Raid Mohamed Abdel-Azim Mohamed is an Egyptian man. He was born in Cairo, Egypt and currently resides there. Mohamed works as an accountant for a large construction company.
The SlideShare 101 is a quick start guide if you want to walk through the main features that the platform offers. This will keep getting updated as new features are launched.
The SlideShare 101 replaces the earlier "SlideShare Quick Tour".
How to Become a Thought Leader in Your NicheLeslie Samuel
Are bloggers thought leaders? Here are some tips on how you can become one. Provide great value, put awesome content out there on a regular basis, and help others.
The document describes anatomical and physiological changes that occur in the female body during pregnancy across multiple body systems. Key changes include enlargement of the uterus, increased blood volume and cardiac output, changes in hormone levels that support pregnancy and fetal development, adaptations in the urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems to accommodate the growing fetus, and alterations in the endocrine system to meet increased nutritional demands.
Physiological changes in pregnancy include increased blood volume, cardiac output, and kidney function to support the developing fetus. The uterus grows dramatically throughout pregnancy. Hormonal changes like increased estrogen, progesterone, and HCG levels from the placenta help prepare the body for pregnancy and childbirth. Diagnosis of pregnancy is suggested by missed periods and confirmed by tests detecting HCG in urine or blood within 4-5 weeks of conception.
The document summarizes the major physiological changes that occur during pregnancy across multiple body systems. Hormonal changes including increased progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, and cortisol levels help prepare the body for pregnancy. The pancreas produces higher insulin levels to regulate increased blood sugar levels and fuel metabolism. The uterus grows substantially larger to accommodate the fetus, and other organs like the cervix, vagina, blood vessels, and respiratory system also undergo changes. Weight gain during pregnancy of 11-16 kilograms is distributed between increased fluid, tissues, the placenta and developing baby. Most systems return to their pre-pregnancy state after delivery.
The document summarizes various physiological changes that occur during pregnancy across multiple body systems. The cardiovascular system experiences increased cardiac output and blood volume. The respiratory system has elevated oxygen consumption and minute ventilation due to progesterone. The kidneys have higher blood flow and creatinine clearance. The placenta functions as the interface for nutrient/gas exchange between mother and fetus via the umbilical cord and amniotic fluid.
Physiological changes in pregnancy (2).pptsamuellamaryk
This document summarizes the major physiological adaptations that occur during pregnancy. It discusses changes to volume homeostasis and the cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, digestive and endocrine systems. Key adaptations include a 30% increase in blood volume, decreased systemic vascular resistance, and increased cardiac output. Hormonal changes like increased progesterone and estrogen help prepare the uterus for growth and childbirth. Pregnancy can be diagnosed through missed periods, physical exams signs, and tests like urine/blood tests to detect hCG and ultrasound exams.
Raid Mohamed Abdel-Azim Mohamed is an Egyptian man. He was born in Cairo, Egypt and currently resides there. Mohamed works as an accountant for a large construction company.
The SlideShare 101 is a quick start guide if you want to walk through the main features that the platform offers. This will keep getting updated as new features are launched.
The SlideShare 101 replaces the earlier "SlideShare Quick Tour".
How to Become a Thought Leader in Your NicheLeslie Samuel
Are bloggers thought leaders? Here are some tips on how you can become one. Provide great value, put awesome content out there on a regular basis, and help others.
The document describes anatomical and physiological changes that occur in the female body during pregnancy across multiple body systems. Key changes include enlargement of the uterus, increased blood volume and cardiac output, changes in hormone levels that support pregnancy and fetal development, adaptations in the urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems to accommodate the growing fetus, and alterations in the endocrine system to meet increased nutritional demands.
Physiological changes in pregnancy include increased blood volume, cardiac output, and kidney function to support the developing fetus. The uterus grows dramatically throughout pregnancy. Hormonal changes like increased estrogen, progesterone, and HCG levels from the placenta help prepare the body for pregnancy and childbirth. Diagnosis of pregnancy is suggested by missed periods and confirmed by tests detecting HCG in urine or blood within 4-5 weeks of conception.
The document summarizes the major physiological changes that occur during pregnancy across multiple body systems. Hormonal changes including increased progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, and cortisol levels help prepare the body for pregnancy. The pancreas produces higher insulin levels to regulate increased blood sugar levels and fuel metabolism. The uterus grows substantially larger to accommodate the fetus, and other organs like the cervix, vagina, blood vessels, and respiratory system also undergo changes. Weight gain during pregnancy of 11-16 kilograms is distributed between increased fluid, tissues, the placenta and developing baby. Most systems return to their pre-pregnancy state after delivery.
The document summarizes various physiological changes that occur during pregnancy across multiple body systems. The cardiovascular system experiences increased cardiac output and blood volume. The respiratory system has elevated oxygen consumption and minute ventilation due to progesterone. The kidneys have higher blood flow and creatinine clearance. The placenta functions as the interface for nutrient/gas exchange between mother and fetus via the umbilical cord and amniotic fluid.
Physiological changes in pregnancy (2).pptsamuellamaryk
This document summarizes the major physiological adaptations that occur during pregnancy. It discusses changes to volume homeostasis and the cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, digestive and endocrine systems. Key adaptations include a 30% increase in blood volume, decreased systemic vascular resistance, and increased cardiac output. Hormonal changes like increased progesterone and estrogen help prepare the uterus for growth and childbirth. Pregnancy can be diagnosed through missed periods, physical exams signs, and tests like urine/blood tests to detect hCG and ultrasound exams.
Pregnancy causes many anatomical, physiological, and biomechanical changes in the body to support fetal development and birth. The uterus grows enormously over the course of pregnancy. Other systems like cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal systems also adapt to support increased demands on the mother. Hormonal changes induce physical changes in breasts, skin, ligaments and other tissues. Proper understanding of normal pregnancy changes helps healthcare providers manage common issues and risks.
Physiological and psychological changes during pregnancyhanges [Recovered].pptxMonikaKosre
Physiological and Psychological changes during pregnancy
The document discusses the extensive anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes that occur throughout a woman's body during pregnancy. These changes prepare the mother's body to support the growing fetus and include increases in blood volume, cardiovascular function, temperature regulation, kidney and liver function, as well as changes in the skin, reproductive organs, breasts, and other systems. The purpose of these changes is to create a healthy environment for fetal development without compromising the mother's health.
This document provides an introduction to normal pregnancy, including common terms used, maternal physiological changes during pregnancy, signs of pregnancy, and psychological adaptation to pregnancy. It discusses topics such as gravida, para, gestational age calculations, changes to the reproductive, cardiovascular, respiratory and other body systems, presumptive, probable and positive signs of pregnancy, and the developmental tasks involved in psychologically adapting to pregnancy.
This document provides an introduction to normal pregnancy, including common terms used, maternal physiological changes during pregnancy, signs of pregnancy, and psychological adaptation to pregnancy. It discusses topics such as gravida, para, gestational age calculations, changes to the reproductive, cardiovascular, respiratory and other body systems, presumptive, probable and positive signs of pregnancy, and the developmental tasks involved in psychologically adapting to pregnancy.
Physiological changes in pregnancy include increased blood volume, cardiac output, and respiration. The uterus grows significantly to accommodate the fetus, while other systems like renal and endocrine adapt to support the demands of pregnancy. Diagnosis involves tests to detect hCG in urine or blood from very early pregnancy, and ultrasound to visualize the developing fetus.
Introduction to female reproductive physiology (the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
The document discusses several topics related to female reproductive physiology:
1. It describes the female reproductive cycle including ovulation, fertilization, implantation, pregnancy, childbirth, and lactation.
2. It outlines the physical changes during female puberty such as breast development, hip widening, and changes in body fat distribution.
3. The roles and production of key female sex hormones including estrogens, progesterone, FSH, and LH are explained.
4. The effects of estrogens and progesterone on female reproductive organs and other body systems are summarized.
The document discusses various physiological changes that occur during pregnancy including changes to body water metabolism, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, hematologic system, endocrine system, and other organ systems. It also discusses conditions like intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and hypertension that can arise during pregnancy. IUGR is defined as birth weight below the 10th percentile and can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Hypertension in pregnancy includes chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia.
3.physiolosical changes during pregnancyKHUSHBU PATEL
During pregnancy, the woman's body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The reproductive system changes include increased blood flow and size of the vagina, cervix, and uterus. The uterus grows enormously from about the size of a fist to over 1000 times larger by term. Other systems affected are cardiovascular (increased heart rate and blood volume), respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, and musculoskeletal. Hormonal changes produced by the placenta, such as human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and human placental lactogen, cause these adaptations to pregnancy.
The document discusses the various physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. Key changes include fluid retention leading to increased blood volume and decreased blood pressure. The heart works harder with increased heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output. Hormonal changes impact multiple systems and prepare the body for childbirth and lactation. The kidneys filter more waste and the immune system is suppressed to tolerate the fetus. Overall, the body undergoes many adaptations to support the growing fetus.
The document discusses hormonal changes during pregnancy and lactation. It identifies the placenta as an endocrine organ that produces hormones like hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin. It describes the roles and actions of these hormones in maintaining pregnancy and preparing the breasts for lactation. The document also discusses theories for the initiation of labor like the progesterone deprivation theory, oxytocin theory, and prostaglandin theory. It explains the three phases of lactation - mammogenesis, lactogenesis, and galactopoiesis - and the roles of prolactin, oxytocin, progesterone, and estrogen in breast development and milk production.
5.2 Physiological changes in the female reproductive system during pregnancy.pdfChantal Settley
The document discusses the physiological changes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. Key changes include increased hormone levels that support development of the uterus and fetus. The uterus increases dramatically in size to house the growing fetus. Other systems like cardiovascular and respiratory systems adapt to support increased demands. Changes in other areas like breasts, skin, digestive and urinary systems help the body meet the needs of pregnancy and fetal development.
Phsiology Of Pregnancy, Female Pelvic Anatomy Mob: 7289915430, www.drpradeepgargPradeep Garg
The document discusses diagnosis and physiology of pregnancy. It covers signs and symptoms of pregnancy in each trimester. Physiological changes include enlargement of the uterus, breast changes, weight gain, increased blood volume and cardiac output. Hormones produced by the placenta like HCG, HPL and progesterone help maintain pregnancy and influence maternal physiology. The kidneys and thyroid also undergo changes to accommodate the demands of pregnancy.
Physiological changes during pregnancy include changes in the genital organs, breasts, skin, abdomen, blood, metabolism, cardiovascular and urinary systems. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix and breasts enlarge and the blood volume increases significantly. Metabolism increases to support the growth of the fetus. The heart enlarges and cardiac output increases. Kidney function is enhanced and urinary frequency rises, especially later in pregnancy. Respiration is also impacted with higher oxygen needs.
The document summarizes various physiological changes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. The reproductive system undergoes significant changes like increased vascularity of the vulva, vagina and cervix. The uterus enlarges dramatically from 50g to 900g at term. The cardiovascular system works harder with increased cardiac output and blood volume. Respiration is also impacted with increased oxygen demands. Common complaints include nausea, backaches, leg cramps and frequent urination. Hormone levels like HCG, estrogen, progesterone and prolactin rise substantially. Overall weight gain of 10-12kg occurs to support fetal growth and changes in maternal tissues.
During pregnancy, the female body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix, and breasts enlarge and the vascularity increases. The cardiovascular system works harder - blood volume, heart rate, and cardiac output increase. Respiration also increases to supply more oxygen to the mother and fetus. Hormonal changes driven by the placenta result in further physical adaptations like skin pigmentation and breast development. These changes help create a healthy environment for the baby to develop over the 9 months of pregnancy.
During pregnancy, the female body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix, and breasts enlarge and the vascularity increases. The cardiovascular system works harder - blood volume, heart rate, and cardiac output increase. Respiration also increases to supply more oxygen to the mother and fetus. Hormonal changes driven by the placenta result in further physical adaptations like skin pigmentation and breast development. These changes help create a healthy environment for the baby to develop over the 9 months of pregnancy.
This document discusses the major physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. It begins by noting the differences between adult females and males, and how pregnancy aims to maximize nutrition and oxygen delivery to the fetus. It then outlines the major systemic adaptations, including increased blood volume, cardiovascular changes, respiratory changes, renal changes, changes to the alimentary tract, reproductive organs, and endocrine system. Specific hormonal changes are also discussed, including human chorionic gonadotropin, placental lactogen, estrogen, progesterone, and thyroid function. The document concludes by covering symptoms, signs, and investigations used to diagnose pregnancy.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Pregnancy causes many anatomical, physiological, and biomechanical changes in the body to support fetal development and birth. The uterus grows enormously over the course of pregnancy. Other systems like cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal systems also adapt to support increased demands on the mother. Hormonal changes induce physical changes in breasts, skin, ligaments and other tissues. Proper understanding of normal pregnancy changes helps healthcare providers manage common issues and risks.
Physiological and psychological changes during pregnancyhanges [Recovered].pptxMonikaKosre
Physiological and Psychological changes during pregnancy
The document discusses the extensive anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes that occur throughout a woman's body during pregnancy. These changes prepare the mother's body to support the growing fetus and include increases in blood volume, cardiovascular function, temperature regulation, kidney and liver function, as well as changes in the skin, reproductive organs, breasts, and other systems. The purpose of these changes is to create a healthy environment for fetal development without compromising the mother's health.
This document provides an introduction to normal pregnancy, including common terms used, maternal physiological changes during pregnancy, signs of pregnancy, and psychological adaptation to pregnancy. It discusses topics such as gravida, para, gestational age calculations, changes to the reproductive, cardiovascular, respiratory and other body systems, presumptive, probable and positive signs of pregnancy, and the developmental tasks involved in psychologically adapting to pregnancy.
This document provides an introduction to normal pregnancy, including common terms used, maternal physiological changes during pregnancy, signs of pregnancy, and psychological adaptation to pregnancy. It discusses topics such as gravida, para, gestational age calculations, changes to the reproductive, cardiovascular, respiratory and other body systems, presumptive, probable and positive signs of pregnancy, and the developmental tasks involved in psychologically adapting to pregnancy.
Physiological changes in pregnancy include increased blood volume, cardiac output, and respiration. The uterus grows significantly to accommodate the fetus, while other systems like renal and endocrine adapt to support the demands of pregnancy. Diagnosis involves tests to detect hCG in urine or blood from very early pregnancy, and ultrasound to visualize the developing fetus.
Introduction to female reproductive physiology (the guyton and hall physiology)Maryam Fida
The document discusses several topics related to female reproductive physiology:
1. It describes the female reproductive cycle including ovulation, fertilization, implantation, pregnancy, childbirth, and lactation.
2. It outlines the physical changes during female puberty such as breast development, hip widening, and changes in body fat distribution.
3. The roles and production of key female sex hormones including estrogens, progesterone, FSH, and LH are explained.
4. The effects of estrogens and progesterone on female reproductive organs and other body systems are summarized.
The document discusses various physiological changes that occur during pregnancy including changes to body water metabolism, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, hematologic system, endocrine system, and other organ systems. It also discusses conditions like intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and hypertension that can arise during pregnancy. IUGR is defined as birth weight below the 10th percentile and can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Hypertension in pregnancy includes chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia.
3.physiolosical changes during pregnancyKHUSHBU PATEL
During pregnancy, the woman's body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The reproductive system changes include increased blood flow and size of the vagina, cervix, and uterus. The uterus grows enormously from about the size of a fist to over 1000 times larger by term. Other systems affected are cardiovascular (increased heart rate and blood volume), respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, and musculoskeletal. Hormonal changes produced by the placenta, such as human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and human placental lactogen, cause these adaptations to pregnancy.
The document discusses the various physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. Key changes include fluid retention leading to increased blood volume and decreased blood pressure. The heart works harder with increased heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output. Hormonal changes impact multiple systems and prepare the body for childbirth and lactation. The kidneys filter more waste and the immune system is suppressed to tolerate the fetus. Overall, the body undergoes many adaptations to support the growing fetus.
The document discusses hormonal changes during pregnancy and lactation. It identifies the placenta as an endocrine organ that produces hormones like hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin. It describes the roles and actions of these hormones in maintaining pregnancy and preparing the breasts for lactation. The document also discusses theories for the initiation of labor like the progesterone deprivation theory, oxytocin theory, and prostaglandin theory. It explains the three phases of lactation - mammogenesis, lactogenesis, and galactopoiesis - and the roles of prolactin, oxytocin, progesterone, and estrogen in breast development and milk production.
5.2 Physiological changes in the female reproductive system during pregnancy.pdfChantal Settley
The document discusses the physiological changes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. Key changes include increased hormone levels that support development of the uterus and fetus. The uterus increases dramatically in size to house the growing fetus. Other systems like cardiovascular and respiratory systems adapt to support increased demands. Changes in other areas like breasts, skin, digestive and urinary systems help the body meet the needs of pregnancy and fetal development.
Phsiology Of Pregnancy, Female Pelvic Anatomy Mob: 7289915430, www.drpradeepgargPradeep Garg
The document discusses diagnosis and physiology of pregnancy. It covers signs and symptoms of pregnancy in each trimester. Physiological changes include enlargement of the uterus, breast changes, weight gain, increased blood volume and cardiac output. Hormones produced by the placenta like HCG, HPL and progesterone help maintain pregnancy and influence maternal physiology. The kidneys and thyroid also undergo changes to accommodate the demands of pregnancy.
Physiological changes during pregnancy include changes in the genital organs, breasts, skin, abdomen, blood, metabolism, cardiovascular and urinary systems. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix and breasts enlarge and the blood volume increases significantly. Metabolism increases to support the growth of the fetus. The heart enlarges and cardiac output increases. Kidney function is enhanced and urinary frequency rises, especially later in pregnancy. Respiration is also impacted with higher oxygen needs.
The document summarizes various physiological changes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy. The reproductive system undergoes significant changes like increased vascularity of the vulva, vagina and cervix. The uterus enlarges dramatically from 50g to 900g at term. The cardiovascular system works harder with increased cardiac output and blood volume. Respiration is also impacted with increased oxygen demands. Common complaints include nausea, backaches, leg cramps and frequent urination. Hormone levels like HCG, estrogen, progesterone and prolactin rise substantially. Overall weight gain of 10-12kg occurs to support fetal growth and changes in maternal tissues.
During pregnancy, the female body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix, and breasts enlarge and the vascularity increases. The cardiovascular system works harder - blood volume, heart rate, and cardiac output increase. Respiration also increases to supply more oxygen to the mother and fetus. Hormonal changes driven by the placenta result in further physical adaptations like skin pigmentation and breast development. These changes help create a healthy environment for the baby to develop over the 9 months of pregnancy.
During pregnancy, the female body undergoes many physiological changes to support the growing fetus. The genital organs like the uterus, cervix, and breasts enlarge and the vascularity increases. The cardiovascular system works harder - blood volume, heart rate, and cardiac output increase. Respiration also increases to supply more oxygen to the mother and fetus. Hormonal changes driven by the placenta result in further physical adaptations like skin pigmentation and breast development. These changes help create a healthy environment for the baby to develop over the 9 months of pregnancy.
This document discusses the major physiological changes that occur during pregnancy. It begins by noting the differences between adult females and males, and how pregnancy aims to maximize nutrition and oxygen delivery to the fetus. It then outlines the major systemic adaptations, including increased blood volume, cardiovascular changes, respiratory changes, renal changes, changes to the alimentary tract, reproductive organs, and endocrine system. Specific hormonal changes are also discussed, including human chorionic gonadotropin, placental lactogen, estrogen, progesterone, and thyroid function. The document concludes by covering symptoms, signs, and investigations used to diagnose pregnancy.
Similar to A shortcut for the physiology of pregnancy (20)
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
2. Introduction
All changes in the physiology of the maternal organs
or body system happens to facilitate it all for the fetus
or the expected baby starting from growth inside the
womb till delivery.
3. Cardiovascular and hematological
systems
The plasma volume expands from about 6.5 L to 8.5 L and
this happens till the 30-34 weeks of gestation.
The red cell mass or volume increases from 1.4 L to 1.6 L.
The discrepancy between the rate of increase of plasma
volume and that of red cell mass results in a relative
haemodilution or ‘physiological anaemia’ with the
haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, haematocrit, and red
cell counts all decreasing (particularly in the second
trimester).
Depletion of iron stores happens during pregnancy
becacuse all iron is directed toward the growing fetus. And
folic acid is excreted largely by the kidneys .That is why we
give folate and iron supplementation during pregnancy.
4. This expansion of blood leads to the increase in the
stroke volume and heart rate leading to a rise in blood
flow to the maternal organs especially the kidneys and
placenta (Fetomaternal organ).
This leads to a high Glomerular Filtration Rate this is
together with decrease in oncotic pressure( Albumin)
leads to a low threshold for sodium and water
retention and glucose execretion leading to the normal
oedema of pregnancy.
For the placenta it eases its functions which are the
feeding of the baby i.e transferring nutrients (glucose
and amin acids) and excreting waste products (co2 ).
5. Pregnancy is a hypercoagulable state.
Platelets either remain an changed or slightly decrease
during pregnancy. Almost all procoagulants (VII,VIII,
IX,X,XI, Fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor which is a
carrier of factor VIII and activated protein C
resistance). Also blood has expanded but it becomes
slower than before preg. (Stasis). That is why during
pregnancy the risk of thromboembolism increases 5
times the normal.
But Also the Fibrinolytic system activity increases
(tissue plasminogen activator converts plasminogen
into plasmin, which cleaves fibrin and fibrinogen,
yielding fibrin degradation products).Why? possibly to
counterbalance the increased coagulation state.
6. Again why is the increase of the coagulation state?
Because at delivery with placental separation and the
flow of about 500 ml of blood per minute in the
placental bed if there is no an efficient haemostasis
the woman will die from extensive blood loss.
7. Cardiovascular s.
The heart enlarges (hypetrophies).
The heart rate * Stroke Volume = Cardiac output all
increase as we said.
But the peripheral resistance decreases probably due to the
increase in the production of vasodilator prostaglandins.
This is why Blood Pressure decreases by about 10-20 mmgh
in mid pregnancy.
Enlarged uterus vena caval compression supine
hypotension syndrome.
Enlarged uterus Aortic compression a difference in
the brachial and femoral artery pressures ( so a difference
between BP when lying supine or in the Lateral position).
8. Respiratory system
Ventilation increases but the respiratory rate RR is
unchanged during pregnancy. The increase in co2 (from
mother and baby)stimulates the respiratory center in the
mid brain plus the progesterone effect
(Bronchconstriction) causes the rise up of ventilation. And
in part by the rise up of the diaphragm.
Minute ventilation= is the amount of the air moved in and
out of the lungs in 1 minute. It increases during pregnancy
and this is what is usually perceived as shortness of breath
(physiological dysnoea) by women.(not RR rise ).
Also there is an increase in the oxygen availability to the
tissues and placenta or baby.
9. Endocrine system
Progesterone: increases throughout preg. Secretion in first
5 weeks by corpous lutum and then by the placenta till
delivery where it drops.
It causes smooth muscle relaxation in gut ( heart burn)
ureters and renal pelvis ( leading to dilatation and
increased urination and risk of urinary tract infection)
vessels (decreasing resistance and contributing to the
headache mechanism as well as the rise in temperature
that happens for pregnant women).
Oesterogen: it rises during preg. The same as progesterone
in secretion.
It increasese Breast and nipple growth, and pigmentation
of the areola. Promote uterine blood flow, and myometrial
growth, cervical softening. Also it Increases Sensitivity and
expression of myometrial oxytocin receptors. And it
increases Water retention and protein synthesis.
10.
11. Human placental lactogen: basically it modifies
maternal metabolism to increase the energy supply to
the fetus by increasing insulin secretion, but decreases
insulin’s peripheral effect (liberating maternal fatty
acids and sparing glucose enabling it to be diverted to
the fetus).
Progesterone and cortisol also decreases Insulin’s
peripheral effect i.e increasing insulin resistance.
12. Glands that is important in pregnancy:
The Pituitary gland: it increases in size during preg. Mainly
the anterior lobe ( which secretes FSH, LH, GH and
Prolactin)( the posterior lobe sceretes Oxytocin and ADH).
Prolactin increases during pregnancy to combine force
with oestrogen in growing the breast ducts and promoting
milk production.
Oxytocin increases substantially in the first stage of labour
to contract the uterus and in the puerperium during
suckling to eject the milk for the baby.
It is very important to know that the blood supply to this
gland does not change despite the change in size that is
why if PPH happens a necrosis of the gland happens and so
failure of its function (Sheehan syndrome).
13.
14. Sheehan syndrome
where there is fine wrinkling of face, loss of eyebrows laterally, and skin
hypopigmentation. The MRI shows the gland filled with cerebrospinal
fluid.
15. The Thyroid gland: it enlarges due to the increased
demands during preg.
The iodine uptake increases, T3 and T4 (thyroxine)
both rises eraly in preg. Then fall out to reach the non
preg. Level in late preg. TSH remain within normal
range. That is why symptoms of hyper and
hypothyroidism can happen during preg.
What is the benefits ? (Grave’s disease where
antibodies can cross the placenta and cause fetal
harm).
16.
17. Questions please?
References for the presentation?
Obstetrics by Ten Teachers 19th edition.
Oxford handbook of Obstertics & Gynaenecology 3rd
edition.
Another advisable book
Training in Obstetrics and Gynecology the essential
curriculum. Oxford press.