can cause birth defects. The document outlines the major types of birth defects and explains techniques used in prenatal diagnosis like ultrasound to detect fetal malformations.
Fragile X syndrome causes mild to severe intellectual disability. It affects both males and females, but females usually have milder symptoms.
Symptoms include delays in talking, anxiety and hyperactive behaviour. Some people have seizures. Physical features might include large ears, a long face, a prominent jaw and forehead and flat feet.
Therapy can be used to treat learning disabilities. Medication may be used to treat anxiety and mood disorders.
This document provides information on several genetic conditions that can affect adolescents and adults. It summarizes 3 genetic conditions that can affect adolescents: adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, which causes abnormal curvature of the spine; juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, characterized by seizures beginning in childhood; and Leydig cell hypoplasia, which affects male sexual development. It also summarizes 3 conditions that can affect adults: Parkinson's disease, a progressive nervous system disorder; Alzheimer's disease, a degenerative brain disease and cause of dementia; and hereditary hemochromatosis, an iron overload disorder. For each condition, it discusses characteristics, frequency, genetic changes, and inheritance patterns.
Fragile X syndrome is caused by an expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeat on the X chromosome, which results in failure to express the FMR1 protein needed for normal neural development. It is one of the most common inherited causes of intellectual disability and can also cause physical features like prominent ears and joint flexibility. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on behavioral therapy and education.
This document summarizes several genetic conditions that can affect adolescents and adults. It discusses adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, and Leydig cell hypoplasia for adolescents. For adults, it covers Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and hereditary hemochromatosis. Each condition is described in terms of characteristics, frequency, genetic changes, and inheritance patterns. The document provides concise overviews of these genetic disorders.
Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome. It is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and developmental disabilities. Symptoms include moderate to severe intellectual disabilities, distinctive facial features and connective tissue issues. It is diagnosed through genetic testing to detect the number of CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach including medical care, therapies, behavioral and educational interventions.
Basic genetics : Sex determination, genetic disorders, chromosomal disorderDEVIKA M
The document discusses various topics in genetics including sex determination mechanisms, genetic disorders, and chromosomal disorders. It describes common sex determination systems like XX-XY in humans and ZZ-ZW in birds. Genetic disorders are classified as Mendelian disorders caused by a single gene or chromosomal disorders caused by abnormalities in chromosomes. Examples of chromosomal disorders include Down's syndrome, Edward's syndrome, Turner's syndrome and Klinefelter's syndrome. Mendelian disorders can be autosomal dominant like achondroplasia or sickle cell anemia, X-linked dominant like hypophosphatemia, or X-linked recessive like hemophilia.
This document provides an overview of genetic counseling. It defines genetics and genetic counseling, lists their objectives and components. It describes pedigree charting and the roles of the genetic counselor in providing information, estimating risk, and transmitting information to clients. Examples are given of different inheritance patterns and genetic disorders. The role of nurses in genetic counseling is outlined as receiving clients, obtaining family histories, providing support and information, encouraging questions, and maintaining privacy.
Fragile X syndrome is caused by the expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeat on the X chromosome, which results in failure to express the FMR1 protein needed for normal neural development. It is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability and can also cause autism spectrum disorder. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on behavioral therapy and special education.
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2. AARSKOG-SCOTT SYNDROME
• Aarskog-Scott Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the
development of many parts of the body. This condition mainly affects
males, although females may have mild features of the syndrome.
• People with Aarskog-Scott Syndrome often have distinctive facial
features, such as widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism) , a small nose, a
long area between the nose and the mouth(philtrum), and a widow’s
peak hairline.
• Frequently have mild to moderate short stature during childhood, but
their growth usually catches up with that of their peers during puberty.
• Hand abnormalities are common in this syndrome and include short
fingers(brachydactyly), curved pinky fingers(fifth finger
clinodactyly), webbing of the skin between some fingers(cutaneous
syndactyly) and a single crease across the palm.
3. • Other abnormalities in people with Aarskog-Scott Syndrome
include heart defects and a split in the upper lip(cleft lip) with
or without an opening in the roof of the mouth(cleft palate)
• Most males with syndrome have a shawl scrotum, in which the
scrotum surrounds the penis instead of hanging below. Less
often they have undescended testes(cryptorchidism) or a soft
out-pouching around the belly-button(umbilical hernia) or in
the lower abdomen(inguinal hernia).
8. History:
• The syndrome is named for Dagfinn Aarskog, a Norwegian
pediatrician and human geneticist who firstly described it I
1970, and for Charles.I.Scott, Jr.,an American medical
geneticist who independently described the syndrome in
1971.
9. Affected Populations
• Approximately 50 reports of Aarskog syndrome confirmed by
identification of a FGD1gene mutation have been published
worldwide. However, it is possible that some mildly affected children
may be unrecognized, making it difficult to determine the true
frequency of this condition in the general population. An estimated
population prevalence of Aarskog syndrome is equal to or slightly
lower than to 1/25,000.
10. Other names:
• Aarskog Scott Syndrome
• Faciodigitogenital syndrome
• Faciogenital dysplasia
• Aarskog disease
• FGDY
• Scott Aarskog Syndrome
CAUSES:
Aarskog syndrome is a genetic disorder that is linked to the X
chromosome. It affects mainly males, but females may have a milder
form. The condition is caused by changes (mutations) in a gene called
“faciogenital dysplasia”(FGD1).
11. SYMPTOMS:
• Belly button that sticks out
• Bulge in the groin or scrotum
• Delayed sexual maturity
• Delayed teeth
• Downward palpebral slant to eyes (slant from outer to inner corner of eye)
• Hairline with a widows peak
• Mildly sunken chest
• Mild to moderate chest problems
• Mild to moderate short height which may not be obvious until the child is
1-3 years old
• Poorly developed middle section of the face
• Rounded face
• Scrotum surrounds the penis(shawl scrotum)
• Short fingers and toes with mild webbing
• Single crease in the palm of the hand
• Small broad hands and feet with short fingers and curved in fifth finger
• Small nose with nostrils tipped forward
13. Genetics
• Mutations in the FGD1 gene are the only known genetic cause of
aarskog-scott syndrome. The FGD1 gene provides instructions for
making a protein that turns on (activates) another protein called
Cdc42, which transmits signals that are important for various aspects
of development before and after birth.
• Mutations in the FGD1 gene lead to the production of an abnormally
functioning protein. These mutations disrupt Cdc42 signalling, leading
to the wide variety of abnormalities that occur in people with
Aarskog-Scott Syndrome.
• Only about 20 percent of people with this disorder have identifiable
mutations in the FGD1 gene. The cause of Aarskog-Scott Syndrome in
other affected individuals is unknown.
14. Pathophysiology:
• The Aarskog-Scott Syndrome is due to mutation in the FGD1 gene. FGD1 encodes a
guanine nucleotide exchange factor(GEF) that specifically activates Cdc42, a
member of the Rho(Ras homology) family of the p21 GTPases. By activating
Cdc42,FGD1 protein stimulates fibroblasts to form filopodia, cytoskeletals involved
in cellular signalling,adhesion and migration. Through Cdc42, FGD1 protein also
activates the c-jun N-terminal kinase(JNK) signalling cascade, a pathway that
regulates cell growth,apoptosis,and cellular differentiation.
• Within the developing mouse skeleton,FGD1 protein is expressed in
precartilagenous mesenchymal condensations,the perichondrium and
periosteum,proliferating chondrocytes, and osteoblasts. The characterization of the
spatiotemporal pattern of FGD1 expression in mouse embryos has provided
important clues to the understanding of the pathogenesis of Aarskog-Scott
Syndrome.
• Primary defect in syndrome is an abnormality of FGD1/Cdc42 signalling resulting
in anomalous embryonic development and abnormal endochondral and
intramembranous bone formation.
15. Mode of Genetic Exhibition
• Normally, of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that a human possesses, the
last pair is anasomal, meaning that this chromosome determines the
sex of a child. Male offspring have one X and one Y chromosome,
while for a female there are two X chromosomes.
• This particular disorder is X-linked recessive. Hence, in a male who
has only one X-chromosome, if a mutation happens, this will likely
result in the development of the disease.
• In females who have two X chromosomes, if one allele is mutated , it
does not show any major effects as the allele on the other X-
chromosome compensates and they become carriers of the syndrome.
Such people never exhibit any signs of the disease.
16. Mode of gGenetic Transformation
Case 1: Inheritance from a carrier mother and a normal father
• Let us consider the genetic pattern of the affected mother as X1 X, where “X1” is the mutated
allele. In this case, the father would be normal with the XY pattern.
• While transferring traits to the next generation, a child can have any one of the following
patterns: X1X, X1Y, XX, or XY. Here, there is a 50% chance of inheritance of the affected
gene. The girl child with this trait will act as a carrier due to the presence of only one affected
X-allele, while a boy child who has acquired the trait will surely be affected by the syndrome.
Thus, the male child of an affected mother is more prone to the syndrome than a female child.
Case 2: Inheritance from an affected father and a normal mother
• Let us now consider the genetic pattern of the affected father as X1Y, where X1 is the
mutated gene. Here, the mother would be normal with the XX pattern.
• In the genetic transfer that happens in this case, the possible inheritances are X1X and XY.
This shows that the boy child of an affected father and a normal mother will not get the
syndrome, while the girl child of this pair remains a carrier.
17. Case 3: When mother is carrier and father is affected
• In this case, the genetic pattern of the mother may be X1X and for the father it
would be X1Y. The possible inheritance here would be X1X1, X1Y, X1X, and XY.
Of the two chances of a female child, one can be highly infected while the other
remains a carrier. Similarly, there is a 50% chance for the boy child to be affected
while the remaining 50% will be normal.
• The above cases can differ accordingly when the mother has the disease , which is a
very rare case.
Diagnosis of Aarskog Syndrome
• Most signs of Aarskog syndrome are visible from the time of birth. Persons with this
syndrome have typical facial abnormalities, which is diagnostic in most cases.
Changes are commonly seen in the lower, middle, and upper portions of the face.
For example:
• widow’s peak hair (scalp hair growth in the center of the forehead)
• excessive distance between the eyes, known as ocular hypertelorism
• expanded width of the forehead
• descending slant of the opening of the eye
• drooping of the eyelids
18. • Aarskog syndrome diagnosis for children is done by examining of
these facial changes as well as other genital and skeletal features. The
physician might execute a full-body examination for the child. The
family medical history also plays a vital role in diagnosis of this
disease. If a child is suspected to have Aarskog, the doctor may advise
for a genetic test to identify the mutation in the child’s FGD1 gene.
• This test is only available in research laboratories. X-rays also help in
determining the severity of the disease.
• In rare cases, families tend to notice the hereditary occurrences of
Aarskog syndrome. In such cases ultrasound examination of feet, face,
and hands is done to identify the disease. Clinically, this is not widely
used because the syndrome does not have any medical severities.
19. Possible Treatment Plans
• Treatment is provided to improve the quality of life, as there is no
permanent cure yet for this syndrome. Usually, symptoms are visible
by the time the child is three years old, so treatment is started at this
early stage so that patients can achieve a reasonable degree of
normality as they grow older. Every patient with Aarskog syndrome
needs an individual comprehensive therapy plan for treatment.
• The peculiar abnormalities in the patient with their characteristic
symptoms require the services of a specialist team of healthcare
providers to provide a harmonized treatment.
• Facial and dental irregularities are corrected by orthodontic treatment.
• Surgical procedures are carried out to treat anomalies like cleft lip or
palate and genital defects.
• Growth hormone (GH) treatment is given to correct growth
retardation in stunted people.
• Auxiliary treatments are given to persons with intellectual
deficiencies, including educational assistance
• Genetic counseling may be required for the parents.
20. Surgeries
• Genital disorders like inguinal hernia and undescended testicles are treated
with the help of surgery.
• Inguinal hernia repair surgery: This surgery is performed when the child
is 12 months old. An internal opening in the inguinal canal located near the
abdominal or belly wall is called the hernia orifice. Various abdominal
structures may descend through this opening to form an inguinal hernia. A
small incision is made on the abdomen through which the hernial sac is
removed and the opening in the inguinal canal is closed by applying
sutures.
• Cryptorchidism surgery: The condition in which either one or both the
testicles have not dropped to their correct position in the scrotum is termed
as cryptorchidism (undescended testicles). Surgery in this condition is
usually performed in infants at 5-15 months of age. A small incision near
the groin locates the testicles and a second incision in the scrotum is made
to replace them in the proper location. Both the incisions are closed with
biodegradable sutures.
• Cleft lip or palate surgery: This surgery is done within 12 months of the
birth of the child. Here, the lip abnormality is repaired and the cleft closed
through a surgical procedure. Presurgical procedures of lip repairing
include:
– Improving the position of the maxillary alveolar arches by orthopedic
treatment
– Performing nasoplasty if nasal deformity is present as well
21. • Cleft palate surgery: Submucous cleft palate is corrected onlly if the child
has problems during feeding and speech activity. This surgery can be
performed on a secondary level to correct the nasal tip deformity after the
completion of nasal growth.
Growth Hormone Treatment
• GH is generally used to enhance the height of a person. Studies reveal that
individuals who had ASS, when treated with GH, showed an increase in
their height without any side effects. Here, selected doses of GH are
administered for a period of six months to two years at specific intervals.
However, some patients did not show any improvement in height even after
receiving higher doses of GH.
Treatment of Eye Defects
• Some persons with ASS have defects in the eyes, which commonly result in
strabismus and nystagmus.
• Strabismus treatment: This condition refers to the irregular positioning of
the eyes, which leads to improper vision. The treatment involves either:
• patching of the normal eye to attain normal vision in the lazy eye
• performing surgery to modify the eye muscles, so that they can move in a
coordinated manner.
• Nystagmus treatment: An involuntary back-and-forth movement of the
eyes is referred to as nystagmus. Glasses and contact lenses are used to
treat this condition.