A study of some loanwords

1. i
DECLARATION
I certify that the study entitled “A study of some English loanwords in
Vietnamese” is the result of my own research and has not been submitted to any
other universities or institutions.
Signature
Do Thi Huong

2. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to M.A Truong Thi Huong for
her supervision and guidance during the time I did the study.
I am also grateful to all my teachers at the Faculty of Foreign Language to
give me an opportunity and the best conditions to do this study. Last but not least,
my special gratitude if for my family and my friends from whom I have received a
lot of spiritual and material support.

3. iii
ABSTRACT
In Vietnamese, a variety of vocabulary is borrowed. There is a great amount
of vocabulary leaving the learners puzzled as loanwords were affected and even
their phonetic presentation altered their semblance to realize their semantics.
This work aims at exploring the usage of certain English loanwords in
Vietnamese. Many English loanwords have characteristics that are similarities and
differences in Vietnamese communication. Examination of the mother tongue
showing why and the position of several English loanwords is used. Moreover, the
various loanwords modalities in English and the usage of loanwords in Vietnamese.
The study presents a comprehensive overview of primary ideas related to
borrowing from English words. In some English loanwords, the characteristics of
some English loanwords and some ideas are also discussed Vietlish modals.

4. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ........................................................................................................ i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................. iii
LIST OF CHARTS ................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .................................................................................. viii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION...............................................................................1
1.1 Rationale ...............................................................................................................1
1.2 Aims of study ........................................................................................................1
1.3 Researcher questions.............................................................................................1
1.4 Scope of the study .................................................................................................2
1.5 Methods of the study.............................................................................................2
1.6 Design of the study................................................................................................2
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................4
2.1 Definitions of English loanwords .........................................................................4
2.2 Definitions of Vietnamese.....................................................................................5
2.3 Definitions of language in newspapers/magazines ...............................................5
2.3.1 Topical theme.....................................................................................................6
2.3.2 Precision.............................................................................................................6
2.3.3 Masse..................................................................................................................7
2.3.4 Description ........................................................................................................7
2.3.5 Vividness, attraction...........................................................................................8
2.5 The situation of using English loanwords in Vietnamese.....................................8
2.6 The fact of using English loanwords in Vietnamese...........................................10
CHAPTER III :THE STUDY ...................................................................................11
3.1 Researcher methodology and data ......................................................................11
3.1.1 Methodology ....................................................................................................11
3.1.2 Data analysis ...................................................................................................11
3.2 Research questions.............................................................................................16
3.2.1 The first question: What fields are frequently mentioned English loanwords in
Vietnamese? ..............................................................................................................16

5. v
3.2.2 The second research question: What are the reasons why loanwords are used
in mother language source as the foreign language? ................................................19
3.2.3 The third research question: How is the overall of “Vietlish” in mother
language? ...........................................................................................................23
3.3. Summary ............................................................................................................28
3.4 Findings and recommendation ............................................................................29
3.4.1 Findings............................................................................................................29
3.4.2.Recommendation..............................................................................................29
CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION ...............................................................................32
4.1 Summary of the study .........................................................................................32
4.2 The limitations of the study.................................................................................32
4.3 Suggestions of future studies ..............................................................................32

6. vi
LIST OF CHARTS
Chart 3.1: The times of using English words are original without translating. ........14
Chart 3.2: The percentage of times using English words in major fields...............15
Chart 3.3: Loanwords in Vietnamese by donor language and semantics word class
...................................................................................................................................15
Chart 3.4: Loanwords in Vietnamese by donor language a semantic field
...................................................................................................................................16
Chart 3.5: The bar graph shows the percentage of 762 English words are listed in
some newspapers.......................................................................................................24
Chart 3.6: The chart shows the percentages of preferred phonetic writing ..............26
Chart 3.7: The bar graph shows Vietnamese’ opinions about spelling of the words in
Vietnamese online newspaper...................................................................................26

7. vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Percentage of students learning international languages in Vietnam. ....21
Table 3.2: The effects of Vietnamese writing..........................................................25
Table 3.3: The form of mix English words in the young’s language ......................27

8. viii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Illustration 3.1: The Vietnamese Phonology, the first step to reading and speaking
Vietnamese................................................................................................................12
Illustration 3.2: Diagram of 6 tones in Vietnamese ..................................................13
Illustration 3.3: The phonetic chart ...........................................................................13
Illustration 3.4: The Literature lecture for grade 6....................................................22

9. 1
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Rationale
English is one of the most popular languages in Vietnam, especially in various
areas or even on a daily basis. There are phrases, scholarly, or loanwords in English.
That is why English loanwords have become a feature of Vietnamese’s mother
tongue.
Currently, there are many who do not recognize the Vietnamese term while
English words or loan terms are mostly used throughout their lives. In fact, the
mother language is a shortage of technical vocabulary, it is appropriate to use
international phrases, usually English loan phrases. Nonetheless, several problems
appear because of abuse by individuals. Some individuals do not even know how to
use English or Vietnamese phrases, as well as Vietnamese terms already exist.
Besides, appearing challenge to investigate various forms of borrowed English
vocabulary, examining circumstances of using this kind of language by everyone.
Certain reasons why the subject is stated English loanwords are increasingly
popular in M.A’s studies or papers.Furthermore, cases of using this kind of
language and the misuse of English loanwords for certain purposes.
And so the thing mention above is the reasons why “ a study of some English
loanwords in Vietnamese” is chosen for my graduation paper. I hope that it will be
beneficial to either Vietnamese or students of both English and Vietnamese,
remarkably, Vietnamese students who study the second language (eg: English
language).
1.2 Aims of study
The aim of the study is as the following:
- To investigate the fields of using English loanwords frequently in Vietnamese
newspapers/magazines.
- To find out some reasons for loanwords are used in mother language source as the
foreign language
- To explore the overall of “Vietlish” in mother language.
1.3 Researcher questions
- What fields are frequently mentioned in English loanwords in Vietnamese
newspapers/ magazines?

10. 2
- What are the reasons for loanwords are used in mother language source as the
foreign language?
- How is the overall of “Vietlish” in mother language?
1.4 Scope of the study
The subject of the thesis is “a study of some English loanwords in Vietnamese”
and it is too large because the scholar needs a lot of energy, resources, and time to
learn. Therefore, my research only emphasizes on exploring the meanings of
English loanwords in Vietnamese newspapers/ magazines. Typically, both news,
contents in popular newspapers/ magazines. In addition, they are just inside the
framework of the thesis and with time and duration limitations. This should allow
citizens, in part, to have general awareness and comprehension of English
loanwords to make communicating simpler.
1.5 Methods of the study
For this case study, the qualitative approaches was selected. This study
concentrates on some famous Vietnamese newspapers or magazines such as Tuoi
Tre, VNExpress, Tien Phong,…. The youth’s everyday conversations, researchers’
charts in both English and Vietnamese to compare circumstances of using English
loanwords, some models as well as abbreviations of Vietnamese borrowed words.
The features of English loanwords will be discovered. Next, it will name and
compare the similarities and differences between the English loanwords and
Vietnamese.
1.6 Design of the study
This study is composed of four main chapters:
Chapter I, INTRODUCTION, the researcher presents some brief information
about the reasons for choosing the topic, the aims, the methods, the scope as well as
the design of the study.
Chapter II, LITERATURE REVIEW, is composed of main theories:
- Definitions of English loanwords
- Definitions of Vietnamese
- Definitions of languages in newspapers/ magazines
- The situations of using English loanwords in Vietnamese
- The fact of using English loanwords in Vietnamese.

11. 3
Chapter III, THE STUDY, consists of parts such as the methodology, data
analysis, and main findings as well as recommendations.
Chapter IV, CONCLUSION, presents both the summary of the study, limitations
of the study, and the suggestions for further study.

12. 4
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Definitions of English loanwords
According to Howard and Etienne Ze' Amvela (2004) have assessments
about a loanword or a borrowed word because anybody applies a word from other
languages without their root words. Furthermore, there is a person named Crystal
(2004) analyzed those words from any other language source that is likewise
thought of as a borrowed word. Then, the semantics factor meets a local word that
has seen as loan terms.
Next, Longman Dictionary defines a word is characterized as getting a term
of a word or an expression from an unknown dialect or native language that
includes any words, it is a “loanword”. (Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching
& Applied Linguistics).
In fact, Cambridge Dictionary characterizes any words is known as a
borrowed word or loanword because there are any words that taken from one
language and utilized in another.
Additionally, Rao (2018) cited that Hock (1986), whenever any specific
words or broad collections of vocabulary from a foreign language. It is understood
as “borrowing”. This cycle is called borrowing although the lending language does
not lose its vocabulary, nor does the borrowing language return the word. A
stronger expression might be “copying” but, in this context, borrowing has long
been known and terms borrowed are considered loan terms.
In the same way, English- based loanwords (also called Anglicisms) concern
lexical material, stemming originally from English, that is incorporated into a
different language. As Poplack and Sankoff (1984) suggest, it can be difficult to
differentiate between the usage of loanwords, code-switching, and intervention. As
a consequence, they offer four characteristics for the effective recognition of
loanwords: ease of usage, the substitution of native- language synonyms,
morphophonemic/ syntactic incorporation, and acceptability, which are also of
crucial importance in the analysis of language attitudes.

13. 5
2.2 Definitions of Vietnamese
Accordingly, Saxena (2020) gives an opinion: Vietnamese or the national
language spoken by 75 million citizens as mother language source, this language is
also the national and official language in Vietnam. Chu nom is the language that
applied. The language is composed of three dialects: Northen(spoken in and places
near Hanoi), Southern ( Ho Chi Minh City), and Central ( Hue). Vietnamese is
borrowed heavily from Chinese and English and is written in the Latin alphabet to
indicate tones and inflections with additional diacritics.
Furthermore, BL Hoffer (L.Hoffer, 2005) ( University of Rhode Island,
Intercultural Communication Studies XIV:2005): There are over 65 percent of
Chinese loanwords, about 3000 French loanwords, and plenty of words are English
loanwords used in the mother tongue( Vietnamese). So that the international
language has enriched both qualitative and numbers of Vietnamese outlets.
Subsequently, Mark Alves (Alves, Loanwords in Vietnamese, 2009) did emphasis
the type of Vietnamese vocabulary borrowed from Chinese is, for the most part,
precisely the sort of language source that is commonly borrowed from languages: a
vocabulary of culturally specific artifacts and cultural constructs( e.g: household
utensils and articles or aspects of medicine, government administration and the arts)
and not basic utensils. Also, words that are comparatively more immune to words.
However, in the Cambridge Dictionary, the definition of Vietnamese is simply a
word belonging to both people and the language in Vietnam due to Vietnamese is
the main language of Vietnamese people until now.
2.3Definitions of language in newspapers/magazines
To begin with, Tuyet (Tuyết T. T.) (2016), who emphasized the language of
the press is a style of expression used in newspapers and radio to communicate
domestic and international news, reflecting the opinion of the newspaper and public
opinion in order to promote the progress of society. The press language is used in
many types and can be classified into three types of documents: news- writing,
public opinion- writing, and advertising. This style is available in two forms: oral
and written. Besides, the purpose of the text of the press is to inform the necessary
information promptly. Nowadays, the media appears to be a practical type of
writing. Based on the assumption that style is a pattern of verbal operation,

14. 6
developed by common and modern language use trends in the creation of
contemporary text layers, reason has been established, with differing degrees of
justification, to suggest that journalism has distinctive features that enable it to rate
on par with others.
Nevertheless, it is Trong Lac (Lạc, 1999), after clarifying the characteristics
of media, such as war, topicality, and beauty, pointed out the characteristics of the
press language in terms of vocabulary and syntax, structure. Therefore, the concepts
show that they come from a functional perspective when examining the
characteristics of journalism. This a rational method, since it is the feature, not some
other aspect, which determines the modes of speech that are unique to each form of
creativity. It is the fact that the event has given the press language a number of
specific features, such as:
2.3.1 Topical theme
Journalism needs to be up- to- date on daily news in all areas of social life.
Only new information, the urgent problems of today will appeal to the listeners.
People also often receive news of the last minute, such as the latest news of the day,
the afternoon newspaper,…
2.3.2 Precision
The vocabulary in every type must be precise whereas that is especially
relevant for journalism. As the press has the role of directing public opinion. Even
the slightest negligence of words can make it difficult for readers to understand or
misunderstand information that could have serious unintended social consequences.
For example, after a visit by Thap Tung, a high- ranking official to China, a
journalist wrote a report, including:” We broke up with the rich friendship of
Vietnam and China.” Obviously, the word “with” here is not acceptable because the
phrase “parting with…” expresses the meaning of “ give up, say goodbye,” the need
to replace it with the word” in”.
For the appropriate usage of the media, journalists must agree with at least
two standards. In the first place, journalists must be good at their native language,
namely: mastering grammar, having a broad, solid vocabulary, and constantly
developing phonetics skills, understanding of style. Second, stick to the actual and
original facts to reflect, not imagine, add, or remove.

15. 7
These two requirements are closely related to each other. Good at languages,
whereas far from reality, language can “cry” but it is empty, lacking the warm
breath of life that is strongly conquering for readers. On the opposite, it is difficult
to know the truth, yet to be weak in language, to communicate knowledge as
efficiently as you can, or even to make errors that hurt others or community.
2.3.3 Masse
Journalism is a matter of mass media. Everyone in society, regardless of their
profession, level of awareness, social status, age, gender, etc….is the subject of the
press, and this are where it continues. Receive information where they can express
their opinions. The language of journalism must, therefore, be a language for all and
for all, that is, it must be widely available.
However, being universal does not mean being simple or inferior. Because
the famous Russian language researcher VG Kostomarov (2005) (Journalism, 2020)
said,” the language of journalism must be adapted to all classes of the public so that
a scientist with the most profound knowledge does not get bored and a young child
who is still immature does not find it difficult to understand.
For a language not common, that is, with a small audience, the press can
hardly exercise the task of influencing all groups of citizens and directing public
opinion. Perhaps that is why in the papers, people never use specific technical
phrases, common names, slang, or words translated from foreign languages.
2.3.4 Description
The language of journalism must be short and concise. Long information can
dilute, reducing the quality of the reception of readers and listeners. However, it
often loses time in vain for all slides, for the authors, as it does not fulfill the criteria
of quick, prompt contact for readers to listeners, even in an age of booming. Data,
people are still seeking to get as much knowledge as possible in a unit of time. Not
to mention the lengthy prose, which is vulnerable to several various forms of error,
in particular, the error in using terms, in addition, a significant percentage in
grammatical sentences can also be found in the plays. Journalism needs to do with
the idea that the writer is so quick to extend the auxiliary components and neglect
about the key components of the paragraph

16. 8
2.3.5 Vividness, attraction
To draw the interest of writers, the vocabulary of media must be appealing
and engaging. News from newspapers and radios must be delivered in an enticing
way, encouraging and motivating to readers and listeners.
Since the public collects too much material, the duration of reception of the
material typically takes place at the present, overlapping with the duration of rest or
rotating between operating hours,… If the quality of the material is rather complex
if the vocabulary is not simple concise, the delivery is not excellent, it does not
draw interest, it does not cause excitement, it does not “grab the eye” of people, so
no one wants to listen or hear anything.
The word “internet linguistics” in Russian science emerged in the year 200
when T.GDobrosklonsky (2005). In her Ph.D. thesis, she developed the principle
and techniques of this field. The year 2000 is, therefore, officially regarded as the
date of birth of the linguistic media in our nation. The word “internet linguistics”
incorporates two fundamental components. It is the “internet” and the linguistics (
Science that tests languages). As a consequence, broadcast linguistics is a discipline
that explores the role of the media vocabulary.
2.4 The situation of using English loanwords in Vietnamese.
Some data were collected according to the website “Mustgo travel”
(Mustgo.com, 2020). In fact, Vietnamese became the national and official language
of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam after the revolution that ended the French
colonial rule. It is used in all levels of the education system in Vietnam, including
higher education, for both official and official contracts, in the media, and in
publishing.
In much the same way, borrowing words is part of Vietnamese vocabulary.
In fact, over half of Vietnamese vocabulary is believed to be borrowed from
Chinese as a result of the thousands of years of Chinese dominance. To be more
precise, there are many compounds that consist of Vietnamese native words
combined with Chinese borrowings. In the late 19th century, when France invaded
Vietnam, French slowly replaced Chinese as the official written language of
education and the government and the Vietnamese adopted several French words.
According to Dinh Hoa (Hòa, 1997) ( Southern Illinois University, Carbondale,

17. 9
1997), Western languages such as French and English have become increasingly
common among students in the region, whereas young people around the world
have adjusted to almost every foreign language spoken in their respective asylum
and residence countries over the past two decades or so.
English has thus become a foreign language and this is why Vietnamese use
more and more English words as a sort of loanword or borrowing word.
For instance: xi măng “cement” from English cement, rô bốt “robot” from English.
They borrow heavily from English and is written with additional diacritics in the
Latin alphabet to indicate tones and inflections. Some may word and phrases that
could come in handy are:
Where is the taxi? = Taxi ở đâu? Where is the ATM? = Máy rút tiền ATM ở
đâu?
Moreover, Vietnamese sources divided into academic terms, terms of
dialects, words of work, slangs, words of general.
In simpler terms, there are a total of six groups that are classified by ThienGiap
(Giáp, Dẫn Luận Ngôn Ngữ Học, 2015): humans, denizens, translation-loans,
grammar, borrowing, composite, and abbreviation of loans.
Although, it typically happens in areas where two languages are in
communication with each other. It is Van Khang (Khang, 2007), who have an
opinion that the discrepancy between code-mixing and loanword resides in the fact
that loanword is a linguistic phenomenon taking place in monolingual languages,
whereas code-mixing is a common linguistic phenomenon in bilingual societies. If
one phrase is generally known, it is a form of mixed- coded; it is a loan term.
Therefore, it can be assumed that code-mixing sets the stones for international terms
to become loan words.
Also, language borrowing has so far attracted a lot of attention from
linguists. As “the father of modern linguistics”, Thao’s report (2011) cited that
Saussure (1919) made clear in his language lectures the existence of “intercourse”
and importing language. David Crystal (1997), Tom MC Authur (2000), Charles
Barber (1992) talked about borrowings from English in a number of countries
around the world, including the South East nations.
In fact, Van Khang (Khang, 2007) provided the first systematic research of this

18. 10
type. He discussed the history of word borrowing in Vietnamese, the language
planning issues of adaptation, and the use of loan words. Besides, he provided a
chapter on phonetic, semantic, and morphological modifications of English words.
2.5 The fact of using English loanwords in Vietnamese.
The channels of borrowing from one language to another can be traced back
to ancient times, due in particular to the development of trade in the slave trade
between countries. In modern times, direct contact between different language
countries makes it possible to borrow by translating. Loanwords are now
multiplying on an unprecedented scale as a result of all dimensional contact
between the two languages: political, economic, cultural, scientific, immigration,
and the existence of bilingual regions.
Obviously, Chau’s report (2016) cited that linguist Xuan Hao warned several
times while he was alive that Vietnamese citizens would no longer learn how to
speak and write Vietnamese. In response to the reality that the Vietnamese language
is being “Westernized” and is being used. It is easy to use both in real life and in the
newspapers. In addition, Prof. Van Khang (Institute of Linguistics) acknowledges
that there is “a conflict” in the Vietnamese media. For borrowed words, there were
“thế vận hội” in Vietnamese already, whereas there was Olympic again, or there
was a word “dưỡngkhí” in Vietnamese while there was a word “oxygen” again.
Professor also questioned that Communication is the language, perhaps. Hence, the
media people should explore, use words, and build words. (Newspaper Lao Dong,
13th
, November 2016).
From the end of 1999 to 2001, in the mainstream press (Tuổi Trẻ Chủ Nhật,
Thanh Niên, Thanh Niên cuối tuần, Thể thao &Văn hóa, Giáo dục và Thời đại in
the Vietnamese language) or magazines of Language (Science and History and Life
magazines) featured in a series of articles by many writers on issues related to the
use of foreign words and Vietnamese in the newspaper. Everyone shared anxieties
about the propensity to use foreign words instinctively and openly in Vietnamese.
Earlier, Hung (2018) cited that Duc Dan (1999) has the opinion that there is
a common trend, typically, trying to write the English language to show off the
foreign language level.
Besides, Hung (2018) cited that Thien Giap (2000) said that the present press

19. 11
has expanded the usage of foreign terms in books and magazines, failing to translate
into Vietnamese. It is a rule to keep this from occurring.
CHAPTER III: THE STUDY
3.1Researcher methodology and data
3.1.1 Methodology
The research uses qualitative approaches. The qualitative approach analyzes
the numbers and proportion of such English loanwords in everyday conversations
with Vietnamese from researchers’. The metho approaches generalizes conditions,
explanations, and the various types of English loanwords in Vietnamese after the
result is obtained.
My thesis is chosen as the main method by the descriptive method. It is
phonetic, as well as modal “ Vietnamized”. The research focuses on evaluating and
contrasting certain English loanwords in experiments and surveys carried out by
researchers who had or did so earlier. Furthermore, the hunt for information on the
internet via conversations according to newspapers/ material. English loanwords
and Vietnamese characteristics are to be found. Next, calling and contrasting the
various types in English loanwords and Vietnamese words.
Several uses analysis on English Vietnamese has been done so far, including
Thien Giap (2015), Van Khang (Khang, 2007), Thuy Nga (2014), Vuong Toan
(2013), Thuy Trang ( 2015), Van Phuoc (2017), Thu Ha (2017). I present certain
observations and assumptions that apply directly to the English loanwords used in
Vietnamese.
3.1.2 Data analysis
Data were evaluated using circumstances, purpose, and “Vietlish” type
functions such as situations and reasons. Situations, all data in Vietnam have been
divided into three major areas: media supports, infrastructure, and connectivity.
Then they were examined how they were adjusted: replacement, updating, and
reality. Reasons, to figure out both the decision and the loanword area. “Vietlish”
type, as Vietnamese people use English words as building blocks to construct their
own vocabulary, the data collected were analyzed in this case.
Finally, the attitudes of the Vietnamese were analyzed through the database
that was completed. Hence, the mentioned findings were compared as well as

20. 12
clarified via charts and different opinions.
a/ About phonology
To Vietnamese phonology, the first step to reading and speaking Vietnamese
was shown. Clearly, there are various letters and have similar to English. In
Vietnamese, however, there are “Ă”, “”, “Ê”, “Ô”, “Ơ”, and “Ư” is different from
English. There are not those letters, whereas there are “θ” , “ð”, “dʒ”, “ z”, “ ʃ”,…in
English.
To make this difference clear, the researcher quoted the alphabet and
transcription for a better understanding of phonology in two languages. Let’s see.
Illustration 3.1. The Vietnamese Phonology, the first step to reading and
speaking Vietnamese (According to Rutvi Saxena’s post-
https://www.holidify.com/pages/languages-in-vietnam-1389.html)
In fact, there are 27 letters in Vietnamese whereas there are 26 letters in
English, Vietnamese letter is more complicated than English letters. In addition,
Vietnamese letters have marks in some letters such as Đ, Ê, Ô, Ư,… it is a
challenge for English speakers to practice or says those letters. Moreover, the
English alphabet has its typical letters while there are no letters that exist in
Vietnamese. It makes those who speak Vietnamese language or is Vietnamese
speak those letters more hardly.
Clearly, there is no F, J, W, or Z and often pronunciations are very different,
one letter can reflect many different sounds. In addition, there are some tone-

21. 13
marked letters on them to display six separate tones in Vietnamese. The following
diagram that shows six tones in Vietnamese:
Illustration 3.2: Diagram of 6 tones in Vietnamese (internvietnam.com)
In addition, Vietnam has up to 6 tones, which means that the way a word is
said can change its meaning. These tones are seen as diacritical in the letter, for
example:
Example Tone Meaning
Bàn Start low and remain low Table
Bạn Short and low Friend
Bản With a rising intonation Version/ village
Table 3.1: Three typical tones in Vietnamese
Overall, the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a collection of symbols
that describes all sounds in the English language. Therefore, comparing to the
phonemic chart of the British Council, there are three kinds of transcriptions clearly:
vowels, diphthongs, and consonants. In particular, the position of the mouth for
every pair of consonant sounds below is the same, but one sound is voiceless while
the other is voiced. Typically, unvoiced= the only air that falls out of your mouth,
however, voiced= the vocal cords create a tone.
Illustration 3.3: The phonetic chart (according to British Council-
https://mcargobe.wordpress.com/2014/09/18/british-council-phonemic-chart/)
b/ About times of using English borrowed words in newspapers/magazines
In this work, the usage of English loanwords or English original makes

22. 14
readers more interesting, it called the times of using English terms with the
percentage of using words. Especially, Vietnamese readers can see how is it a
variety of English original without translating into Vietnamese.
Here is the table of times English word usage is original without translating
(551 words in 653 surveyed words). Detailly, there are 653 words are in a survey
that was done. In this case, those words that are in five fields, typically, science,
sports, economy, education, and entertainment & culture as well. The frequency of
mentioned borrowed words has appeared regularly because of the numbers shown
according to tables or charts.
Chart 3.1: The times of using English words are original without
translating.
Those sectors get a similar percentage, at about 80 to 125 words. There are
almost words that are original English in the survey. Clearly, both the Economy and
education stand at 83 and 99. Two of those are the lower rank, typically, the
economy just has 83 words. Whereas, both entertainment and culture have 130
words. Besides, science and sports are common aspects, at about 100 words. Both
education and science use the English original in Vietnam.
In short, English original words are more and more varied and have been
updated recently, especially, meeting culture from another language. Thus, the
frequency of times in some major fields shown.
Science Sports Economy Education
Entertainment,
culture
Total
Times 112 127 83 99 130 551
112 127
83 99 130
551
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
The times of using English words are original without
translating
Times

23. 15
Chart 3.2: The percentage of times using English words in major fields.
Qualitative is used to analyze numbers and percentage of English words used
for different fields in Vietnam. As we can see from the pie chart, English original
words are used without translating into four main areas of education, science,
economics, and sports. Of course, there are other related fields whereas the ratio is
low, therefore, it is not shown here. In addition, those percentages are similar, at
about 20 to 30%. However, Sports is a factor that gets the highest percent whereas
the economy just gets 20% that is the lowest rank. Both Education and Science
fields account for a fairly balanced proportion, reaching from 23% to 27%, we can
see that the science field accounts for a slightly higher rate than Education.
To conclude, the form of words is mentioned as well. Typically, word form
likely nouns verbs listed. It is a noun-verb which are the most word forms used in
the native language
Chart 3.3: Loanwords in Vietnamese by donor language and semantics word
class (percentage)
Science
20%
Sports
23%
Economy
15%
Education
18%
Entertainment,
culuture
24%
TIMES
Science Sports Economy Education Entertainment, culuture
0.5
0.3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
English
English
All words 0.3
Noun verbs 0.5
Loanwords in Vietnamese by donor language and
semantics word class (percentage)
All words Noun verbs

24. 16
In general, loanwords that are mentioned according to word forms on the
table clearly. Nouns verbs are appeared quite frequently, besides those numbers are
similar to each other. It is considered that Vietnamese get a part of English in their
mother language. There is a gap between nouns verbs with all words, at 0.2%. In
more detail is shown, there are three large aspects used in English loanwords.
Following the table shows the numbers of borrowed vocabulary with the semantic
field.
Obviously, the diagram below shows the three factors used in the donor
language. Those fields are animals, technology, and the modern world. Clear
disparities between the factors are shown by the data and chart.
Chart 3.4: Loanwords in Vietnamese by donor language a semantic field
(percentage)
Undoubtedly, both animals and technology make an account of numbers,
about 1.3 to 1.7%. It is remarkable to pay attention to use loanwords in English.
Significantly, the modern world is a factor that gets the highest number, at 3.3%.
Similarly, there are 0.3 % at a total of English borrowed words in the mother
language.
3.2. Research questions
3.2.1. Fields that English loanwords are used in Vietnamese newspapers/
magazines.
Of course, investing primary data from several major newspapers: “The
Nhan Dan”, “The Thanh Nien Cuoi Tuan”, “The Sinh Vien Viet Nam”, “The Quan
Doi Nhan Dan”, “The Suc Khoe Va Doi Song”, and “The Thoi Bao Kinh Te Sai
English
Animals 1.7
Technology 1.3
Modern world 3.3
Total 0.3
1.7
1.3
3.3
0.3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Animals Technology Modern world Total

25. 17
Gon” for the study. I have paid attention to and chosen these kinds of newspapers
because each kind of newspaper presents different aspects of the economic, social
and political life of Vietnam as well as they are the most popular newspaper in
Vietnam.
It is obvious that there are some studies about English words which are
common via newspapers or science are used in Vietnamese as well as those words
make variety and lively for the contents of writing or others. From several studies
and surveys, the study finds out that English words are written originally as well as
copied words in other ways. In fact, the ways to pronounce in Vietnamese likely:
uôn cúp, uôn cắp, vơn cúp, vơn cắp, oăn cup, oăn cắp,…to illustrate:
Đồng thời, trong năm 2019, đội
quân của HLV Park Hang Seo thi
đấu thành công ở vòng loại World
Cup 2022.
( Vietnamnet, 01st
Januray,2020)
(S.N, 2019)
Giờđây, nhà giàu Luân Đôn (London) đang
đổ xô tìm kiếm các giải pháp để bảo vệ ngôi
nhà của mình…
(Vietnamnet, 08th
September,2012) (Anh,
2012)
Base on those examples, they mentioned English loanwords in two main
different forms of writing to discuss problems or news. The issue has become more
and more complicated while they appear in online newspapers more and more. Such
as:
Theo khảo sát của VnExpress.net, hiện một
khóa học gym dành cho trẻ tại các trung tâm
ở Hà Nội hiện dao động từ 3-16 triệu
đồng….(VNExpress, 01st
July 2013) (Minh,
2013)
Thắng loạt tie-break, Quang Liêm
vào vòng 2 World Cup cờ vua
2019.
( Webthethao.vn ,13rd
Spetember,2019)(Việt, 2019)
From those examples, titles and contents are written sorts of English
loanwords in different forms of writing which are writing the original word or
writing in Vietnamese’ pronounce. Mostly, they used two major forms of writing
those borrowed words in Vietnamese newspapers. Perhaps, those forms make
readers misunderstand or it is difficult for them to gain the core content. Eventually,
several persons do not know what are those English terms, typically, adults, the old

26. 18
or those who do not learn English.
Simultaneously, regarding English words in the Technical field via
newspaper as well as magazines, it is known as a result of the spread of technology
because of either a ton of vocabulary or names which have been borrowed. About
the past 150 years, while there is no native term that exists, significantly, modern
technology, appearing a readiness for borrowing terms. In part, due to the use of a
romanized alphabet, which allows even words that violate Vietnamese does not
have any final fricative and even appears to have some currency in spoken
Vietnamese as well. Recently, Vietnamese has updated more and more English
terms, mostly in the area of technology, though it is too soon to see how many of
these will become a permanent part of Vietnamese. Besides, those words used for
other fields are more familiar so that translating is easier. For example:… cho khách
hàng sử dụng để truy cập vào Facebook và Youtube được các nhà mạng đua nhau
tung ra…( Tuoitre online, 04th, January 2018) (T.Hà, 2018).
Likewise, instead of using English words like website, kilometer, centimeter,
shorting words likely web, km, cm. However, this situation just does not appear
much via surveys. In fact, those shorten words are pronounced simply, easier. Some
examples via Tuoi Tre online:
…sau chặng đấu
cuối từ TP.Bảo Lộc
đến TP.HCM dài
158 km(30 April
2020) (Phúc, 2018)
Sina “nổigiận” khi
Wu Lei bị ghi chú
“nhiễm corona”
trên web định giá
(30 April 2020)
(Khuê, 2020)
MB ra mắt App
MBBank phiên bản
mới (18th February
2020), (T.D.V,
2020)
MB thêm tính năng
QR Pay vào ứng dụng
di động (22nd
January 2019).
(T.D.V, MB thêm
tính năng QR Pay vào
ứng dụng di động,
2019)
Nowadays, especially, the young get used to PC and smartphones in both
study and work. They use this sort of tech term all the time. In fact, there are
original words which are tech terms such as PowerPoint, search, reply, copy, paste,
cut, folder, file, typing, undo, email, online/offline, scan, admin, virus, webcam,
camera, video, drive….. For instance:

27. 19
Bộ GD-ĐT nói gì về việc
thu phí họ conline
(thanhnien.vn, 17th
March,
2020)(Tuệ, 2020)
Địch Lệ Nhiệt Ba đang
dần trở thành “bản sao
copy-paste” của Dương
Mịch…
( kenh14.vn, 17th
January,2020) (iFeng,
2020)
“Cha đẻ” tính năng
copy-paste qua đời
(VnExpress, 20th
February, 2020)(Quý,
2020)
Indeed, they are too familiar to the young. Of course, though using certain
English terms sometimes, they do not even make sure the context is in Vietnamese.
In my view, retaining the original English terms in the field of technology has
several benefits, at least this way allows students to memorize English vocabulary
more quickly because it is easier for them to scan for knowledge, particularly for
their majors.
The following chapter 2 Literature Review. After analyzing, the writer
concludes some points in situations in using English loanwords. Firstly, in the
quantity of English original words, lots of words are used original without
translating in Vietnamese. Also, there are more and more fields or aspects that are
applied to loanwords. Vietnamese get used to English terms in almost things
whenever there is no Vietnamese word that is suitable. Moreover, the frequency of
mentioned borrowed words has appeared regularly because of the numbers shown
according to tables or charts. Last but not least, it is a noun-verb which are the most
word forms used in the native language.
In short, from the statistics and typical examples in newspapers/ magazines,
it can be commented that most English loanwords focus primarily on the main areas
of life that the Vietnamese are often interested in, specifically is in terms of
Technology, Sports, and Entertainment.
3.2.2 The reasons why loanwords are used in mother language source as the
foreign language.
a/ The judgment
The European presence has led to the spread of the alphabetical writing
system in Vietnam, although the lexical influence of French was nevertheless
superficial, resulting in the permanent borrowing of a few dozen (Baker 1969) and a

28. 20
few dozen others out of use.
Certainly, it is Weinreich (1953), in reality, who did list various reasons for
borrowing vocabulary. In order to clarify concepts or laws of speech, to borrow a
word if it is appropriate to use a term from another language on the basis of
accessible semantics. What’s more, both Fishman, JA, Cooper, LR, and Conraad,
AW (1989) have opinions on a variety of contract circumstances. Apparently,
borrowing words from other languages enriches the mother tongue, and usually
English words help to grow Vietnamese through borrowing vocabulary. Therefore,
it is difficult to find some guidelines on the words that remain in the mother tongue,
and tend to evolve Vietnamese through borrowing other languages. (S.Kemmer,
Loanwords- Major Periods of Borrowing in the History of English, 2019).
b/ Analysis
More recently, several English loans have entered Vietnamese, but not in
large numbers and without the certainty of a permanent or even long-term presence
in the Vietnamese lexicon, although Vietnamese dictionaries appear to list an
increasing number of them. Some examples: míttinh “ meeting”, vi rút “virus”.
These terms appear to refer to but are not confined to, technology. One of the initial
reasons for borrowing is just to borrow as one language. It should be remembered,
though, this does not automatically imply that the grammatical laws of the language
are followed without prejudice. In most cases, this extension is limited to the
morphological phase, the borrowing language normally resists the grammatical
rules of other languages and tries to assimilate them. Such as:
The term Vietnam, pizza, came to light and
became more popular- particularly after the young
began to love this food and try it as fast food.
Daily cuisine is best suited as the Vietnamese
people use these words. Pizza is a sort of common
food in Vietnam, particularly for the young and
teenagers. Pizza’s dictionary meaning: A broad
variety of flatbread covered with cheese, onions,
and occasionally meat and vegetables scattered
over the top.(Cambridge Dictionary).
“PC” is familiar with
Vietnamese, especially, the
young. The word has
recently been imported into
Vietnam; at first, it was
translated as “máy tính cá
nhân” (Personal:cá nhân;
Computer: máy tính), while
it tends to be known as PC to
present the term shortly.

29. 21
On the whole, with respect to social influences, it can be remembered that
the opinion of E.Sapir (Sapir, 1921) that the context community, languages are
never complete on their own, besides, the desire for contact has driven people who
speak a specific language to communicate explicitly or indirectly with speakers of
an adjacent or favored language. Historically, interactions may be either pleasant or
aggressive.
However, contrary to the views of the Russian linguists, Linguist Europe-
America, stated that, while there are already terms in the vocabulary of a language
to convey the definition, often borrowed using similar words from other languages,
there is a pattern of very average borrowing generally for any language. For
example, the pen-name in English was borrowed from the French nom de plume,
the English speakers wanted to steal something from French, but they made an
error, because of applying the nom de plume from French, the pen-name
counterpart in English is “just prestige”.
For those reasons, borrowing in English stemmed from studying English as a
foreign language, therefore, taking a look at some of the survey documentation
below to see how essential it is to study English for a variety of purposes that
influence that usage of borrowed English as well as the term borrowing in
Vietnamese colleges.
Level in
international
language
literacy
People English
language
German
language
Chinese
language
Russian
language
Japanese
language
French
language
Learn 1
language
393 374 0 0 9 0 10
Learn 2
languages
218 217 0 57 4 13 145
Learn 3
languages
29 29 1 18 10 9 20
Learn 4
languages
1 1 0 1 1 0 1
Total 641 621 1 76 24 22 176
Table 1 Percentage of students learning international languages in Vietnam.
( Source: Do HuyThinh, 1999, International Language Education Policy in
Vietnam: the growth of English and its effect on higher education)

30. 22
The study focused mainly on students learning from 1 to 4 foreign languages,
and the findings of their survey of foreign languages found that in the languages
English, German, Chinese, Russian, Japanese and French, English already differs
significantly from other foreign languages, with 621 students studying English out
of a total of 641. Thus, the demonstrates that even in Vietnam, English has been the
first language period, and even students who want to study English can clearly see
the difference. It is the floating between English and other international languages.
It is clear that there are various reasons from lecturers’ source following:
Illustration 3.4: The Literature lecture for grade 6
(https://baigiang.violet.vn/present/tu-muon-11688051.html)
This is due to the key motives for utilizing borrowed terms that can be easily
seen in the Literature lectures of students, the variety of different social and
economic purposes, in order to improve the Vietnamese vocabulary and to meet the
needs of students. Encounters terms in a number of specialties, though Vietnamese
have no fitting terms yet. These are the obvious reasons for using borrowed words.
Finally, President Ho Chi Minh also said as follows that social life is
increasingly developing and innovating. There are words that we do not have and
that is difficult to translate correctly, we need to borrow foreign words. ( Ho Chi
Minh’s the whole episode, episode 10) (Minh H. C., 2011).
From several of the cases given above, we can draw specific reasons for using
borrowed words as the second language.
In general, the most obvious reason for using borrowed words in Vietnamese
is to increase the vocabulary of Vietnamese treasures, in order to meet the need to
use words in some situations which need to express an object or something. The
Vietnamese language has not yet fully its meaning. Besides, typically, the field of
Information Technology is essentially using English vocabulary, therefore,
Vietnamese people use the borrowed word to ensure accuracy.
The reason for
borrowing
• - Because it is missing a pure Vietnamese word to name
things
• Because of the invasion of war
• Because of neighbors
• Because of economic development

31. 23
3.2.3 The overall of “Vietlish” in mother language.
From a point of view, VOV Newspaper.vn has an opinion, according to Dieu
Huong that English in the online newspapers has become increasingly common
without laws. It is important to provide general guidelines not only for the
newspaper but also for the electronic newspaper when using international language
in specific English. English in the newspaper has modified as a sort of “Vietlish”
like Vietnamese.
Some of the things considered, English in the newspaper has modified as a
sort of “Vietlish” like Vietnamese. It is an interesting foundation and important to
examine until decisions are drawn. There are several cases that would be using
Vietnamese because those terms are long and making the task of converting
meaning more complicated. There are several different models of English
loanwords in Vietnamese. In fact, the condition surrounding the English language is
special. A great deal of the loan terms in Vietnam come from English relative to
other root languages. Many of them are used to refer to the language, language
technologies, history or cuisine-specific items and concepts, specifically:
English origin, English language is mainly
of English roots
The verbs are spoken in accordance
with English phonology laws
Eg: Radio, smartphone, laptop, headphone,
TV, icon, vanila, pizza, piano,…
Eg: taxi, TV,mail, compact,…
According to Tai Thai (2013), 762 English words are listed in newspapers
such as Tien Phong, Hoa hoc tro, Thethao, Kinhte, Vietnamnet.vn, Vnexpress.vn,
Dan tri.vn: Copy word: 67.5%; writing with Vietnamese marks: 16.7%; writing
without Vietnamese marks: 13.3%; writing with Vietnamese hyphens: 2.5%. (Hùng,
2018)

32. 24
Chart 3.5: The bar graph shows the percentage of 762 English words are listed
in some newspapers
Meanwhile, it is Thuy Nga (Nga, Language contact and English borrowings
in a Vietnamese magazine for teenagers, 2013) who did survey via Hoa hoc tro,
then gives judgment that those English words had changed or borrowed the original.
Writing originally became popular because of those loanwords from English were
used commonly in other fields. However, a great number of loanwords were
“Vietlish” in other ways without unit. Considering 2 forms of writing similar to the
text of various sources, in particular: (Thắng, 2020)
Using original spelling
i.e: Canada
Using transcription of Quoc Ngu scripts is popular in
lots of words:
i.e: London: Luân- Đôn.
Similarly, there is actually a way to use loanwords but with specific forms of
spelling: eg: virus – vi rút, fax- phách, mail- meo/mêu, marketing- ma két tinh. Eg:
Các vật dụng này gắn liền với tuổi thơ của rất nhiều người, từ máy nhắn tin, séc,
băng- cát –xét, máy nuôi gà ảo cho đến máy fax. (Vietnamnet, 7th ,Nov,2019),(Tới,
2018)
In addition to some types of written loanwords, English loanwords
abbreviation is being used more and more common in most fields. Using the first
letter of such words to substitute all the words, to render a symbol for all phrases.
67.50%
16.70%
13.30%
2.50%
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00%
Copy word
Writing with Vietnamese marks
Writing without Vietnamese marks
Writing with Vietnamese hyphens
762 English words are listed in newspapers
Percentage

33. 25
Typically, brand name, business name, organization,… Everyone is acquainted with
such items as VIP (very important person), PC (personal computer), WHO (world
health organization),… For example: Khai khống điểm IELTS từ 6.5 lên 8.0,
“quăng bơ” học viên? (Hoa hoc tro, 29th, April 2020), (P.N, 2020).
Another example, those letters which reflect a word, after or before those
letters there is a statement. This section is used to describe the letter. For example:
“Tổng giám đốc Tổ chức Thương mại thế giới (WTO) Roberto Azevedo đột ngột từ
chức…”( Tuổi trẻ online, 14th, May 2020), (Hạnh, 2020). Learning more about
reading the abbreviations, we have found out quite well. Variety: can be read by
Vietnamese letters, can be read by English letters, often it is a syllable
comprehension, or it is a combination of reading words. English with how to read
Vietnamese, for example, VIP is often read as “Víp”, IELTS often read as “ai- eo”,
TOFEL read as “tóp phờ”, “tóp phồ”, WTO also read as “vê kép tê ô”, “đáp bờ liu
ti âu”, “ve kép tê ô”, “đáp bờ liu tô”, SAT read as “sát”, “sét”, “ét sì ây ti”. Thus,
the forms of abbreviations are often very diverse. However, it is simple to see
whether several of the abbreviations are the name of the company or that the test
has been popular with the culture. In such cases, it is common to see abbreviations
appear only without further annotation of the full form of the phrase.
In the past, Van Phuoc (2017)- (researched “what journalists would do if
they use English”) and got the following results. The effects of writing: Vietnamese
writing with English root: 22 %, English writing with Vietnamese meaning 11,33%,
specifically:
Forms Percentage
Vietnamese writing with English root 22%
English writing with Vietnamese meaning 11,33%
Table 3.2 The effects of Vietnamese writing
Apart from survey findings by Thu Huong, May 1994, according to Vu
Quang Hao, “a very limited inquiry by a group of newspaper writers” shows:
Preferred phonetic writing 90% of men, 100% of soldiers and fishermen,95% of
merchants, 39% of scholars, 98% of retired politicians, administrative employees,
high school graduates.

34. 26
Chart 3.6: The chart shows the percentages of preferred phonetic writing
Still, there is also other forms of writing in the original form: 10% of
workers, 5% of traders, 2% of others. Full- form writing is only appropriate for a
highly educated community since they recognize that the bulk of the typical
educated citizen prefers phonetics (but they don’t get the full- form English).
Previous terms used to convey pure Vietnamese have been substituted by English,
such as post hình (post photos), announcements, trends, etc. This indicates that
stealing English terms is no longer a valid necessity, but a pattern of utilizing the
vocabulary indiscriminately and carelessly by the authors.
Chart 3.7: The bar graph shows Vietnamese’ opinions about spelling of the
words in Vietnamese online newspaper.
The result shows that the number of students who prefer to compose in
perfect form. If remarks need to be made later, they prefer to leave the type intact,
90% 100% 95%
39%
98%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
The chart shows the percentages of preferred phonetic
writing
Preferred phonetic writing
73%
7.55%
80.90%
20.05%
9.15%
72%
47.80%
59%
17.85%
19.45%
21.30%
21.45%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Write original words
Write transcription
Write the full form first, transliterate later in
parenthesis
Write the transcript first, complete the form below
Vietnamese’ opinions about spelling of the words in Vietnamese online
newspaper
Neutral Don't Like Like

35. 27
then leave the Vietnamese version or clarify it behind and enclose it in brackets.
This appears to be in line with the above- mentioned documents: written in full,
foreign language terms, and names.
Additionally, conversations or other aids, finding out a ton of loanwords are
English is used in Vietnamese language system through English transcription such
as bus (xe buýt), gas ( khí ga), axit ( a xít), shock ( sốc), meeting (mít ting), film
(phim), garage (ga ra),….Moreover, those words are almost translated to
Vietnamese such as a computer (máy tính), washing machine (máy giặt),…. That
makes the Vietnamese system is more and more various. However, the number of
words which are original are used in social such as festival, cotton, container, game,
laser, live show, stress, resort, fast foot, zoom, teen, clip, snack, jeans, slogan, fan,
poster, shopping,…. The situation is different with the English language. Every day,
vocabulary is “Vietnamized” or “Vietlish” by translated equivalents in Vietnamese.
For example cyclo –xe xích lô, motor – mô tơ, radio- ra đi ô,…For example:
TP. HCM cấm xe khách, xe buýt, taxi, xe
du lịch …hoạt động đến hết 22-4 (Tuoitre
online newspaper, 15th
, April, 2020), (Thu
Dung, Đức Phú, 2020)
Thời gameshow truyền hình hời hợt,
nghệ sĩ hài dễ dãi? (Tuoitre, 04th
,
May,2016), (TVO, 2016)
Festival Huế 2020 sẽ diễn ra từ 28-8 đến
2-9. ( Tuoi Tre, 20/2/2020), (Linh, 2020)
Felina tổ chức sự kiện vẽ gel nghệ
thuật.
( VNExpress, 24/10/2019), (Felina,
2019)
Formerly,according to Hung (2018), there was Thuy Trang’s survey (2015),
there is a table that shows the form of the young’s language.
Forms Quantity Examples Data
Mix
English
words
654 Teen, like, clip,
showbiz, hotgirl, web,
chat, event,
dancesport,…
Cả hai đều chọn cho mình set đồ
thoải mái mix cùng giày thể thao
năng động, backpack và snapback
cá tính.
Table 3.3 The form of mix English words in the young’s language
Generally, it is essential for people to use English loanwords in life every
day. In fact, each person has his way of using loanwords and it is common as well

36. 28
as meeting Vietnamese’ demanding. In real life, teenagers or the young use some
terms of loanwords personally. For example:
Se ảnh luôn
nhé (se: Share)
Tranh thủ lên phây (phâybúc) một
lát ( phây/phâybúc: facebook)
Meo/ mêu luôn cho tôi
nhá! (meo: mail).
Sometimes, loanword abuse makes other people feel understand difficultly or
it can not keep the culture of Vietnamese.
To conclude, the most typical “Vietlish” pattern of the English loanwords is
a copy of the original English word in writing. However, in order to match the
Vietnamese pronunciation, the borrowed words are written in English while those
words are pronunced “Vietnamized” without correctly. Although some documents
used Vietnamese phonetics instead of the original English word, it does not account
for a high proportion and is no longer popular today. Because English has gradually
become familiar with Vietnamese people, the number of learners and those who
know English are much more than earlier, they do not have much difficulty in
writing and speaking these borrowed words.
3.3. Summary
Consequently, English loanwords related to entertainment (music, films,
sports), technology, fashion, cuisine, economy… From the figures, it is obvious that
the term “English loans” are stated in almost major areas of Vietnamese, such as
sports, science, economy, especially, technology. Mostly, the percentage of
borrowed words lies within the areas of technology and science, typically verb
nouns. Vietnamese nowadays has a ton of words available whereas loanwords are
becoming more and more common. For example, several definitions have their
words and are familiar with the people Vietnamese while still applying English
words: Hot- nóng, book – đặt (vé, phòng, chỗ), share- chia sẻ, keep- giữ, bye- tạm
biệt,…
In addition, these loanwords show not only things, descriptions, or instead of
mother tongue but also meanings because English already has certain words. Eg:
cool- ngầu, check-in – nhập vào/ kiểm tra, like- thích. As a result, from both
percentage and numbers of surveys, the modals of “Vietlish” is answered by the

37. 29
views of typical authors’ studies earlier, and samples from newspaper websites,
“Vietlish” or “Vietnamised” are two common mother tongue words. Typically,
certain kinds of pronunciations are modified according to the mother tongue owing
to the dialect or grammar of the Vietnamese. From both percentages and numbers of
surveys. Borrowing English is, after all, a loan word in many areas of Vietnamese
that mainly serves communication and meets the needs of communication,
expressing the meaning of something or something that Vietnamese do not exist or
there are no words in order to describe something clearly.
Apart from this, there are a variety of various styles in which borrowed
words are used, such as phonetically writing in English, Vietnamese writing or
utilizing original terms, whereas in general, English lending terms in the sector have
not modified much, and Vietnamese have slowly become acquainted with these
forms of vocabulary. With respect to phonology, these borrowed words have
phonological improvements and are appropriate for loanwords. There is no stopping
sound of a word in Vietnamese, so such words are pronounced as “Vietnamese” or
the way they say as Vietnamese such as Bank (ngân hàng), ATM (máy rút tiền), kiwi
(quả kiwi), curry (cà ri), TV (ti- vi), fan (người hâm mộ), ship (giao hàng),…
Loanwords have letters or appearances identical to mother tongue: Clip (cờ - líp),
video (vi-deo), micro (mi-cờ-rô), mix (míc), internet (in-tơ-nét). The changes in
those approaches mean progress in standardization conceptualization and this is
partly due to psycholinguistic reasons. In different means and forms, the
Vietnamese language has a significant impact on English loanwords. Although
Vietnamese and English also have certain differences, this kind of borrowing is
simpler to import. Specifically, English borrowing words have become popular in
most fields.
3.4 Findings and recommendation
3.4.1 Findings
Usually English loanwords come from language transition. It indicates that
the pattern in culture by the period we use foreign language has shifted. About 85
percent of the world’s information is transmitted in English, it is easy to explore
those words in English or Vietnamese.
The author used examples from other sources as well as has an opinion for

38. 30
purposes, because of the growth of language in order to continue to be revised
meanings in order to display or label new terms. In fact, reaching many nations,
such terms may be found in many languages, in particular: web, tablet, twitter, wifi
have become terms in all languages (Writing or reading is a little different).
The investigator checked the studies of writers and the online tests, usually
instances, to address the first question. This has proven that there are words about
media, technologies in newspapers and magazines, according to study findings.
Newspapers and electronics, though, are two things that get the largest percentage
of usage such as English loanwords. There are, of course, different ways to use the
loanwords, such as original words, Vietlish/ Vietnamized (pronunciation), and
shortened words.
Furthermore, terms were borrowed for different times and purposes:
technology, medicine, literature, technology, or even schooling,… Loanwords have
experienced many improvements with the Vietnamese language which were
popular. These borrowing words were affected and their semantic presence, or
phonetic presence, altered. They were identical afterward with the native English
words as well as pronunciation. A loanword or borrowing refers to the process by
which speakers adopt words from English into Vietnamese.
Eventually, the Vietnamese continue to broaden their vocabulary through
English – language loanwords. Borrowings are now primarily through the
distribution of news media, commerce, and day-to-day conversations.
3.4.2. Recommendation
Firstly, preserving and improving the origins of the mother tongue. Clearly,
in Vietnamese literature, borrowing English terms is an important feature, although
the concept is complicated. The government, therefore, needs to be serious about
the issue such as language policy in general as well as several solutions to borrow
English words.Second, all expression and writing must be based on Vietnamese
laws. Holding Vietnamese meaning, styles, and community in all fields. In addition,
there are more directions for further English loanwords usage such as develop new
native Vietnamese words that represent global vocabulary or new terms written in
English or in order to guide the public to choose the most essential English words to
use.

39. 31
Mentioning to the education aspect, however, in specialized instruction of
students, it was better to avoid teaching English words in Vietnamese subjects to
their students. Instead, they need to encourage them to use Vietnamese as frequently
as possible and remind Vietnamese language learners not to neglect the value of
language learning, typically, literature.
Additionally, studying foreign languages and for developing a constructive
mindset towards both national and international languages in Vietnamese culture or
environment.

40. 32
CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION
4.1 Summary of the study
In briefs, a loanword or borrowing refers to the mechanism where speakers
introduce vocabulary from a source language into their native language. “Loan” and
“borrowing” are metaphors, obviously. In moments of need, speakers deliberately
adapt the latest term from the borrowing language, English, because it is assumed
that the term suits the concept they are an attempt to convey more specifically.
Thus, when analyzing aspects relevant to the standardization of Vietnamese
vocabulary, it is often difficult to simulate the dimension of Vietnamization.
Obviously, nowadays, the Vietnamese language tends to extend its language
through English- language loanwords as it is feasible to convert precisely the
European words into Vietnamese, the options would be Vietnamese or their initial.
A number of vocabulary has been imported from mother language and many of the
phrases are in various ways from English. Because there is a large number of words
have been borrowed from Vietnamese and a lot of words are from English,
borrowing today is primarily from the spread of mass media, technology,
newspaper,…From the analysis, the researcher hopes that learners will carefully
think when using loanwords. Besides, the researcher considers its position and
significance, it should be recognized that Vietnamese is the primary source
language for the growth of civilization and the progress of science and technology,
culture, education, and economics.
4.2 The limitations of the study
The limitation of knowledge and experience of the four-year student, my study
has certain limitations.
First of all, it only concentrates on some English loanwords of Sports,
Technology, and Entertainment.
Secondly, borrowing language usually has many implications, affecting the
borrowing language itself as well as bilingualism, and multilingualism. Due to the
length restriction. This analysis does not cover any of these factors. I also exclude
consideration of syntactic borrowing, because this is not always the case in other
languages.

41. 33
4.3 Suggestions of future studies
This research was not able to cover all areas of the analysis due to
limitations. For example, several topics would be important subjects for more study.
- Further research on English loanwords used in Economy, Education, or daily
life conversations,…
- Further research on using English loanwords in both life and study or work.
Additionally, researchers could welcome new participants and methods of
gathering data for more analyses, for improved outcomes. Observation is often
required, along with the use of survey and interview questionnaires, to draw more
compelling conclusions.
All in all, although research can not be avoided to the limit, it was completed
under supervisors' guidance and self-effort. Any feedback and suggestions for
stronger work will be welcomed.

42. 35
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